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- Abstract：To elucidate the genetic basis of its white （cream dilution） coat color phenotype， this study conducted systematic health indicator examinations on Bailongju horses. Based on whole-genome resequencing data， principal component analysis （PCA）， phylogenetic tree construction （neighbor-joining tree）， population structure analysis （ADMIXTURE）， and a genome-wide association study （GWAS） were used to analyze the genetic background and the potential molecular basis of the white （cream dilution） coat color. Meanwhile， potential associated loci identified by GWAS were validated by PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing. The results showed that： 1） All health indicators of Bailongju horses were within normal reference ranges， indicating good overall population health.2） Population genetic structure analysis indicated that Bailongju horses possess ancestry components from both Mongolian horses and Warmblood horses， and have developed a distinguishable population genetic structure under long-term directional selection. 3） A potential associated locus rs1140980396 in the SLC45A2 gene region on chromosome 21 was detected by GWAS， which was further validated as a missense mutation （g.31690653G>A）， corresponding to the causal mutation for the white （cream dilution） phenotype reported in OMIA （Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals）. In conclusion， this study reveals that Bailongju horses have a composite ancestry derived from Mongolian and Warmblood horses and demonstrated that， following long-term directional breeding， they have developed a distinct population genetic structure that distinguishes it from reference groups.Futhermore， our results suggest that SLC45A2 is a potential candidate gene for the white （cream dilution） coat color phenotype in the Bailongju horse population. These findings provide a theoretical basis for germplasm resource conservation and molecular marker-assisted breeding of the Bailongju horse population.Keywords：Bailongju horse;white （cream dilution） coat color;SLC45A2;whole-genome resequencing;population genetic structure;GWAS127|76|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14
Research progress on the origins of domesticated horses from the perspective of ancient genomics AI Introduction
Abstract：The domestication of horses profoundly influenced human civilization， yet the origin of modern horses-whether from a single center or multiple centers remains contentious. Early studies relying on traditional molecular markers， the archaeomorphological analysis， mitochondrial DNA， and the Y chromosome， faced significant limitations due to low genetic resolution. While the advent of paleogenomics has yielded pivotal insights， notably revealing that the Botai horses are not the direct ancestors of modern domesticates， the current literature suffers from a lack of systematic integration. Consequently， disparate findings regarding domestication centers and dispersal routes persist. Here， this articles takes paleogenomics as the core， systematically reviews the research progress over the past three decades and sorts out the the prevailing consensus and ongoing controversies surrounding horse origins and diffusion， objectively evaluate the methodological strengths and limitations of paleogenomics in addressing ancient sample degradation and complex population structures， and this synthesis provides theoretical support for elucidating the mechanisms of horse domestication and offers valuable references for the conservation and utilization of equine germplasm resources， as well as for guiding future frontier studies.Keywords：domestic horses;origin;domestication;ancient genomics;molecular markers79|58|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14Research progress in the treatment of equine melanoma AI Introduction
Abstract：Melanoma is one of the most common skin tumors in horses and occurs predominantly in grey horses. Some lesions may exhibit local invasion or distant metastasis， thereby impairing normal function and animal welfare. This review summarizes advances in the classification， diagnosis， and staging of equine melanocytic neoplasms， as well as surgical treatment， local ablative and energy-based therapies， local pharmacological treatment， immunotherapy， and molecular targeted therapy. Current evidence indicates that surgical excision remains the treatment of choice for localized lesions amenable to complete removal， while local cisplatin therapy is commonly used in clinical practice. Laser ablation， cryotherapy， electroporation， radiotherapy， naturally derived candidate agents， and immunotherapy remain largely investigational. Molecular targeted therapy is currently limited to in vitro and mechanistic studies， whereas research on TIGIT， CTLA-4， and tumor metabolism primarily provides insights from comparative oncology. Major limitations of the available studies include a lack of standardized criteria for evaluating clinical responses， small sample sizes， insufficient long-term follow-up， and limited systemic treatment options. Future studies should standardize clinical research protocols and response criteria， conduct multicenter prospective studies with long-term follow-up， further investigate the molecular mechanisms and immune microenvironment of tumor development and progression， and promote clinical research on immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy. These efforts may provide a basis for the standardized diagnosis and treatment of equine melanoma.Keywords：equine melanoma;local therapy;chemotherapy;immunotherapy;comparative oncology49|57|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14- Abstract：With the development of the modern equine industry， stress caused by transportation， sports training， changes in management practices， and disease has become an important factor affecting equine welfare and health management. Traditionally， stress assessment in horses has mainly relied on behavioral， physiological， endocrine， and immune-related indicators. In recent years， the role of the gut microbiota in stress adaptation and health regulation has received increasing attention. As typical hindgut fermenters， horses rely on their gut microbiota for functions including nutrient metabolism， maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity， and regulation of immune homeostasis， which are closely associated with host adaptation. Stressors may alter the gut microbiota status of horses， while microbiota-targeted interventions have the potential to maintain intestinal homeostasis and contribute to stress management. However， the relationship between the gut microbiota and stress in horses， as well as the application of related microbiota-based interventions， remains insufficiently understood. This review synthesizes current knowledge of the major stressors affecting horses， commonly used indicators for stress assessment， the potential involvement of the gut microbiota in stress responses， and recent advances in microbiota-targeted interventions. The evidence reviewed indicates that： 1） Horses are exposed to diverse stressors during transportation， training and competition， changes in housing and management， disease， and clinical procedures. These stressors can induce behavioral， neuroendocrine， immune-inflammatory， and gastrointestinal alterations， with adverse consequences for animal welfare， athletic performance， and recovery from disease.2） Stress can affect immune