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Impact of industrial robots on the off-farm employment of rural laborers: An empirical analysis based on CGSS AI Introduction
Abstract：This study aims to assess the impact of industrial robots on the off-farm employment of rural laborers using multi-period data from the Chinese General Social Survey （CGSS） and the instrumental variable method. The results show that the application of industrial robots significantly reduces the probability of off-farm employment among rural laborers. The heterogeneity analysis reveals that the negative impacts are more pronounced among female workers， older workers， those with lower educational attainment， those of middle social status， and rural laborers from regions with higher urbanization rates and a higher proportion of secondary industry output. The mechanism analysis indicates that the task de-routinization induced by the application of industrial robots in the labor market is an important channel for the observed employment impact. On the one hand， this study can deepen the research on how industrial automation affects the employment of rural laborers， on the other hand， it can provide decision-making references for formulating public policies to promote high-quality and full employment of rural laborers.Keywords：industrial robots;off-farm employment;rural laborers;task de-routinization;employment shock65|88|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14Tripartite evolutionary game analysis of government-industry-university collaborative innovation in agriculture based on the Triple Helix Theory AI Introduction
Abstract：To identify the evolutionary dynamics of strategic decision-making among three parties-government， agriculture-related enterprises， and university-in the context of agricultural collaborative innovation integrating government， industry， and university， this study employed a tripartite evolutionary game model based on the Triple Helix Theory to investigate the impacts of collaboration costs， benefits， incentives， and breach penalties on the evolution of relationships among the three parties in agricultural government-industry-university collaborative innovation. The results indicate that： 1） Innovation costs and their allocation are key factors affecting collaborative stability. Agribusinesses show high sensitivity to these costs， whereas academic institutions are less responsive. Risk costs remain secondary unless the threshold is exceeded， as all parties prioritize deterministic costs and benefits. 2） The three parties differ in their demands for collaborative benefits. The government exerts macro-regulatory influence to sustain collaboration， agribusinesses focus on short-term economic benefits， while academic institutions emphasize non-economic factors. 3） Compared to the positive incentive coefficient， the increase in the frequency of collaborative innovation exerts a more significant promoting effect on synergy innovation. The government’s financial and policy incentives should be differentially designed according to the distinct response patterns of agribusinesses and academic institutions. 4） When penalty levels are low， system stability depends heavily on government oversight. Agribusinesses are particularly sensitive to penalties targeting themselves， while academic institutions are influenced by penalties applied to both sides. Furthermore， the effects of benefit loss and project progress display distinct phase-dependent characteristics. Taken together， stable government-industry-university collaborative innovation in agriculture requires a reasonable allocation of innovation costs， the reconciliation of parties’ benefit expectations， and differentiated incentives and constraints across actors and stages of collaboration.Keywords：agricultural government-industry-university;collaborative innovation;Triple Helix Theory;tripartite evolutionary game;strategy selection41|88|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14Evolution and spatial correlation network of intensive utilization of cultivated land in China and its influencing factors AI Introduction
Abstract：This study aims to clarify the characteristics of the spatial correlation network of intensive utilization of cultivated land and its influencing factors. Based on the cultivated land use and agricultural production data of 31 provincial regions from 2000 to 2024 （Data do not include those of Hong Kong， Macao， and Taiwan regions. The same applies below）， this study employs models including the comprehensive evaluation model， the modified gravity model， social network analysis， and the quadratic assignment procedure （QAP） to systematically investigate the characteristics and influencing factors of the spatial correlation network of intensive utilization of cultivated land in China. The results indicate that： 1） From 2000 to 2024， the level of intensive utilization of cultivated land in China exhibited a continuous upward trend， with an average annual growth rate of 2.85%. The level of intensive utilization of cultivated land in each province showed a characteristic of low values clustering first and then spreading to higher values. 2） The spatial correlation network of intensive utilization of cultivated land exhibited multi-threaded， dense， and increasingly complex characteristics. The network density， network connectivity and number of network connections show a fluctuating upward trend， while the network efficiency and network hierarchy degree show a fluctuating downward trend. 3） The network structure of intensive utilization of cultivated land demonstrated a significant “core-periphery” structure， with provinces such as Henan and Shandong occupying core positions in the overall network structure， while provinces such as Xinjiang， Yunnan， and Xizang were situated on the periphery. 4） Factors such as inter-provincial capital distance， urbanization， the level of agricultural science and technology， rural human capital， agricultural resource endowment， and the intensity of fiscal support to agriculture are important determinants influencing the evolution of the spatial correlation network of intensive utilization of cultivated land. In the future， the paradigm for cultivated land use protection and management should shift from “territorial management” to “network governance，” optimizing cross-regional coordination mechanisms for cultivated land protection and systematically regulating the key factors influencing intensive cultivated land use.Keywords：cultivated land;intensive utilization;spatial correlation network;social network analysis;China36|68|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14- Abstract：To understand the current status， research hotspots， and future development trends in agricultural data research， this study used “agricultural data” as the keyword to retrieve relevant publications in Chinese and English in the CNKI and Web of Science databases from 1996-2025， respectively. The CiteSpace 6.4.R1 software was used to analyse the bibliographic information， temporal evolution of publication volumes， collaboration networks among countries， authors， research institutions， and keyword co-occurrence patterns.The research progress and hotspots in the field of agricultural data research were systematically investigated. The results show that： 1） The volume of Chinese publications leveled off after 2015， while English publications have shown steady growth since 2016， with a slight decline after 2022. 2） Core author teams have formed in both the Chinese and English literature， but collaboration among these teams remains limited. Meanwhile， a broader cooperative network has yet to emerge. 3） The leading institutions publishing Chinese literature are the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences， Huazhong Agricultural University， China Agricultural University， and Nanjing Agricultural University. For English literature， representative institutions include the Chinese Academy of Sciences， China Agricultural University， and the Agricultural Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture. 4） Recently， research in both the Chinese and English literature is centered on data-driven agricultural development； the two bodies of literature have different directions. Chinese literature focuses more on the integration of data technology with national strategies and industrial policies， whereas English literature places greater emphasis on technological innovations and methodological breakthroughs in agricultural production scenarios， such as model construction， remote sensing monitoring， and machine learning. In conclusion， this study systematically reviews the literature characteristics and evolutionary patterns in agricultural data from 1996-2025， revealing the differences and commonalities between domestic and international research， and provides a literature-based foundation and directional reference for future research.Keywords：CiteSpace;agricultural data;big data;digital agriculture;rural revitalization35|73|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14
