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Research progress on the primitive markings in horses AI Introduction
Abstract：Primitive markings are phenotypic traits retained from wild horses during the domestication of horses. Common types include dorsal stripes， bider marking， and zebra stripes. These markings can serve as core phenotypic reference indicators for breed identification and provide key phenotypic clues for clarifying the evolutionary history of equids， the genetic regulatory mechanisms of pigment deposition， and the effects of artificial selection. This paper reviews the classification， phenotypic characteristics， and genetic regulatory mechanisms of the main primitive markings in horses， and also explores subsequent development prospects in the fields of coat color genetics and breeding research. The aim is to provide a reference for in-depth studies of primitive markings in equids and the innovative utilization of germplasm resources.Keywords：primitive markings;horse;coat color;genetics;gene94|28|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-17Safety and clinical efficacy following intra-articular injection of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in equine osteoarthritis AI Introduction
Abstract：Equine osteoarthritis is a major cause of lameness and early retirement in athletic horses. Traditional therapies mainly provide symptomatic relief with limited effects on the joint microenvironment， while mesenchymal stem cell–based regenerative strategies show promising regulatory effects in experimental models， but their safety， clinical efficacy， and impact on the joint microenvironment in naturally occurring cases remain to be clarified. In this study， eight healthy horses were enrolled for a 14-day safety observation， and ten horses with naturally occurring OA were included for a 28-day clinical efficacy evaluation and follow-up， along with synovial fluid proteomic analysis， to assess the safety and efficacy of allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell （AD-MSC） in equine OA. The results showed that：1） No systemic abnormalities were observed within 14 days post‑injection in healthy horses，and only transient mild joint swelling occurred locally， which resolved within 48 hours. 2） In OA horses， lameness scores decreased significantly on day 28， local clinical scores decreased significantly on days 14 and 28， and total nucleated cell count in synovial fluid decreased significantly on day 14. 3） 125 differentially expressed proteins were screened before and after treatment， involving processes such as endoplasmic reticulum protein processing， vesicle transport， and energy metabolism. Overall， AD‑MSCs intra-articular injection has good clinical safety and can effectively improve lameness in a short period of time. Therefore， this study provides evidence for the safety and efficacy of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the clinical translation for treating equine osteoarthritis， and offers a reference for further investigation of their mechanisms of action and broader application.Keywords：equine;osteoarthritis;adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells;intra-articular injection;safety;proteomics38|24|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-17- Abstract：To systematically identify the gene flow patterns and adaptive introgression regions of Taiyanghua Horses during crossbreeding， an integrated analysis of population genetic structure， gene flow （f₃-statistic， D-statistic， windowed D-statistic） and selection signatures （Fst， π ratio， XP-CLR， iHS， XP-EHH） was performed based on genome-wide SNP data from whole-genome resequencing in Taiyanghua Horses （TYH， n=31）， Mongolian Horses （MON， n=31） and Thoroughbred Horses （TB， n=32）. The results showed that： 1） The genetic differentiation （Fst=0.040 7） between TYH and TB was significantly lower than that between TYH and MON （Fst=0.068 5）， and ADMIXTURE analysis revealed a mean Thoroughbred ancestry proportion of 76.5%. The D-statistic confirmed significant gene flow from TB to TYH （D=0.221 6， Z=29.1）， with introgression signals dispersedly distributed across the whole genome. 2） The introgression-selection co-localization integrated analysis identified 168 windows （covering 126 genes） in putative selected TB introgression regions， which were functionally enriched in immune regulation （IL-17 signaling pathway） and neural signaling pathways. 3） It was estimated that 841 windows （covering 441 genes） were detected in putative selected regions with retained Mongolian horses ancestry， which were enriched in locomotor gait and neuromuscular function， including DMRT3， the key gene regulating equine gait. This study achieves the systematic integration of gene flow scanning and multi-method selection signature analysis in TYH， and reveals the coexisting molecular adaptive characteristics of Thoroughbred introgression and Mongolian horses ancestry retention during crossbreeding.Keywords：Taiyanghua horses;population genetic structure;gene flow;selective sweep scanning;adaptive introgression27|17|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-17