and inflammatory responses， oxidative status， gastrointestinal function， and intestinal barrier integrity by altering animal behavior， neuroendocrine signaling， and autonomic nervous system activity. Microbiota-targeted interventions may support stress management in horses by stabilizing intestinal fermentation， modulating microbial metabolites， preserving intestinal barrier function， and regulating immune-inflammatory responses.3） Currently， gut microbiota-targeted interventions in horses include probiotics， prebiotics， dietary fiber， fermentation products， and fecal microbiota transplantation. Some probiotics and fermentation products show potential to modulate inflammation， maintain gut microbial stability， and improve gastrointestinal function during transportation or exercise stress， but evidence remains limited and long-term effects and mechanisms require further investigation. In conclusion， microbiota-targeted interventions show promise for alleviating stress， maintaining gastrointestinal homeostasis， and improving equine welfare. Future research should establish standardized assessment systems tailored to different stress scenarios， strengthen the isolation and screening of equine-derived functional microorganisms， and use longitudinal studies， controlled interventions， and functional validation to identify the key roles of the gut microbiota in equine stress adaptation. Long-term validation under practical conditions is also required to advance microbiota-targeted interventions toward more precise management of stress in horses.Keywords：horse;stress;gut microbiome;probiotics;animal welfare56|74|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14
- Abstract：In order to clarify the current development status and future trends of equine research at home and abroad， the study collected 432 high-quality articles （data of Peking University Chinese core journal） in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI） database and 3 057 high-quality articles in the Web of Science （WoS） from 1995 to 2025. The bibliometric method was used to retrieve and analyze the number of publications， core authors and their collaboration networks， research institutions and cooperation networks in this field， and to sort out research hotspots and evolution patterns. The results show that：1） The number publications in the field of equine science continues to grow abroad， characterized by a multi-center parallel， cross team cooperation， open and diverse pattern， with Europe and America occupying a dominant position； In China， the achievements in Chinese core journals of equine science still have significant room for improvement. English-language publications started later but has shown a clear growth trend. However， its international influence remains to be enhanced， with insufficient cross-regional coordination， and the overall research strength of the field needs further strengthening. 2） From the perspective of keywords burst characteristics， international equine research has entered a research boom since 1995 and has maintained high research enthusiasm over a long period， while the domestic research boom began in China in 2006， lagging behind the international community by approximately ten years. There are notable differences between domestic and international studies. Domestic research themes are relatively concentrated， mainly focus on the conservation of local equine breed resources and industrial application， and gradually expanding to applied fields of sports horses， reflecting application orientation. International research develops in parallel across multiple fields， centering on genetic evaluation， equine disease prevention and control， as well as equine welfare， presenting a higher-level orientation toward ethics and sustainable development. 3） Although horse science research in China has covered many fields such as breeding and breeding， disease prevention and control， equestrian industry， horse culture， horse welfare， and cultural tourism integration， the clustering correlation between various studies is weak， and a complete systematic research system has not yet been formed. Future research needs to further break down the barriers between basic theories and industrial applications， clarify the internal logic of various research directions， and establish an integrated development pattern of “basic research-technological breakthroughs-industrial landing-cultural empowerment”. Based on local resource endowments and industrial development reality， we need to focus on building a modern horse industry research system with Chinese characteristics. The study can provide scientific basis and practical reference for the scientific research layout in the field of horses and the high-quality development of the domestic horse industry.Keywords：horse research;CiteSpace;visualization analysis;hot spots;trend48|64|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14
Effects of deep incorporation of organic materials on subsoil organic carbon in croplands of China: A meta-analysis AI Introduction
Abstract：To clarify the effects of deep incorporation of organic materials on subsoil organic carbon （SOC） in Chinese croplands and its regulatory mechanisms， this study conducted a meta-analysis based on 1 343 datasets extract from 88 field experiment publications obtained from the CNKI and Web of Science databases. The effects of deep organic material incorporation on SOC content in topsoil （0-20 cm） and subsoil （>20 cm） were systematically evaluated， and key factors were identified using random forest analysis. The results showed that： Compared with no deep incorporation of organic materials， deep incorporation of organic materials significantly increased subsoil SOC content by 15.6% （95% CI：8.3%-23.3%）， while it had no significant effect on topsoil SOC. Among different organic material types， deep straw incorporation showed the most pronounced effect （+14.1%， 95% CI：6.5%-22.3%）. Compared with conventional surface application， deep application of organic manure showed a positive trend in subsoil SOC， but the effect did not reach statistical significance. Subgroup analyses revealed that the increase in subsoil SOC under deep organic material incorporation was enhanced with increasing mean annual temperature， mean annual precipitation， and initial total nitrogen， and the increase was more pronounced in neutral loamy soils with initial SOC of 5-15 g/kg. Random forest analysis indicated that changes in subsoil SOC under deep organic material incorporation were primarily driven by experiment duration and nitrogen application rate. Regression analysis further revealed that experiment duration showed a significant nonlinear relationship with subsoil SOC change （P<0.05）， exhibiting a unimodal pattern， the maximum SOC increment was achieved at approximately 14th year. Nitrogen application rate also showed a significant nonlinear relationship with subsoil SOC change （P<0.05）， with SOC increment initially declining before recovering and plateauing with increasing nitrogen input. In summary， deep incorporation of organic materials， particularly deep straw burial， represents an effective approach to enhance subsoil carbon stocks in Chinese croplands. In future agricultural practice， differentiated deep-incorporation management strategies should be developed based on comprehensive consideration of climatic conditions， soil fertility background， and management duration， so as to maximize subsoil carbon sequestration benefits.Keywords：organic materials;deep incorporation;subsoil;soil organic carbon;meta-analysis40|58|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14Research hotspots and evolutionary trends of agricultural carbon emissions in Southwest China: A visualization analysis AI Introduction