Does digital transformation improve county-level consumption？： A quasi-natural experiment based on the national digital rural pilot policy AI Introduction
Abstract：To systematically examine the consumption effects of county-level digital transformation， this study uses panel data from 2 863 counties nationwide from 2016 to 2022. Taking the national digital rural pilot policy as a quasi-natural experiment， this study empirically test the impact of digital transformation on county-level consumption and its mechanisms. The results indicate that： 1） Digital transformation significantly improves county-level consumption， and this result remains robust after a series of robustness tests. Digital transformation also has positive spatial spillover effects， which can drive the improvement of consumption in surrounding counties. 2） Digital transformation mainly enhances county-level consumption through 3 pathways： increasing residents’ income， expanding consumption channels， and updating consumption concepts. 3） The effect of digital transformation on increasing county-level consumption is more pronounced in counties with lower economic development and lower urbanization rates. In order to promote the digital transformation of counties and unleash the consumption potential of counties， it is recommended to vigorously develop the county-level digital economy， improve county-level digital infrastructure and logistics systems， and facilitate regional digital collaboration.Keywords：digital transformation;county-level consumption;income improvement;digital rural construction;quasi-natural experiment32|80|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14- Abstract：Based on provincial panel data from 2011 to 2023， this study adopts a two-way fixed effect model， mediation effect model and threshold effect model to explore the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of agricultural industrial chain resilience and the influence mechanism of digital inclusive finance on it. The results show that digital inclusive finance and its three dimensions， coverage breadth， usage depth and digitalization level， all exert a significant positive impact on the resilience of agricultural industrial chain. The promotion effect is more pronounced in major grain-producing areas and regions with a high level of government financial support for agriculture. The test of mediation effect and analysis of threshold effect from the perspective of production factors reveal that digital inclusive finance effectively enhances the agricultural industrial chain resilience by increasing agricultural-related loans， promoting land transfer and advancing agricultural technological progress. The promotion effect of digital inclusive finance on agricultural industrial chain resilience exhibits an inverted U-shaped pattern， irst strengthening and then weakening with the non-agricultural transfer of the labor force. The research conclusions can provide important policy implications for improving the agricultural industrial chain resilience and accelerating strong agricultural country construction.Keywords：digital inclusive finance;resilience of agricultural industry chain;factors of production;rural Labor transfer to non-agricultural sectors;strong agricultural country34|94|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14
- Abstract：Based on the survey data of 1 317 farmers in the main rice-producing areas of Hubei Province， this study uses the Probit model to empirically analyze the impact of digital finance use level on farmers’ production custody behavior and its mechanism. The results show that： 1） The level of digital finance usage has a significant positive impact on farmers’ production custody behavior. 2） The level of digital finance usage encourages farmers to participate in agricultural production custody services by promoting the transfer of arable land， improving the level of farmers’ entrepreneurship and improving the availability of farmers’ information. 3） There is heterogeneity in the impact of the use level of digital finance on farmers’ production custody behavior. Specifically， the usage level of digital finance has a more significant positive impact on the production custody behavior of farmers aged 65 or above， whose family cultivated land area is 2 hm2 or above， and those with a higher degree of land fragmentation.4） The level of digital finance usage has a significant positive impact on farmers’ field management outsourcing behavior， but it does not significantly affect outsourcing behaviors in the sowing and harvesting and drying stages. Therefore， it is necessary to accelerate the improvement of the digital financial system in rural areas， actively carry out the special service of “digital finance + production custody” and improve the efficiency of digital financial services. Meanwhile， we should strengthen group inclusion in digital financial services， provide personalized digital financial products tailored for farmers， overcome the “last mile”of digital financial inclusion， and effectively encourage farmers to participate in agricultural production custody services.Keywords：level of digital finance usage;production trusteeship of farmers;arable land transfer;family entrepreneurship;availability of information36|62|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14
- Abstract：To clarify the impact of the integration of the digital and real economies on the high-quality development of population urbanization， this study uses panel data from 41 cities in the Yangtze River Delta region from 2013 to 2023 as samples and constructs a coupling evaluation model to determine the level of digital and real economies integration in each city. Fixed effect and mediating effect models were employed to empirically explore the impact and mechanisms of digital and real economies integration on the high-quality development of population urbanization. The results show that： 1） Digital and real economies integration can effectively promote the high-quality development of population urbanization. After considering endogeneity issues and conducting robustness tests， this conclusion still holds. 2） Mechanism analysis indicates that digital and real economies integration significantly promotes the high-quality development of population urbanization through three pathways： promoting economic agglomeration， optimizing the employment structure， and enhancing green innovation levels. 3） Heterogeneity analysis shows that this promoting effect is more significant in large cities and low economic development cities. 4） The positive impact of digital and real economies integration on the high-quality development of population urbanization has a nonlinear increasing threshold effect. 5） Digital and real economies integration has a significant spatial spillover effect on population urbanization and can promote the high-quality development of population urbanization in adjacent areas. In conclusion， the positive effects of the digital and real economies integration should be fully leveraged， differentiated development strategies implemented， and a regional coordinated development pattern established to enhance the high-quality development level of population urbanization.Keywords：the integration of digital and real economies;population urbanization;high-quality development;spatial spillover effects;Yangtze River Delta region50|66|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14
Correlation between rice grain length‑width ratio and internode lodging resistance and its transcriptome analysis AI Introduction
Abstract：To explore the correlation between rice grain length-width ratio and internode lodging resistance， and to clarify the molecular regulatory pathways underlying their coordinated development. Twenty-two rice germplasms exhibiting natural variations in grain shape and lodging resistance were used as experimental materials. Phenotypic traits， including grain length-width ratio， singlestem breaking resistance， and single-plant breaking resistance were measured. Grains with length-width ratio ≥ 3.5 were classified as slender， and those with a length-width ratio < 3.5 as non-slender grain. Based on grain length-width ratio and single-stem breaking resistance， two initial germplasm groups were selected： “Low length-width ratio with strong breaking resistance”and “high length-width ratio with weak breaking resistance”. A secondary screening， incorporating the lodging index of the basal second internode， was then performed to finally select representative materials： Slender-grain， easily lodged types and non-slender-grain， strongly lodging-resistance types. Panicle and basal internode samples were collected at stage 2 of young panicle differentiation， and all samples were subjected to transcriptome sequencing， followed by GO functional annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. The results showed that：1） Two slender-grain and two non-slender-grain rice materials were obtained after primary screening. 2） in indica rice， grain length-width ratio of indica rice exhibited and extremely significant negative correlation with single-plant breaking resistance and a significant negative correlation with single-stem breaking resistance. 3） A total of 1 466 differentially expressed genes （DEGs） were identified in young panicles and basal internodes of the four tested materials， predominantly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites， with genes related to auxin， gibberellin， and ethylene jointly regulating young panicle and internode development. 4） Between slender-grain and non-slender-grain rice， 177 DEGs were screened in young panicles and basal internodes， and KEGG enrichment reveal three major pathways： SNARE interaction in vesicular transport， glycine/serine/threonine metabolism， and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. Differential expression of OsSMC6， OsLESV， OsXTR1， LA1， LOC_Os02g20330， and LOC_Os08g42210 was observed between the two material types， and this expression divergence was identified as a critical molecular determinant contributing to the weak lodging resistance of high-quality slender-grain indica rice. In conclusion， there is an extremely significant negative correlation between grain length-width ratio and lodging resistance in indica rice： A larger ratio corresponds to a higher lodging risk. Plant hormone signal transduction and secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways serve as core regulatory routes mediating the co-development of grain shape and internode lodging resistance， while the six aforementioned genes jointly participate in both grain morphogenesis and lodging resistance.Keywords：slender-grain rice;differentiation of young panicles;basal internodes;transcriptome analysis41|69|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14Screening, identification, and expression analysis of the TOE3 subfamily in colored potatoes AI Introduction
Abstract：To identify members of the TOE3 subfamily within the AP2/ERF transcription factor family involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in colored potato tubers， TOE3 subfamily members were screened from the AP2 gene family based on potato transcriptome data. Their chromosomal localization， phylogenetic relationships， and expression patterns were analyzed using bioinformatics tools including TBtools， MEGA11， and NCBI-CD Search. The expression profiles of six StTOE3 genes were further validated via qRT-PCR using tubers of the purple-fleshed potato cultivar ‘Huasong 66’ and white-fleshed cultivar ‘Atlantic’ sampled at different tuber growth stages. The results showed that： A total of 30 AP2 family members associated with anthocyanin synthesis in potato tubers were identified and classified into 12 subfamilies， among which 19 genes were involved in whole-genome duplication events， generating 9 pairs of collinear genes with no significant tandem genes were identified within the TOE3 subfamily. Segmental duplication played a predominant role in their evolution and expansion. A total of 6 StTOE3 genes were identified in the TOE3 subfamily， all of which contained promoters rich in abscisic acid， salicylic acid-， and light-responsive elements. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that StTOE3‑1， StTOE3‑3， and StTOE3‑5 exhibited significantly higher expression levels in ‘Huasong 66’ during tuber formation stage （the rapid anthocyanin accumulation stage） than that in ‘Atlantic’. Expression of StTOE3‑2 and StTOE3‑7 reached peak at the tuber maturation stage， with no significant difference between the two varieties. In contrast， StTOE3‑6 was expressed significantly higher in the white-fleshed ‘Atlantic’ than in ‘Huasong 66’. The expression patterns of StTOE3‑1， StTOE3‑3， and StTOE3‑5， their expression patterns line up really well with when ‘Huasong 66’ potato tubers accumulate anthocyanins， suggesting they are key candidate genes positively regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in colored potatoes.Keywords：colored potatos;AP2/ERF transcription factors;TOE3 subfamily;anthocyanins;expression pattern30|67|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14- Abstract：To screen specialized potato germplasm resources suitable for cultivation in the cold and humid high-altitude areas of Gansu Province， 255 potato germplasms were used as test materials. The contents of dry matter， starch， protein， reducing sugar， vitamin C， and crude fiber in potato tubers were determined using near-infrared spectroscopy （NIRS）. A comprehensive evaluation of the core nutritional quality indicators was then conducted by combining principal component analysis （PCA） with the membership function method. The results indicated that significant genetic variation existed in all nutritional quality traits of the tested germplasms. Among these traits， the coefficient of variation （CV） for reducing sugar content was the largest （48.39%）， while that for protein content was the smallest （4.35%）. Principal component analysis （PCA） revealed that the nutritional quality of the tested materials could be represented by three principal components， with dry matter， vitamin C， and protein contents serving as representative indicators， which together accounted for a cumulative contribution rate of 82.14%. Based on the membership function method， the top three accessions with the highest comprehensive nutritional quality evaluation values （D） were ‘CIP304349.8’， ‘CIP302534.17’， and ‘CIP800923’. In addition， 20 germplasms had D ≥ 0.60， accounting for approximately 7.8% of the tested materials. Combined with the threshold values of nutritional quality traits， elite germplasms suitable for different end-uses were further selected. Specifically， 13 germplasms were identified as suitable for frying， including ‘CIP304349.8’， ‘CIP800923’， ‘CIP312735.105’， ‘CIP312507.311’， ‘Yunshu 603’， ‘CIP399085.30’， ‘Зоряный’， ‘CIP309064.76’， ‘CIP304379.11’， ‘CIP312751.021’， ‘CIP703330’， ‘CIP309062.77’， and ‘Заводский’. Three germplasms were suitable for fresh consumption， namely ‘CIP309062.77’， ‘CIP397039.51’， and ‘CIP309043.123’. For starch processing， 10 germplasms were selected， i.e.， ‘CIP304349.8’， ‘CIP302534.17’， ‘CIP309103.85’， ‘CIP312735.105’， ‘CIP309062.77’， ‘CIP389447.5’， ‘CIP312507.311’， ‘Yunshu 603’， ‘CIP399085.30’， and ‘Yunshu 701’. In summary， through a comprehensive analysis combining principal component analysis and the membership function method， elite potato germplasms specially adapted to the alpine humid areas of Gansu Province were successfully screened. Among these， 13 accessions were identified as suitable for frying， 3 for fresh consumption， and 10 for starch processing. This study provides a scientific basis and high-quality germplasm resources to support variety improvement， specialized cultivation， and industrial upgrading of potato production in this region.Keywords：potato;germplasm resources;nutritional quality;principal component analysis;membership function method;cold and arid regions of Gansu Province38|76|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14