Abstract：To systematically review the development trajectory and emerging trends of agricultural carbon emissions research in Southwest China， and compare the differences between Chinese and English publications as well as regional priorities for low-carbon transition， this study employed CiteSpace software to conduct bibliometric and visualization analyses of 339 relevant Chinese-language publications indexed in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI） and 330 relevant English-language publications indexed in the Web of Science and Scopus databases from 2005 to 2025. The results revealed that： 1） The volume of Chinese-language publications remained relatively low from 2005 to 2015， then increased substantially after 2016， driven by agricultural green development policies such as the Paris Agreement and China’s carbon peaking and carbon neutrality （“dual carbon”） goals， peaking at 65 publications in 2023. English-language publications exhibited a consistent upward trend， reaching 60 publications by November 30， 2025. 2） Highly productive authors and institutions were predominantly affiliated with universities and research institutes in Southwest China， with multiple research teams formed around themes including karst ecosystems， cropland carbon emissions， and greenhouse gas regulation. However， the overall collaboration network remained relatively dispersed. Compared with Chinese-language publications， English-language publications had a stronger and more interconnected co-authorship network and greater cross-team cooperation. 3） Research hotspots differed between Chinese and English publications. Chinese-language publications were characterized by high-frequency keywords such as low-carbon agriculture， carbon neutrality， land use change， carbon sink and carbon sequestration potential， with an emphasis on regional carbon emissions， spatiotemporal variations， and low-carbon development. English-language publications featured high-frequency keywords including land use， soil organic carbon and greenhouse gas emissions， the literature placed greater emphasis on field-scale processes and mechanisms such as land use， soil carbon pools， and cropland greenhouse gas emission processes. 4） Research frontiers have shifted from early-stage carbon source/sink identification， land use change， and emission accounting to cropland ecological processes， mitigation measures， and regional disparity studies. In recent years， themes including carbon neutrality， spatiotemporal variation， emission control， spatial distribution and sustainability have remained active， indicating increasing attention to carbon emission mechanisms， mitigation effectiveness， and sustainability. In conclusion， future research should strengthen institutional collaboration and foster innovation， with particular emphasis on carbon sequestration potential under the unique geomorphological conditions of Southwest China， emission-mitigation technologies for cropland ecosystems， and policy incentive mechanisms for agricultural green transformation.Keywords：agricultural carbon emissions;Southwest China;CiteSpace;carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals;bibliometrics47|64|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14- Abstract：Under “dual carbon” goals， agricultural emission reduction calls for accurate and reliable carbon accounting methodologies， and the mitigation effects of straw-to-energy utilization need to be evaluated and quantified. Drawing on carbon footprint theory and a literature review， this study examined the accounting methods and carbon footprint characteristics of three mainstream straw utilization pathways： anaerobic digestion， pyrolysis and gasification， and fuel ethanol production. The results showed that the accounting of straw anaerobic digestion mostly relied on life cycle assessment （LCA） and the methods of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change （IPCC）， with mostly negative carbon footprints and net greenhouse gas emissions ranging from -1.654 to -0.436 t CO₂-eq per ton of straw dry matter. For pyrolysis and gasification， accounting should pay particular attention to the influence of heating methods on emissions， as this pathway yields relatively low carbon emissions per unit of energy. In the large-scale application of externally heated biochar-gas co-production， each ton of straw consumed reduces emissions by 1.01 to 1.07 t CO₂-eq， and net-zero emissions are achievable in some scenarios. For fuel ethanol production， the key to accounting lies in co-product allocation， where the system expansion method is widely applied， with carbon footprints of -0.610 to -0.107 t CO₂-eq per ton of straw dry matter. These findings provide a reference for carbon accounting studies on straw energy utilization. Future efforts should strengthen whole-process carbon emission management and develop systematic life-cycle assessment frameworks.Keywords：straw;energy utilization;carbon footprint;accounting methods46|70|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14
Nitrogen loss modulation and fertilization strategy based on soil organic carbon sequestration rates： Taking Yuanyang county as an example AI Introduction
Abstract：To uncover the relationships between soil organic carbon sequestration rate （SCS） and nitrogen loss pathways， a published study on nitrogen leaching for winter wheat （WW） and summer maize （SM） round-year rotation （WM） was chosen as the main data source， which was carried out in Yuanyang County located in the northern part of Henan Province and lasted three years from 2017 to 2020. The experiment had a nitrogen fertilization design of three treatments， namely low N fertilization （LN）， medium N fertilization （MN）， and zero N fertilization （CK）. The following metrics were calculated for the experiment， including carbon footprint （CF）， direct N2O emissions （Root morphology and nitrogen uptake characteristics of crops in the oat‑soybean strip intercropping system AI Introduction
Abstract：To investigate the effects of root morphology and rhizosphere soil nitrogen cycling enzyme activities on interspecific nitrogen （N） competition and uptake in an oat-soybean strip intercropping system， a field experiment was established in Zhangbei County， Hebei Province in 2019. Three cropping patterns were designed： Oat-soybean strip intercropping （IOS）， oat monoculture （MO）， and soybean monoculture （MS）. During the oat jointing and filling stages in 2021， the aboveground biomass， N uptake， root morphological parameters （root dry weight density， root length density， root surface area density and root volume density） in the 0-20 cm soil layer， and rhizosphere soil β-N-acetylglucosaminidase （NAG） and L-leucine aminopeptidase （LEU） activities of both crops were measured. One-way ANOVA， correlation analysis， and principal component analysis were used to examine changes in root morphology and rhizosphere enzyme activities of both crops and their driving effects on N uptake in the intercropping system. The results showed that the N uptake equivalent ratio of the intercropping system decreased from 1.05 at the jointing stage to 0.86 at the filling stage. At the oat jointing stage， intercropped oat showed no significant changes in root