- Abstract：To characterize the features of the Dicer-like protein （DCL） gene family in potato and their response patterns under late blight stress， this study systematically identified the members of the potato DCL gene family and analyzed their basic characteristics using bioinformatics approaches based on the doubled-haploid potato genome database （PGSC v6.1）. Using the susceptible cultivar ‘Atlantic’， the moderately resistant cultivar ‘Longshu 19’， and the highly resistant line ‘CIP309056.5’ as experimental materials， The tissue-specific expression profiles and responses to late blight infection were examined via RT-qPCR. The results showed that： A total of 6 Arabidopsis thaliana DCLs （StDCLs） were identified in potato， belonging to four subfamilies and distributed across five chromosomes. All identified StDCL proteins contained canonical RNase III domains and double-stranded RNA （dsRNA）-binding domains. StDCLs were predicted to interact with core components of the RNA-induced silencing complex （RISC）， including Argonautes （AGOs）， as well as with double-stranded RNA-binding proteins （DRBs） and RNA-dependent RNA polymerases （RDRs）. The StDCL members exhibited tissue-specific expression patterns： DCL1 was highly expressed in stems and leaves of ‘Atlantic’ in vitro plantlets； StDCL2b showed high expression in micro tubers of the same cultivar； and StDCL3 as well as StDCL4 were exclusively highly expressed in leaves. Following infection with the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans， StDCL2c was significantly upregulated and StDCL4 was significantly downregulated in the highly resistant line ‘CIP309056.5’； Similar trends-upregulation of StDCL2c and downregulation of StDCL4 were also observed in the moderately resistant cultivar ‘Longshu No. 19’， whereas StDCL2b and StDCL3 exhibited no significant changes in either genotype. These findings suggest that the antagonistic expression changes of StDCL2c and StDCL4 may coordinately participate in the regulation of potato resistance to late blight.Keywords：potato;Dicer-like （DCL） gene family;bioinformatics analysis;tissue expression analysis;late blight28|72|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14
- Abstract：To determine the appropriate nitrogen， phosphorus and potassium fertilization levels for garlic cultivation. Using the improved garlic variety as the material， eight different fertilization levels were set： T1 （120-24-60 kg/hm2）， T2 （180-36-90 kg/hm2）， T3 （240-48-120 kg/hm2）， T4 （300-60-150 kg/hm2）， T5 （360-72-180 kg/hm2）， T6 （420-84-210 kg/hm2）， T7 （480-96-240 kg/hm2）， T8 （540-108-270 kg/hm2）， with the local conventional fertilization level as the control （CK， 478-150-150 kg/hm2）. The effects of different nitrogen， phosphorus and potassium fertilization levels on the growth， bulb yield， quality and soil physical and chemical properties of garlic during the growth period were analyzed. The results showed that： 1） In terms of growth indicators， the average plant height， leaf length， leaf width and pseudostem diameter of the T5 treatment were the highest during the growth period， increasing by 15.5%， 18.8%， 39.0% and 49.2% respectively compared to CK. The T6 treatment had the highest garlic pseudostem height and leaf number， increasing by 8.9% and 16.9% respectively compared to CK. 2） In terms of bulb yield indicators， the T5 treatment had the highest bulb cross-diameter， increasing by 28.3% compared to CK. The T6 treatment had the largest bulb longitudinal diameter， increasing by 22.4% compared to CK. The T4 treatment had the highest bulb dry weight and fresh weight， increasing by 16.2% and 20.4% respectively compared to CK. The yield of the T4 treatment was the highest， followed by the T7 treatment， but the yields of all treatments were significantly higher than CK（P<0.05）. 3） In terms of quality indicators， the T1 treatment had higher garlic saponin content and soluble protein content， increasing by 16.3% and 24.1% respectively compared to the control. The nitrate content increased with the increase in fertilization amount. 4） In terms of soil physical and chemical properties， fertilization increased the total nitrogen， total phosphorus and total potassium contents in the soil. Correlation analysis showed that garlic leaf width， pseudostem diameter and yield were positively correlated. Through entropy weight TOPSIS analysis， the T4 treatment had the highest comprehensive score and could be used as the basis for high-yield and high-quality fertilization management of garlic.Keywords：fertilization levels;Garlic;bulb yield;quality;entropy weight TOPSIS analysis33|79|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14
Spatial characteristics of tomato yield and the driving mechanism of light environment under East-West Ridge Cultivation in solar greenhouse AI Introduction
Abstract：To explore the spatial distribution pattern of tomato growth and yield， as well as the driving mechanism of light environment under east-west ridge cultivation in solar greenhouse， tomato was used as the test material. Two cultivation crops were set， namely the autumn-winter crop and winter-spring crop， and four cultivation ridges （northernmost RI- the southernmost R4） were arranged along the north-south direction. The canopy solar radiation distribution， plant growth， photosynthetic physiological characteristics， fruit soluble solids content （SSC） and yield were systematically determined. Pearson correlation analysis and path analysis were performed to clarify the driving pathway of solar radiation. The results showed that the growth and physiological indexes of tomato presented gradient differences along with ridge positions， and the overall distribution of SSC and yield was characterized by low values in the north and high values in the south. Specifically， the yield of R1 in the autumn-winter crop and winter-spring crop was 45.80% and 25.63% lower than that of R4， respectively. Meanwhile， the differences in SSC and yield among different ridge positions increased with the rise of fruit truss position. Path analysis revealed that cumulative solar radiation during the whole growth period could indirectly affect the photosynthetic physiology and population structure of tomato plants through positively regulating SPAD value and leaf area. The direct effect of SPAD value on yield reached an extremely significant level （β=0.702， P<0.01）， while the direct effect of leaf area on SSC reached a significant level （β=0.474， P<0.05）. The direct effect of cumulative solar radiation on yield also reached a significant level （β=0.515， P<0.05）. In summary， under east-west ridge cultivation in solar greenhouse， the spatial heterogeneity of light environment differentially regulates tomato yield and soluble solids content through the pathways of “cumulative solar radiation→SPAD→yield” and “cumulative solar radiation→leaf area→SSC”. SPAD and leaf area are the key mediators for the formation of yield and SSC， respectively.Keywords：east-west ridge orientation;tomato;inter-ridge differences;spatial characteristics of yield;light environmental driving mechanism30|75|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14Hyperspectral monitoring of SPAD values in fresh tea leaves based on spectral preprocessing and feature selection AI Introduction
Abstract：Rapid and non-destructive monitoring of SPAD values in fresh tea leaves is a key technical approach for achieving precision nitrogen management in tea plantations. Given that the high moisture content and substantial inter-varietal heterogeneity of fresh tea leaves lead to insufficient generalization capacity of existing spectral monitoring models， this study aimed to identify an optimal technical pipeline of “spectral preprocessing-feature selection-modeling” tailored to the characteristics of fresh tea leaves. A total of 2 844 fresh tea leaf samples were collected during the spring tea harvest seasons of 2025 and 2026. After excluding two samples whose SPAD readings exceeded the coefficient of variation threshold， 2 842 pairs of valid data were retained. Spectral data were acquired using an ASD FieldSpec 4 spectroradiometer， and SPAD values were simultaneously measured with a SPAD-502 Plus chlorophyll meter. The effects of the combinations of five spectral preprocessing methods with three feature selection strategies ［competitive adaptive reweighted sampling （CARS）， successive projections algorithm （SPA）， and uninformative variable elimination （UVE）］ on the predictive performance of four modeling algorithms-partial least squares regression （PLSR）， random forest （RF）， support vector regression （SVR）， and back propagation neural network （BPNN）-were systematically compared. Model hyperparameters were optimized via grid search combined with cross-validation. The results showed that the combination of first-derivative preprocessing and the UVE algorithm yielded superior performance， selecting 225 key spectral bands from the full spectrum. The RF model built on this feature subset achieved high accuracy on the training set （R2=0.955 0， RMSE=2.366 5） but exhibited a marked decline in performance on the test set （R2=0.655 4， RMSE=6.414 7）， indicating limited generalization capacity under cross-variety and cross-harvest-period conditions. After hyperparameter optimization， the independent validation performance of the RF model was improved （R2=0.703 2， RMSE=6.022 4）， effectively alleviating the overfitting problem. Cross-year validation further indicated that the inter-annual generalization capacity of the model still has room for improvement. In conclusion， the optimized RF model established using the 225 feature bands selected by first-derivative preprocessing combined with UVE effectively reduces data dimensionality while preserving chlorophyll-sensitive information， providing methodological support for the rapid and non-destructive prediction of SPAD values in fresh tea leaves across different varieties and harvest periods， as well as for precision nitrogen management in tea plantations.Keywords：fresh tea leaves;chlorophyll;hyperspectral;SPAD;monitoring35|70|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14- Abstract：To investigate the suitability and potential damage of Tuta absoluta on Lycium barbarum ， providing theoretical guidance for developing integrated pest management strategies against this pest in goji berry growing regions， Tomatoes（Solanum lycopersicum）， potatoes（Solanum tuberosum）， and peppers（Capsicum annuum） were used as control crops，and simulation selection method was used to determine the oviposition selectivity of the pest on Tuta absoluta for Lycium barbarum and the control crops. The development， survival， and fecundity of Tuta absoluta fed on Lycium barbarum and the control crops were evaluated by constructing an age-stage， two-sex life table， and host suitability was assessed using the population trend index. The results showed that， under choice conditions among the four crops， the average number of eggs laid on Lycium barbarum was relatively low （38.80 eggs）， with the oviposition preference ranking as follows： Solanum lycopersicum>Solanum tuberosum>Lycium barbarum>Capsicum annuum. Tuta absoluta feeding on Lycium barbarum successfully completed its life cycle， but its intrinsic population growth rate （0.075 1） was lower than that on Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum tuberosum. Furthermore， the average developmental durations of eggs， larvae， and pupae on Lycium barbarum were longer （5.33 d， 14.38 d， and 7.26 d， respectively）， and the adult female longevity （10.67 d） was shorter compared to those on Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum tuberosum. In conclusion， Tuta absoluta exhibits a certain level of suitability to Lycium barbarum.Although feeding on goji berry leaves results in slower development， the pest can still completea normal life cycle. Therefore， Tuta absoluta poses a potential threat to Lycium barbarum.Keywords：Tuta absoluta;Lycium barbarum;host adaptability;two-sex life table;hazard potential30|68|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14
Surveillance and epidemiological analysis of pathogens associated with calf diarrhea in northern regions AI Introduction
Abstract：To characterize the epidemiological profiles of major pathogens associated with calf diarrhea in northern China， 1 623 clinical samples were collected from diarrheic dairy calves on large-scale dairy farms between 2019 and 2024. Real-time quantitative PCR （qPCR） was used to determine the prevalence of major enteric pathogens， and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was employed to detect antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus （BVDV）. Spatial and seasonal variations in pathogen distribution were systematically analyzed. The results showed that： 1） Among viral pathogens， bovine norovirus （BNoV） showed the highest prevalence （41.10%）， followed by bovine torovirus （BToV） （20.55%）. Among bacterial pathogens， Escherichia coli was most frequently detected （36.25%）， followed by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis （23.64%）. 2） Spatially， Distinct geographic distribution patterns were observed across pathogens. The highest prevalence rates of bovine astrovirus （BAstV）， bovine coronavirus （BCoV）， bovine rotavirus （BRoV）， and BToV were recorded in Hebei Province （11.36%， 19.32%， 19.32%， and 52.00%， respectively）. BVDV exhibited the highest prevalence in Beijing （31.55%）， whereas E. coli， Clostridium perfringens （C. perfringens）， MAP， and BNoV were most prevalent in Tianjin. 3） In terms of time， BAstV， BCoV， and BRoV infections occurred predominantly in autumn and winter， while BVDV was more frequently detected in spring and summer. 4） Mixed infections were common among diarrheic dairy calves. Single-virus infections accounted for 57.87% of virus-positive cases； among co-infections， dual infections represented the predominant form. 5） Serological survey of BVDV indicated that the antibody positivity rate of BVDV was 85.26% in northern China. In conclusion， calf diarrhea on large-scale dairy farms in northern China is characterized by the co-circulation of multiple enteric pathogens and frequent co-infections， with pronounced geographic and seasonal variation in pathogen prevalence. These findings provide updated epidemiological evidence on major calf diarrhea-associated pathogens and support targeted surveillance and integrated disease control strategies.Keywords：calf diarrhea;viral pathogens;bacterial pathogens;mixed infection;epidemiological investigation41|69|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14- Abstract：In order to obtain the optimal process parameters for killing typical mastitis pathogens in cow dung with slightly acidic electrolyzed water （SAEW） and achieve efficient and green sterilization of regenerated cow dung bedding， this study investigated the bactericidal effect of SAEW with different effective chlorine concentrations on typical mastitis pathogens in cow dung， and obtained and verified the optimal sterilization process parameters through response surface methodology. The research results showed that： 1） With the increase of available chlorine concentration， the content of four mastitis pathogens in cow dung gradually decreased. After treatment with an available chlorine concentration of 300 mg/L for 24 hours， the sterilization rates of the three pathogens， except Klebsiella， were above 93%. 2）Response surface analysis was performed with pH， available chlorine concentration， and treatment time as three factors. After the credibility of the model was determined by variance analysis， it was determined that the contribution to the killing of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella was available chlorine concentration > pH > sterilization time， and the contribution to the killing of Streptococcus and Escherichia coli was pH > available chlorine concentration > sterilization time. 3） Combined with the response surface methodology， the optimal sterilization process of SAEW was finally obtained： SAEW pH value of 5.5， available chlorine concentration of 374 mg/L， sterilization time of 34 hours， and the content of S. aureus after sterilization was （3.80±0.17） lg（CFU/g）， the sterilization rate was 99.95%， and the other three pathogens were not detected. In conclusion， SAEW has good disinfection potential for dairy cow manure， this contributes significantly to the advancing of green dairy farming and the promotion of sustainable development.Keywords：mastitis pathogens;slightly acidic electrolyzed water;sterilization;response surface analysis28|63|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14
Effects of chlorogenic acid addition to extender on the cryopreservation efficiency of donkey semen AI Introduction