dry weight density， root length density， root surface area density， or root volume density compared with monocultured oat， yet N uptake was 24.0% higher than that of monoculture oat. At oat jointing stage， intercropped soybean showed a 13.8% decrease in N uptake compared with monoculture （P<0.05）. Its roots became thinner and longer，root length density increased by 26.9% （P<0.05）， while root dry weight density， root surface area density and root volume density decreased by 20.9% to 41.0% （P<0.05）. At the oat filling stage， intercropped oat increased N uptake by 17.9% （P<0.05）. Root dry weight density， root length density and root volume density increased by 28.2% to 63.2% （P<0.05）. Rhizosphere soil NAG and LEU activities increased by 17.5% and 39.8% （P<0.05）， respectively. Although intercropped soybean showed 28.2% and 26.1% increases in rhizosphere NAG and LEU activities （P<0.05）， its root dry weight and root volume density decreased by 33.2% and 50.4% （P<0.05）， and finally its N uptake decreased by 47.7% （P<0.05）. In conclusion， the oat-soybean intercropping system exhibited an advantage in N uptake at the oat jointing stage， but the increase in N uptake by intercropped oat at the filling stage could not compensate for the decrease in N uptake by intercropped soybean， causing the system’s N uptake advantage to shift from strong to weak. Therefore， in oat-soybean strip intercropping systems， special attention should be paid to N supply to soybean at the oat filling stage to maintain the balance of N uptake advantage and productivity of the intercropping system throughout the entire growing season.Keywords：oat-soybean strip intercropping;root morphological characteristics;nitrogen uptake;nitrogen competition;nitrogen cycling enzyme activities48|60|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14Effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction on crop nitrogen utilization and yield under annual double‑cropping patterns AI Introduction
Abstract：To investigate the effects of nitrogen （N） fertilizer reduction on crop N utilization and yield under annual double-cropping systems， a field experiment was conducted from 2022 to 2023. Three cropping systems were established： Maize-wheat （M-W）， soybean-wheat （S-W）， and peanut-wheat （P-W）， combined with three N application levels： No N application （0 kg/hm²）， reduced N treatment （120 kg/hm² for maize， 60 kg/hm² for soybean， 120 kg/hm² for peanut）， and conventional N application （225 kg/hm² for maize， 120 kg/hm² for soybean， 180 kg/hm² for peanut）. Winter wheat uniformly received 120 kg/hm². Crop N accumulation， N use efficiency indices， soil nitrate-N content， grain yield， and economic returns were evaluated across different cropping systems. The results showed that： 1） Crop yield and yield components increased with increasing N application rates. Compared with redaced N treatments， reduced N application did not significantly affect crop yields； however， N use efficiency of maize， soybean， and peanut increased by 28.7%， 45.6%， and 13.4%， respectively. 2） Compared with the M-W rotation， the S-W rotation under different N application rates and the P-W rotation under reduced-N treatment both significantly decreased soil nitrate-N content （especially in deep layers） during the autumn crop season， thereby reducing the risk of N leaching. Meanwhile， the N accumulation， yield， and N use efficiency of the subsequent wheat in both rotation systems were significantly higher than those in the M-W rotation. Reducing N fertilizer application can improve N use efficiency and reduce N surplus while ensuring autumn crop yields. Legume-based rotation systems （S-W， P-W） can significantly reduce soil nitrate-N accumulation and the risk of N leaching. 3） Partial factor productivity of N increased by 83.35%， 95.2%， and 39.6%， while N uptake efficiency increased by 61.5%， 83.3%， and 33.1%， respectively. Among the cropping systems， the M-W system achieved the highest grain yield （average 18 557 kg/hm2） but exhibited the lowest economic return （average 32 424.8 yuan/hm²）. Under the same N application rate of 120 kg/hm² for the autumn crop， the economic returns of the S-W and P-W systems were comparable and significantly higher than those of the M-W system. When yield， environmental benefits and economic returns are considered comprehensively， increasing legume-based rotation systems combined with reduced N application in the North China Plain can maintain yield while reducing environmental risks， thereby promoting green and sustainable agricultural production.Keywords：maize-wheat;soybean-wheat;peanut-wheat;double-cropping patterns;nitrogen application rate;nitrogen use efficiency;yield36|65|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14- Abstract：To scientifically assess the nutrient resources of straw and animal manure and guide the utilization of agricultural waste as fertilizer in various regions， data on crop yields and livestock and poultry breeding volumes from 2000 to 2023 in 31 provinces across China were utilized （Statistical data do not include Hong Kong， Macao， and Taiwan regions. The same below）. The Monte Carlo method and Copula function were employed to systematically evaluate the carbon and nitrogen nutrient resources of straw and animal manure over the years. To meet the material requirements for animal manure fermentation， the required quantity and proportion of straw were estimated with the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio as the key parameter. The results showed that： 1） From 2000 to 2023， the carbon and nitrogen nutrient resources of straw in China showed a trend of initial decline， followed by a rise and subsequent fluctuations， reaching 3.19×108 and 7.49×106 t， respectively， in 2023. Henan， Shandong， Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia were the hotspot areas. 2） The carbon and nitrogen nutrient resources of livestock manure showed a trend of initial increase， then decline， followed by fluctuations， reaching 6.07×107 and 3.92×106 t respectively in 2023. Henan， Hebei， Shandong， Xinjiang and Sichuan were the hotspot areas. 3） The demand for straw as fertilizer and the demand proportion in China showed a trend of initial increase， followed by decline and subsequent fluctuations， reaching 2.85×108 t and 37.01% in 2023. respectively. The median value of the demand proportion for straw as fertilizer in 17 provinces and municipalities including Xinjiang， Inner Mongolia and Shanxi was less than 50%， while in Beijing， Fujian， Hainan and Xizang it exceeded 100%. 4） For every 10% increase in the proportion of straw used as fertilizer， the increase in livestock and poultry breeding volumes in China was 2.15×109 heads （in terms of pig equivalent）. In conclusion， this study suggests that Fujian， Hainan and Xizang should improve the straw collection， storage and transportation system and transport straw from resource-rich areas； promote the utilization of straw resources from characteristic crops to alleviate the imbalance between supply and demand of straw as fertilizer； Xinjiang， Inner Mongolia， Shanxi and other 17 provinces and municipalities could appropriately expand the scale of livestock breeding and provide straw to resource-poor areas.Keywords：crop straw;animal manure;fermentation;fertilization;carbon-to-nitrogen ratio43|61|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14
- Abstract：To understand the characteristics and sources of heavy metal pollution in Inner Mongolia soil， 140 samples of surface soil from farmland at the southern foot of the Greater Khingan Mountains （Inner Mongolia section） were collected. The contents of Cr， Pb， Cd， As， Hg， Ni， Cu， and Zn were detected by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry and atomic fluorescence spectrophotometry. Pearson correlation analysis was adopted to reveal the correlations between elements， and Kriging spatial interpolation was combined to draw pollution distribution maps. The positive definite matrix factorization model （PMF） was used to quantitatively analyze pollution sources. A potential ecological risk assessment model based on the source was introduced to achieve precise coupling between pollution source contributions and ecological risk contributions. The results showed that the average contents of heavy metal elements were all lower than the soil pollution risk screening values， but higher than the soil background values of Inner Mongolia. Cr and Hg exhibited high spatial variability and were greatly affected by human activities. Among the heavy metals， Cd and Hg posed significant ecological risk， while the other heavy metals posed low ecological risk； the overall potential ecological risk was at a moderate level. The main sources of heavy metals in the farmland soil of the study area were industrial transportation activities， agricultural activities， mineral mining activities， transportation activities， and weathering of soil parent material. The contribution rates of each pollution source were 37.41%， 18.10%， 13.72%， 12.03%， and 7.75%， respectively. The agricultural source with the highest average potential ecological risk index among all pollution sources was 66.89， followed by the industrial transportation source at 63.78， and then the transportation and mineral extraction sources at 19.30 and 11.36， respectively. The natural source was the smallest at 11.30. Cd and Hg were the priority control elements， while the agricultural source was the priority control source. The research results can provide scientific and reasonable guidance for the precise control of heavy metal pollution in farmland soil in Inner Mongolia.Keywords：soil;heavy metals;Positive Matrix Factorization （PMF） model;potential ecological hazard assessment48|59|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14
- Abstract：Watermelons and melons are worldwide horticultural crops，prized by consumers for their sweet and juicy flesh. During the cultivation of watermelons and melons， they are susceptible to various pests， with aphids being one of the most severe. Aphids not only feed on the sap of stems and leaves and secrete honeydew， resulting in leaf curling and leaf surface contamination， but also transmit viruses， leading to substantial production losses. Although insecticides are effective in controlling aphids， they cause more prominent environmental pollution. Therefore， breeding aphid-resistant varieties is the most effective method for aphid control. This article summarizes the germplasm resources and varieties of aphid-resistant watermelons and melons， with a focus on the sources and resistance levels of these germplasms. It also elaborates on the genetic laws of aphid-resistant traits and the current status of gene mining， analyzes the aphid resistance mechanisms of watermelons and melons， and discusses the application of aphid-resistant genes in breeding. This article provides a reference for the practice of aphid-resistant breeding in watermelons and melons.Keywords：Aphids;watermelon;melong;gene;virus38|64|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14
Analysis of yield，nutrient uptake，and fruit quality differences among major pepper cultivars in Chongqing AI Introduction
Abstract：This study aimed to investigate the difference in yield， nutrient uptake， and fruit quality among the major pepper cultivars in Chongqing， and to identify suitable， high-yielding cultivars for this region. The main pepper cultivars in Chongqing were taken as study object and classified into three categories based on fruit type： sweet pepper， long pepper， and chaotian pepper. The yield， nutrient uptake， and fruit quality indices were measured， and a comprehensive evaluation was conducted using principal component analysis and membership function method. The results showed that： 1） Significant differences in various indices were observed among the three fruit types （P<0.05）. Vegetable pepper exhibited 19.4%-34.7% higher average yield than the other types， and its average accumulation of nitrogen， phosphorus， and potassium in fruits was 7.9%-27.4% higher than that of the other types. 2） Significant differences in yield and nutrient uptake existed among pepper varieties （P<0.05）. ‘Yujiao No. 13’ showed a yield increase of 6.8%-142.7% compared with other varieties. ‘Meila No. 1’ showed a relatively higher response to nitrogen， while ‘Baopi Zaoyou F1’ showed a relatively higher response to potassium. 3） Quality indices varied with maturity stage. From the green-ripe to red-ripe stage， vitamin C and nitrate contents showed an overall increasing trend. At the green-ripe stage， ‘Bopi 127’ had the lowest nitrate content （11.9 mg/kg）， while at the red-ripe stage， ‘Lvyangle L9’ exhibited the highest vitamin C accumulation （234.8 mg/100 g）， and ‘Yujiao No. 13’ reached a peak soluble sugar content of 28.8 mg/g. In conclusion， vegetable pepper ‘Jiubiji No. 9’， strip pepper ‘Lvyangle L9’， and pod pepper ‘Yanjiao 465’ demonstrated clear quality advantages and are recommended as main cultivars for introduction and promotion in Chongqing and ecologically similar regions. This study provides a theoretical basis for improving yield and quality in the pepper industry in Chongqing.Keywords：Chongqing;open-field pepper;cultivars;quality;principal component analysis46|60|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14Analysis and comprehensive evaluation of biochemical components in indigenous tea germplasm from 13 counties (cities) of Guizhou Province AI Introduction
Abstract：To clarify the biochemical composition characteristics and genetic diversity of indigenous tea germplasm in Guizhou， and to screen for elite and special germplasm resources， 322 indigenous tea accessions collected from 13 counties and cities in Guizhou were used as experimental materials. Twelve biochemical components were quantified by HPLC， including caffeine （CAF）， theanine （Thea）， and epigallocatechin gallate （EGCG）. Multivariate statistical methods including correlation analysis， cluster analysis， and principal component analysis （PCA） were used for comprehensive evaluation. The results showed that the dominant biochemical components of Guizhou indigenous tea germplasm were EGCG， epicatechin gallate （ECG）， and CAF， with average contents of 4.47%， 3.38%， and 2.45%， respectively. The coefficient of variation （CV） ranged from 57.54% to 208.45%， with a mean value of 104.67%. The genetic diversity index （H′） varied from 0.63 to 1.96， with a mean value of 1.57. The phenotypic differentiation coefficient indicated that inter-population variation was the primary source of biochemical diversity in Guizhou tea germplasm， with inter-population variation （60.35%） being significantly higher than intra-population variation （14.69%）. Correlation analysis and redundancy analysis （RDA） indicated that altitude was the most influential environmental factor affecting the biochemical composition of tea germplasm. It was extremely significantly negatively correlated with CAF， EGCG， and epigallocatechin （EGC） （P<0.01）. Cluster analysis