Abstract：To optimize the cryopreservation system for donkey semen and elucidate the protective effects of chlorogenic acid （CGA） on spermatozoa during cryopreservation， particularly regarding the distribution and expression of the fertilization protein IZUMO1， this study supplemented donkey semen freezing extenders with varying concentrations of CGA： 0 （control）， 0.1， 0.5， 1， 2， and 3 mmol/L. Post-thaw sperm motility parameters， morphological characteristics， and antioxidative indices were assessed to determine the optimal CGA concentration. Additionally， mitochondrial membrane potential （MMP）， DNA integrity， and the expression level and localization of IZUMO1 were examined. The results indicated that： 1） The group supplemented with 1 mmol/L CGA exhibited significantly higher progressive motility， sperm viability， acrosome integrity， and bent-tail rate compared to other groups （P<0.05）， alongside a significantly lower malformation rate （P<0.05）. 2） The 1 mmol/L CGA group showed the lowest malondialdehyde （MDA） level （P<0.05）， while superoxide dismutase （SOD） and glutathione peroxidase （GPx） activities were markedly elevated （P<0.05）. 3） Supplementation with 1 mmol/L CGA significantly enhanced MMP （P<0.01） and markedly reduced the DNA fragmentation index （P<0.01）. 4） Although 1 mmol/L CGA did not significantly alter the overall expression of IZUMO1 protein （P>0.05）， it notably decreased the rate of abnormal IZUMO1 localization （P<0.05）. Collectively， these findings demonstrate that the inclusion of 1 mmol/L CGA in the semen freezing extender effectively improves post-thaw semen quality and antioxidant capacity in donkeys， enhances mitochondrial function， preserves DNA integrity， and contributes positively to the proper localization of IZUMO1 protein.Keywords：chlorogenic acid;donkey;semen;cryopreservation37|71|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14Advances in the multidimensional regulatory mechanisms of Theileria annulata-induced host cell transformation AI Introduction
Abstract：Theileria annulata is the main causative agent of tropical theileriosis， and its schizont stage manipulates host cell regulatory networks and induces transformation through secreted proteins. However， existing studies are limited to a single molecule or pathway and lack understanding of the overall regulatory framework. Therefore， This article proposes a multidimensional regulatory mechanism underlying host cell transformation induced by Theileria annulata， encompassing four key dimensions： 1） Genomic mutations and adaptive evolution provide the genetic basis for transformation. 2）Hijacking core signaling pathways， including NF-κB， ERK/AP-1， and PI3K-AKT， to form a signaling hub for proliferation and survival. 3） By modifying histones and non-coding RNA networks， transient signals are solidified into a sustained transformed phenotype. 4） The induction of immunosuppression， oxidative stress， and autophagy escape remodels a microenvironment favorable for parasite persistence and cellular transformation. There is close coordination at four levels： genomic instability continuously amplifies aberrant signaling； overactivated signaling pathways reshape epigenetic regulation； epigenetic and post-transcriptional dysregulation further disrupts pathway homeostasis； while immune imbalance， oxidative stress， and autophagy escape in turn exacerbate DNA damage and sustain pathway activation， thus forming a closed-loop pro-transformation regulatory network. This review systematically elaborates on the composition and interplay mechanisms of this network， thereby laying a new theoretical foundation for a comprehensive understanding of its molecular mechanism and offering novel insights for developing anti-parasitic and anti-tumor strategies that target key nodes of this network.Keywords：Theileria annulata;effector proteins;cell transformation;gene mutation;signaling pathway hijacking33|68|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14A new theory on the essence of agricultural production from the perspective of meteorological resources and its contemporary significance AI Introduction
Abstract：In the context of ecological civilization construction and the strategy of strengthening agriculture， re-examining the essence of agricultural production， especially the role of meteorological resources within it， is of great significance for promoting high-quality and sustainable agricultural development. After analyzing the limitations of the classical definition of agriculture， a new understanding of the essence of agricultural production from the perspective of meteorological resources was proposed， and the theoretical basis， core connotation， and contemporary significance of this essence were systematically discussed. Future research directions were also proposed. The results show that agricultural production is a complex process of converting natural resources， with meteorological resources at its core， into agricultural products， biomass， and multiple service values； meteorological resources are the fundamental raw materials directly involved in agricultural production， and humans can regulate and optimize the transformation process. The study holds that the new theory of the essence of agricultural production deepens the cognitive system of the relationship between agriculture and meteorology from the cognitive root， reveals the essence of agricultural production， provides profound theoretical support and directional guidance for understanding and developing new quality productive forces of agriculture and promoting high-quality and sustainable agricultural development. It also holds important scientific significance for responding to climate change， enhancing grain production capacity， and achieving agricultural modernization.Keywords：essence of agricultural production;meteorological resources;raw material attribute;resource transformation;classic definition;high-quality development of agriculture75|66|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14Research progress of greenhouse gases in paddy fields in China: Based on CiteSpace bibliometric analysis AI Introduction
Abstract：To systematically reveal the research status， hotspot evolution and collaboration networks of paddy field greenhouse gas emissions in China， bibliometric analysis was conducted on relevant Chinese literature retrieved from the CNKI academic journal database using CiteSpace software. The results show that： 1） Due to the influence of domestic and international developments as well as relevant policies， the annual publication output of domestic research on paddy greenhouse gas emissions presents obvious phased characteristics， which is divided into initial exploration stage， rapid development stage and stable development stage. 2） Research institutions are mostly agricultural universities and research institutes， with a large number of research institutions and scholars， but there is relatively little cooperation between institutions and scholars. In the future， it is necessary to further strengthen exchanges and cooperation. 3） The research content is extensive and deepening， mainly focusing on the emission characteristics， influencing factors and emission reduction measures of greenhouse gases. Among them， “carbon neutralization” “carbon footprint” “ratoon rice” “rice-shrimp co-cropping” are currently hot research directions. This study summarizes the research progress and developmental trends of China’s paddy field greenhouse gas research， which can help identify current hot research topics. The findings offer theoretical references for researchers to expand research dimensions and furnish evidence for policymakers to design targeted greenhouse gas mitigation policies.Keywords：China;paddy field;greenhouse gases;CiteSpace;bibliometric analysis26|75|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14Impact of the National Key Ecological Function Zone Policy on the effect of ecological protection functions AI Introduction