classified the 13 populations into three distinct groups based on biochemical profiles： Group Ⅰ consisted of Sandu tea germplasm characterized by high content of TB and C； Group Ⅱ comprised Panzhou， Huishui， Nayong， and Pu’an tea germplasm with high content of TC， EC and ECG； Group Ⅲ included the remaining eight tea germplasm populations distinguished by high contents of CAF and EGCG. PCA extracted four principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 76.01%. CAF and EGCG had high loading coefficients in the first principal component and were the key determinants of the comprehensive score. Liping tea germplasm achieved the highest comprehensive score due to its high contents of CAF and EGCG. This study performed a multidimensional analysis on indigenous tea germplasm in Guizhou. The findings can provide a scientific basis for the accurate identification of tea resources， variety breeding， and development of characteristic tea products.Keywords：Guizhou;indigenous tea germplasm;biochemical components;genetic diversity37|55|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14Prediction of suitable distribution areas and risk analysis of Thecodiplosis japonensis in China AI Introduction
Abstract：This study aims to identify the potentially suitable distribution areas and assess the risk of spread of Thecodiplosis japonensis in China. Using three species distribution models within the BIOMOD2 modeling platform （Generalized Additive Model， Generalized Linear Model and Generalized Boosted Model）， the potentially suitable areas for T. japonensis are projected. A comprehensive risk analysis is conducted based on five aspects： Species distribution， potential economic impact， host plant distribution and economic importance， likelihood of spread， and difficulty of risk management. The prediction results indicate that the potentially suitable areas for T. japonensis are mainly located in southern and northeastern China， covering 36.70% of the country’s land area. The calculated risk index is 1.91， classifying it as a moderately hazardous forest pest in China. T. japonensis has a wide potential distribution range in China and poses a certain risk of spread. It is urgent to implement quarantine and management measures to prevent further expansion.Keywords：invasive alien pest;forest pest;BIOMOD2;climatic suitability;risk management28|54|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14- Abstract：Accurately characterizing soil compaction responses during the rolling of agricultural herringbone tires remains challenging， and existing coupled models often lack adaptability to region-specific soil parameters. To address this issue， this study focused on sandy loam from the Yellow River Basin in Hohhot， Inner Mongolia. Key parameters of the Edinburgh elasto-plastic adhesion（EEPA） contact model were calibrated through angle-of-repose tests， and a multibody flexible dynamics-discrete element method coupled model for a 12.4 R24 herringbone-tread tire-sandy loam system was constructed and validated through soil-bin tests.The results showed that： 1） the calibrated discrete element parameter set was applicable to tire-soil interaction simulations in sandy loam， with a relative error of only 2.22% between the simulated and measured angles of repose； 2） the established bidirectional MFBD-DEM coupled model for the 12.4 R24 agricultural herringbone-tread tire-soil system produced simulation results consistent with the trends observed in the soil-bin tests， and could accurately characterize soil stress transmission and tire sinkage during tire rolling； 3） response regression analysis revealed that both the level （P<0.000 1）， with coefficients of determination of 0.928 3 and 0.951 2， respectively； vertical load and pass number were identified as the dominant factors affecting compaction and sinkage； increased travel speed significantly mitigated the soil compaction effect， whereas elevated tire inflation pressure primarily intensified stress concentration in the shallow soil layer. These findings offer a basis for the optimization of agricultural tire tread parameters and the regulation of farmland soil compaction.Keywords：soil compaction;parameter calibration;bidirectional coupled analysis;agricultural lug tire;sinkage49|58|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14
Research on high-speed airflow seed guiding method for maize based on the annular gap ejector principle AI Introduction
Abstract：During high-speed operation of gravity-type seed delivery， seeds collide with the pipeline wall during high-speed operation of gravity-type seed delivery， which causes overlapping of adjacent seed flow， disrupts the ordered seed flow discharged from the seed metering device and deteriorates seeding quality， A high-speed airflow seed guiding device for maize based on the annular gap ejection principle was designed in this study. An upper-suction and lower-blow flow field structure was constructed via annular narrow slits to realize accurate picking and uniform conveying of seeds at the outlet of the seed metering device. Based on fluid dynamics theory， the action mechanism of the annular gap ejection structure during seed delivery was clarified， and a dynamic model for maize seed migration was established. DEM-CFD gas-solid coupling numerical analysis on structural parameters of the annular gap was carried out， and the optimal parameter combination was determined as follows： inlet width of annular gap 4 mm， outlet width 1.2 mm and annular gap length of 20 mm， with the variation coefficient of seed delivery consistency reaching 8.61% under this configuration. Bench tests indicated that when the operating speed was ≤14 km/h， the qualify rate of the device was≥95.9%， the missing seeding rate ≤1.8%， and the coefficient of variation of plant spacing ≤14.7%， exhibiting favorable adaptability to variations in operating speed. Field experiments indicate that at the operating speed of 8-14 km/h， the device achieves a qualify rate of 95.2%-97.5%， a miss-seeding rate of 0.9%-2.4% and a plant spacing variation coefficient of 14.5%-21.9%， compared to the conventional gravity-type seed guiding device and can satisfy the technical requirements of precision maize seeding. The research findings provide theoretical basis and engineering references for optimizing the seed delivery scheme of vacuum precision seed metering systems， and hold important practical value for improving maize precision seeding quality and guaranteeing the uniformity of field crop population structure.Keywords：precision seed metering;airflow seed guiding;annular gap;fluent simulation;gas-solid coupling;EDEM36|60|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14Design and parameter optimization of an airflow-assisted seed guiding device based on the DEM-CFD coupling method AI Introduction