Abstract：This study aims to explore the impact of the National Key Ecological Function Zone Policy on the effect of ecological protection functions in China. Based on panel data from 565 counties， districts and cities from 2000 to 2020， the difference-in-difference model was adopted to evaluate the impact and spillover mechanism of the National Key Ecological Function Zone Policy on the effect of ecological protection functions. The research results show that： 1） the National Key Ecological Function Zone Policy has a significant promoting effect on the ecological protection functions. 2） the National Key Ecological Function Zone Policy has obvious regional heterogeneous effects on the improvement of ecological protection functions， which are more significant in the Southeast Ecological Zone， key ecological zone of the Yellow River， and key ecological zones of the Yangtze River and Sichuan-Yunnan. 3） The National Key Ecological Function Zone Policy has a positive spatial spillover effect on the improvement of ecological protection functions. Therefore， the guiding role of the National Key Ecological Function Zone Policy in improving the effect of ecological protection functions should be fully leveraged， the long-term effectiveness and precision of the policy should be deepened， differentiated development paths for key ecological function zones should be advanced according to local conditions， regional coordination mechanisms should be promoted， and the quality of the ecosystem should be further improved.Keywords：the National Key Ecological Function Zone Policy;ecological protection function;DID model;DPSIR model46|66|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14- Abstract：To explore the impacts of land use changes on the synergistic effects of Production-Living-Ecological （PLE） functions， this study takes the Hohhot-Baotou-Ordos region as the research area. Integrating multi-source datasets including statistical data， field survey data， remote sensing images and point of interest （POI） data， this research adopts theories and methodologies such as the human-land relationship theory， geographically weighted regression and GIS spatial analysis to construct a quantitative evaluation mechanism and influence pathways for the synergistic effects of PLE functions. The results reveal three major findings： 1） Grassland accounts for the largest proportion of land area in the Hohhot-Baotou-Ordos region， while water bodies occupy the smallest share； 2） The synergistic effects of PLE functions exhibit a spatial pattern of “high in the central area and low in the northern and southern zones”， with high-value agglomerations concentrated in the border areas of Hohhot， Baotou and Ordos； 3） Changes in cultivated land area constitute the core factor driving variations in the synergistic effects of PLE functions. Moreover， land use changes of diverse types exert significant spatially heterogeneous impacts on the synergistic effects across different sub-regions. In the future， prioritizing urban-rural spatial disparities， optimizing land use structure， and improving regional synergies among PLE functions will remain core tasks for spatial planning in the Hohhot-Baotou-Ordos region. This research can provide theoretical， methodological and empirical references for spatial governance and land policy formulation in the Hohhot-Baotou-Ordos region and other resource-based regions nationwide.Keywords：land use change;Production-Living-Ecological functions;synergistic effect;impact mechanism37|66|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14
- Abstract：To scientifically guide centralized and contiguous improvement of fragmented farmland， this study takes fragmented farmland of less than 1/3 hm2 as the evaluation unit and constructs a farmland suitability assessment system from four dimensions： basic conditions， natural quality， distribution and utilization， and farming conditions. A comprehensive assessment of farmland suitability and obstacle identification for fragmented farmland in Guangdong Province was conducted. The results show that： 1） Fragmented farmland of “less than 1/3 hm2” in the province is highly spatially concentrated， mainly distributed in Meizhou City， Heyuan City， Zhanjiang City， and other regions. 2） The proportions of fragmented farmland of “less than 1/3 hm2” with different levels of farmland suitability are 18%， 48%， and 34% at Levels 1， 2， and 3， respectively. Significant spatial differentiation exists across different spatial levels. Level 1 farmland suitability areas are mainly distributed in Meizhou City， Heyuan City， Zhanjiang City， and other regions. 3） There are certain differences in the dominant obstacle factors of fragmented farmland with different farmland suitability levels； Overall， distribution and utilization are the primary obstacle dimensions， while farming conditions are the least significant one. 4） Combining the results of the farmland suitability assessment and obstacle factor identification， fragmented farmland is classified into five types for remediation， namely， priority improvement areas， key tackling areas， restricted transformation areas， conservation and utilization areas， with respective area proportions of 5%， 30%， 15%， 13%， and 37%， respectively. Priority improvement areas are mainly distributed in Meizhou City， Heyuan City， Guangzhou City， and other regions. In general， there are significant differences in farmland suitability among different improvement areas. Differentiated improvement strategies， such as land transfer， engineering renovation， multi-functional development， and facility improvement， should be adopted based on local conditions and the dominant obstacles.Keywords：land fragmentation;farmland cultivability;obstacle degree model;Guangdong Province;remediation zoning37|70|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14
How does cooperative embeddedness promote farmers’ income?: The “masking effect” of direct benefits and technological diffusion AI Introduction
Abstract：To reveal the institutional income-enhancing effects of cooperatives in advancing the inclusive diffusion of agricultural intelligent technologies， this study uses data from CRRS2022 and employs multiple regression and Bootstrap-based mediation models. Grounded on a theoretical mechanism framework of “institutions–information–technology–income” it systematically identifies the direct effects of cooperative embeddedness on farm household income， its chain-mediated effects， and heterogeneous impacts across different farmer groups. The results show that： 1） Cooperative embeddedness exerts a significant positive impact on farm households’ income， but with a nonlinear effect. Only deep embedding can unlock organizational dividends， while medium embedding may instead lead to reduce income. 2） The chain transmisson of ”cooperative embeddedness → information acquisition → intelligent technology penetration intensity → planting income” shows a negative effect， reflecting a “masking effect” caused by high initial technology costs， insufficient supporting services， mismatches between information supply and farmers’ needs， and farmers’ capability constraints during the early stage of agricultural intelligent technology promotion. 3） The chain mechanism through which cooperatives raise farmers’ income exhibits marked heterogeneity across crop types and operating scales. The information-acquisition mediation path is significant for grain-crop farmers； while the chain pathway is significantly negative for mixed grain-cash crop farmers and non-scale farmers. All mediation paths are insignificant for cash-crop farmers and scale farmers. To optimize cooperative empowerment and enhance the adoption and applicaiton of intelligent agricultural technologies， policy efforts should focus on rebuilding a tiered embeddedness mechanism， shifting support from equipment subsidies to service sharing， implementing targeted empowerment strategies for different crop-type farmers， and strengthening market orientation and organizational coordination.Keywords：cooperative embeddedness;farmer income;information acquisition;smart technology penetration intensity;chain mediation effect27|68|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14- Abstract：Addressing the problem that the long-term operation performance of high-standard farmland is difficult to sustain due to the widespread “overemphasize construction and neglect management and protection”， this study， under the assumption of bounded rationality， employs evolutionary game theory to systematically characterize the dynamic strategic interaction among the three parties of “construction， subject-insurance， company-farmer” in insurance decision-making， participation depth and management and protection behavior selection. The influence of key institutional parameters on the evolution path and equilibrium results of the system are examined by numerical simulation and scenario analysis. The results show that whether