Abstract：To address the issues of poor seed spacing uniformity and significant energy loss caused by intense seed collisions during high-speed maize planting， a seed guiding device using positive pressure airflow induction was designed based on the Venturi principle. The main structure and key parameters were determined. The gas-solid two-phase flow dynamics inside the device were investigated via EDEM-Fluent coupled simulations. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize the structural parameters， with the average number of seed collisions and mean horizontal outlet velocity serving as evaluation indicators. The optimal parameters were identified as： seed outlet bend radius of 30 mm， contraction-expansion angle of 80°， and distance from the intersection of the vertical seed tube and the inclined airflow tube to the seed outlet of 137.5 mm. A comparative simulation between “airflow” and “no-airflow” conditions showed that： 1） the horizontal outlet velocity of seeds increased by 78.5% under airflow assistance； 2） the randomness of seed trajectories was reduced and velocity stability was enhanced； 3） the drag and propulsion of the airflow mitigated collision losses with the tube wall， resulting in more stable outlet velocity and trajectories. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed device improves seed outlet motion characteristics during the guiding stage， providing structural parameter references for subsequent prototype fabrication and bench tests.Keywords：high-speed seeding;air-assisted seed guidance;venturi effect;DEM-CFD;maize seeds46|55|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14Research and practical advances of east-west ridge cultivation technology for solar greenhouses AI Introduction
Abstract：Solar greenhouses are indispensable for ensuring the winter-spring vegetable supply in northern China. However， the conventional north-south ridge orientation， characterized by short ridges， high ridge density， and limited cramped operational space， severely impedes mechanization due to difficulties in field entry， edge tillage， and headland turning. Reorienting ridges to an east-west alignment has emerged as a critical strategy to improve machinery adaptability， by extending the continuous operating distance and reducing the number of ridges. Although notable progress has been made in integrating agronomy with machinery and in locally adapting this model， a systematic synthesis of the advances is still lacking. This study systematically examines the machinery-adaptive characteristics of east-west ridge cultivation in solar greenhouses， analyzes its influence on the spatial distribution of meteorological factors， soil conditions， and crop performance， and summarizes application practices and outcomes across the main production regions. Future research directions are proposed to support the high-quality development of the solar greenhouse industry.Keywords：solar greenhouses;east-west ridge orientation;machinery-adaptation;spatial distribution characteristics42|88|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14- Abstract：In order to explore the impact and mechanism of full cost insurance policy on cultivated land grain orientation， this study treats the full cost insurance policy as a quasi-natural experiment. Based on county-level panel data of China from 2013 to 2023，this study uses multi-period difference-in-differences model for empirical analysis. The results show that： 1） The policy has a significant and robust effect on cultivated land grain orientation， which is still valid after a series of endogenous treatments and robustness tests. 2） Heterogeneity analysis shows that there are obvious spatial differences in policy effects， and the policy effects are more prominent in plains， high-risk zones， the economically developed east and the north. 3） The mechanism analysis shows that the policy of full cost insurance policy promotes the cultivated land grain orientation mainly through the expansion of agricultural management scale and the promotion of agricultural mechanization level， and is also positively regulated by local financial subsidies. This study provides empirical evidence for understanding the role of agricultural insurance policy in optimizing the allocation of cultivated land resources and ensuring food security， and provides reference for improving policy design and promoting differential implementation.Keywords：full cost insurance policy;cultivated land grain orientation;multi-period difference-in-differences model;food security34|48|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14
Impact of high-standard farmland construction policies on the water footprint of crop production AI Introduction
Abstract：To investigate whether the construction of high-standard farmland can reduce the water footprint of crop production and its underlying mechanism， this study used panel data and crop production water footprint calculation data from 31 provinces （Statistical data do not include those from Hong Kong， Macao and Taiwan regions. The same below） in China from 2003 to 2017. Continuous difference-in-differences model， event study method， and mechanism testing were employed to investigate the effects of high-standard farmland construction on the crop production water footprint and its underlying mechanism. The results show that： 1） From 2003 to 2019， China’s water footprint of crop production generally showed overall fluctuating upward trend， with the central and western regions being the main affected areas； 2） High-standard farmland construction significantly reduced crop production water footprint， supported by parallel trend tests， placebo tests， lagged control variables by one period， controlling for contemporaneous policy interference， changing core variables， and re-testing with new statistical calibers； 3） High-standard farmland construction mainly reduces crop production water footprint through increasing the relative planting ratio of low-water-consuming crops， promoting the application of water-saving irrigation technologies， enhancing the supply of organized services， and promoting farmland transfer； 4） Long-term effect tests indicate that the impact has a certain degree of persistence， but weakens over time. In conclusion， the construction of high-standard farmland can promote the economical and intensive use of agricultural water resources through engineering support， structural optimization， and improved management organization. Going forward， efforts should be made to strengthen construction quality and long-term maintenance， and collaboratively promote the stable operation of water-saving irrigation， the adjustment of water-suitable planting structures， and the supply of organizational service.Keywords：high-standard farmland construction;crop water footprint per unit area;continuous double difference method;low-water-consumption crop;water-saving irrigation;organizational support;farmland transfer47|58|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14- Abstract：This study aims to investigate the role of high-standard farmland construction （HSFC） in enhancing the green total factor productivity of grain. Using a sample of 708 maize-growing households from ten provinces including Heilongjiang， Shandong， Henan， and Sichuan， this study explores the multi-dimensional effects of HSFC on the green production behaviors of micro-level farmers. From the perspective of heterogeneous farmer behavior， this study decomposes farmers' green technology adoption behaviors into three aspects： conservation tillage， organic fertilizer application， and efficient water-saving irrigation technology. This analytical framework deepens the understanding of the internal composition and mechanisms of these technologies. The research findings are as follows： 1） HSFC has a significantly positive impact on grain green total factor productivity （GGTFP）. Specifically， equal conditions， GGTFP of farmers participating in HSFC is 14.43% higher than that of non-participating farmers. 2） Heterogeneity analysis reveals distinct structural differences in the green productivity-enhancing effects of HSFC： the promoting effect is greater among middle-aged and older farmers， full-time farmers， central and western regions， and areas with active land transfer. 3） Further analysis indicates that HSFC enhances GGTFP by promoting farmland scale management and the adoption of green production technologies. According to the contribution rate from highest to lowest， these include conservation tillage， organic fertilizer application， and efficient water-saving irrigation technology. In conclusion， the current HSFC policy demonstrates overall effectiveness in enhancing GGTFP， albeit with individual heterogeneity. Future efforts should further optimize the implementation pathway of HSFC policy along multiple dimensions： policy approaches， regional disparities， technology extension， and policy coordination.Keywords：high-standard farmland construction;grain green total factor productivity;grain;farmer35|55|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14