the construction subject is insured is the key precondition for the intervention of the insurance mechanism， and the lack of insurance incentive will make the system fall into the non-ideal equilibrium of “no insurance-weak supervision-extensive management and protection”. A single policy tool （simply improving accountability， only reducing regulatory costs or only increasing farmers’ income） is difficult to achieve collaborative governance. The ideal equilibrium of the system convergence to “insurance-depth participation-standard management and protection” must also meet the incentive compatibility conditions of “construction subject-insurance company-farmers”. The insurance participatory management and protection system is “repairable”. By simultaneously optimizing accountability constraints， reducing regulatory costs， and improving farmers’ incentives and organization， the system can be promoted from non-ideal state to collaborative governance equilibrium. Farmers’ behavior is a key terminal variable that determines the performance of the system， and improvement in their incentives directly affects the evolution rate and stability of the system. Based on these findings， to achieve long-term sustainable management and protection of high-standard farmland， it is recommended to promote insurance-based whole life cycle management and protection system， strengthen the insurance incentive of construction subjects， guide the deep participation of insurance companies， improve the incentive and restraint mechanism of farmers， and promote digital supervision and multi-agent coordination.Keywords：high-standard farmland;sustainable maintenance;agricultural insurance;evolutionary game;institutional design32|63|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14
Dynamic spillover effects and impact mechanisms of extreme price risks in the live hog market: Based on a complex network approach AI Introduction
Abstract：To identify the cross-regional transmission characteristics of live hog market price risks under the impact of extreme events such as animal epidemics， this study utilized monthly interprovincial swine price data from 2005 to 2022. Employing the LASSO-VAR-DY spillover network and DCC-GARCH methodologies， this study analyzed the spatial spillover structure and driving mechanisms of extreme price risks in the live hog market. The results indicate that： 1） The transmission of risks in the live hog market exhibits distinct event-driven characteristics. During periods of extreme shocks， network connectivity increases significantly， and topological indicators such as network density and the clustering coefficient rise in tandem. 2） Price risk spillovers display time-varying and spatially heterogeneous patterns； following the 2018 African swine fever outbreak， the source effect of major production areas became prominent， regional interdependence increased markedly， while some relatively isolated regions maintained relatively stable risk levels. 3） The compactness of the network structure and the level of capitalization in live hog farming have a significant positive impact on the intensity of risk spillover； the more compact the risk-linked network and the higher the level of capitalization， the stronger the inter-regional risk transmission effect. The swine epidemic index exerts a non-linear impact on market risks. Its impact only emerges once the epidemic develops to a severe stage， and such pandemic disturbances significantly amplify cross-provincial extreme risk spillover effects. This study tracks the time-varying characteristics， spatial transmission routes and driving factors of extreme price risks within China’s hog market. It clarifies the propagation logic of regional price risks amid severe market shocks. The conclusions drawn in this research can provide practical references for optimizing interregional monitoring and early warning mechanisms for the hog sector.Keywords：live hog market;extreme risk;price interconnection;spillover network;risk spillover factors34|67|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14Adoption decisions of crop-livestock integration model: Influencing factors, income effects, and heterogeneous characteristics AI Introduction
Abstract：To clarify the influencing factors of farmer’s adoption decision regarding the crop-livestock integration model and its income effect， this study is based on the survey data from 15 counties （cities and districts）， 32 townships （towns）， 83 villages， and 1 051 households in Liaoning Province. Logit regression model， Shapley value decomposition method， and endogenous switching model are employed to explore the key influencing factors of the adoption of the crop-livestock integration model and its impact on farmers’ income. The results showed that farmers in the sample area have actively practiced the crop- livestock integration model， with an adoption rate of 38.44%. Farmers’ adoption decisions were made based on economic rationality， meanwhile， considering that the crop-livestock integration model has a high requirement for technical level， farmers also considered its perceived ease of use in the adoption decision. The contribution rates of individual characteristics， production and operation characteristics， and family characteristics to the adoption decision of the crop-livestock integration model decreased in turn. The adoption of the crop-livestock integration model had a significant positive impact on farmers’ income， and this positive impact increased with the increase of adoption intensity， and showed significant heterogeneity under different production and operating conditions. Based on this， this study proposed the following policy recommendations： conducting in-depth publicity to enhance farmers’ awareness of the crop-livestock integration model； providing inclusive training to improve farmers’ professional skills in resource management and recycling； and increasing subsidies to encourage crop-livestock integration entities to participate.Keywords：crop-livestock integration model;Shapley value;endogenous switching;adoption decision;influencing factors;income effect42|65|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14- Abstract：To investigate the relationship between health insurance coverage level and the risk of returning to poverty due to illness， this study uses survey data collected in 2025 from Nanping， Sanming， and Ningde in Fujian Province. Relative-burden and expenditure-based measures are employed to identify the risk of poverty due to illness， and the effect of health insurance coverage level on this risk among rural older adults is empirically examined. The results show that： 1） The risk of returning to poverty due to illness remains substantial among rural older adults. In the sample， 22.37% of older adults reported out-of-pocket medical expenditures exceeding 40% of household disposable income， while 10.90% met the medical impoverishment monitoring threshold established by the healthcare security authorities； 2） Higher health insurance coverage levels significantly reduce the risk of returning to poverty due to illness among rural older adults， and these findings remain robust after addressing endogeneity and conducting robustness checks； 3） Compared with relative-burden risk， health insurance coverage level has a stronger mitigating effect on expenditure-based risk； 4） Both pension insurance and commercial health insurance further strengthen the poverty-prevention effect of health insurance coverage level， suggesting functional complementarity among different forms of social protection； 5） The poverty-prevention effect of health insurance coverage level is more pronounced and consistent among inpatients than among outpatients， and generally increases with the level of healthcare facility utilized. Therefore， health insurance coverage levels for rural older adults should be further improved， coordination among multiple layers of social protection should be strengthened， differentiated protection should be implemented according to the type of healthcare service and level of healthcare facility， and a risk monitoring mechanism that considers both the scale of medical expenditures and households’ economic capacity should be further improved.Keywords：health insurance;coverage level;risk of returning to poverty due to illness;rural older adults32|68|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-10-14