Driving factors of farmers’ willingness for full-process land trusteeship: Path exploration and configuration analysis AI Introduction
Abstract：This study addresses the practical problem of “organic connection between small farmers and modern agriculture” in the process of agricultural modernization in China. Using 783 farmer survey data in the Taihu Lake Basin， this study employs the structural equation model and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis to empirically explore the multiple driving paths and configuration mechanism of farmers’ willingness for full-process land trusteeship. The results indicate that： 1） Perceived usefulness， perceived ease of use， social influence， and effect demonstration all have a significant positive impact on farmers’ willingness to participate. 2） The mechanism analysis reveals that perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness play a mediating role in the impact of social influence and effect showcase on participation willingness. 3） Heterogeneity analysis indicate that land fragmentation， as a key contextual variable， shapes the differentiated decision-making logic of farmers’ willingness for full-process land trusteeship. 4） Configuration analysis reveals that the formation of farmers’ willingness for full-process land trusteeship follows multiple concurrent causal mechanisms， with three distinct yet convergent driving pathways， reflecting the diversity and complexity of farmers’ decision-making logic. Based on these findings， it is suggested to strengthen effect demonstration and process simplification， promote “one-stop” standardized services， provide differentiated services and scale management guidance based on the degree of land fragmentation， and build a “visible， trustworthy， and operable” village-level promotion system to systematically enhance farmers’ willingness for full-process land trusteeship.Keywords：full-process land trusteeship;farmers’ willingness;driving factors;impact pathway;configuration effect32|65|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14Multidimensional evaluation and improvement pathways for the resilience of China’s aquatic products prepared dish supply chain AI Introduction
Abstract：To practice the “Big Food Concept” and enhance the resilience of the aquatic products prepared dish supply chain， it is necessary to assess its resilience level and identify key bottlenecks scientifically. Based on three dimensions， resistance and recovery， adjustment and adaptation， and innovation and transformation， and integrating the connotations of the “Big Food Concept” （diversification， safety， and green development） with the characteristics of the aquatic products prepared dish supply chain （full-chain integration， collaboration， and technology-driven approaches）， an evaluation system consisting of six secondary indicators and fifteen tertiary indicators was constructed. The entropy weight-TOPSIS method was used to evaluate the resilience level of China’s aquatic products prepared dish supply chain from 2018 to 2023， while the Dagum Gini coefficient and obstacle degree model were employed to analyze the regional differences and key constraints. The results show that： The resilience of China’s aquatic products prepared dish supply chain has shown a fluctuating upward trend， yet the three dimensions of resistance and recovery， adjustment and adaptation， and innovation and transformationhas developed unevenly. Regional resilience gaps were significant： intra-regional differences mainly stem from the eastern and central regions， while inter-regional differences are most pronounced between the eastern and western regions and between the northeastand central regions. Diversification capacity constitutes the core bottleneck followed by the levels of full-chain integration and green development. Efforts should be made to strengthen capacity building across all dimensions， promote regional collaboration， and establish a comprehensive supply chain resilience enhancement system to support the high-quality development of the aquatic products prepared dish industry.Keywords：Big Food Concept;supply chain resilience;entropy weight-TOPSIS;aquatic products prepared dishes;evaluation indicator system;indicator obstacle degree30|55|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14Analysis of scientific research dynamics, industrial development and policy evolution of biostimulants in Europe AI Introduction
Abstract：To systematically review the scientific research dynamics， industrial development， and policy evolution in the field of biostimulants in Europe， taking the relevant literature retrieved from the Web of Science （WoS） database as well as online survey data as the research objects， a comprehensive analysis was conducted by using CiteSpace and VOSviewer software combined with bibliometric analysis and online survey methods. The results show that： 1） In terms of scientific research， the number of publications in this field has continued to increase， indicating that the field has entered a relatively active stage of development. Spain， Italy and Germany have performed prominently in terms of publication output and the scale of core authors， among which Italy and Germany show relatively strong connectivity in the international cooperation network. Research topics have gradually shifted from early physiological mechanisms， such as resistance induction， hormone regulation， and signal transduction， to application-oriented directions， such as nutrient management， abiotic stress response， and crop quality improvement. 2） In terms of industry， the market size of biostimulants in Europe has expanded steadily， and the industrial system has continued to improve. The market is highly differentiated and specialized. Different countries have formed differentiated application pathways and industrial advantages based on their agricultural structures， resource endowments， and policy orientations. 3） In terms of policy， regulation has gradually evolved from decentralized supervision to unified standards. Through institutional arrangements such as the EU Fertilising Products Regulation， a relatively systematic regulatory framework has gradually been established. In conclusion， this study a comprehensive reviews of the research， industrial development， and policy trends in the field of biostimulants in Europe. These experiences can provide important references and insights for the development of the biostimulants field in China.Keywords：European;biostimulants;bibliometrics;CiteSpace;VOSviewer37|54|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14