- Abstract：To investigate the effects of planting density and row spacing configurations on the spatial distribution of cotton bolls and canopy light distribution， this study utilized compact cotton variety ‘CCRI 641’ as the test material. Two planting patterns were employed： Equal row spacing of 76 cm （SP） and wide-narrow row spacing （66 +10） cm （DP）. Three planting density treatments were established： 1.2×105 （low density， L）， 1.8×105 （medium density， M）， and 2.4×105 plants/hm2 （high density， H）. Indicators such as boll setting， boll shedding probability， and canopy photosynthetically active radiation （PAR） interception rate were determined to analyze the trends of boll spatial and canopy light distribution under different configurations. The results showed that： 1） The dominant effect of row spacing configuration was significant. The SP pattern significantly expanded the spatial distribution of cotton bolls， with horizontal and vertical increases of 12.3% and 8.7%， respectively. It significantly reduced boll shedding during the late flowering and boll-forming stage， with the H density showing a 12% reduction. Simultaneously， it optimized the canopy light energy utilization of cotton plants， increasing PAR interception rate by 18% in the late flowering and boll-forming stage， and achieving a “V” shaped distribution of >85% during the peak boll stage. Its overall performance was superior to that of the DP pattern. 2） The comprehensive performance of equal row spacing combined with medium density （SP-M） achieved the highest yield （>5×103 kg/hm2）， and the number of bolls per plant increased by 7.6% compared to the wide-narrow row spacing combined with medium density （DP-M） pattern. In terms of fiber quality， the fiber uniformity index in the upper and middle parts of the cotton plant was 86.13% and 86.40%， respectively， and the elongation rate in the middle part was 6.93%. 3） Cotton yield was subjected to the coupling regulation of row spacing and density， with the yield difference between SP and DP exhibiting a “small （L） - large （M） - small （H）” trend. In conclusion， the treatment of 76 cm equal row spacing combined with a medium density of 1.8×105 plants/hm2 （SP-M） demonstrated outstanding performance， which is conducive to achieving a synergy of high yield and high quality for ‘CCRI 641’ in the cotton-growing areas of southern Xinjiang.Keywords：cotton;planting density;row spacing;photosynthetically active radiation;spatial distribution of cotton bolls;canopy light distribution29|20|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-17
Effects of different priming agents on seed germination and physiological characteristics of rice under drought stress AI Introduction
Abstract：To investigate the alleviating effects of different priming agents on rice seed germination under drought stress， rice variety ‘Daohuaxiang 2’ was used as the experimental material. Seeds were treated with solutions of NaCl （10， 20， and 30 mmol/L， designated as N1， N2， and N3， respectively）， CaCl₂ （10， 20， and 30 mmol/L， designated as C1， C2， and C3， respectively）， and polyethylene glycol-6000 （8.33， 16.66， and 24.99 mmol/L， designated as P1， P2， and P3， respectively）. Seeds immersed in clean water served as the control （CK）. Germination tests were conducted under simulated drought conditions. Changes in seed germination and growth parameters， antioxidant content， antioxidant enzyme activities， and oxidative damage indicators were measured to compare the mitigating effects of the three priming agents on seed germination under drought stress. The results showed that： Both C1 and P2 treatments significantly increased seed germination rates， reaching 96.7% and 95.8%， respectively， which were significantly higher than that of CK （67.5%）. The two treatments also significantly promoted shoot and root elongation and increased root fresh weight. Except for P3 and C3 treatments， all other priming treatments significantly enhanced the soluble protein content， ascorbic acid （AsA） content， and the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）， peroxidase （POD）， catalase （CAT）， and ascorbate peroxidase （APX） in the shoots. Specifically， the C1 treatment increased CAT activity in shoots by 380.67%， while the P2 treatment enhanced root APX activity by more than 2.3-fold. Furthermore， the C1， C3， and P1 treatments all significantly reduced the superoxide anion production rate and malondialdehyde （MDA） content， effectively alleviating membrane lipid peroxidation damage. CaCl₂ was more favorable for root development and enhancement of antioxidant capacity in rice seeds under drought stress， whereas PEG-6000 performed better in promoting overall growth and osmotic adjustment. In conclusion， both 10 mmol/L CaCl₂ （C1） and 16.66 mmol/L PEG-6000 （P2） were significantly more effective in alleviating the inhibition of rice seed germination under drought stress than the other treatments， and thus can be recommended for use in dry direct-seeded rice production.Keywords：rice;seed priming;drought stress;physiological response31|19|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-17Effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) on growth and physiological characteristics of rice seedlings under NaCl stress AI Introduction
Abstract：To explore the optimal exogenous 5-aminolevulinic acid （5-ALA） soaking concentration for alleviating NaCl-induced stress on rice seedlings， the japonica rice cultivar ‘Mudanjiang 30’ was used as the experimental material. Seven 5-ALA soaking treatments were set at concentrations of 10 （T1）， 20 （T2）， 30 （T3）， 40 （T4）， 50 （T5）， 60 （T6）， and 70 mg/L （T7）， combined with a hydroponic experiment under 20 mmol/L NaCl stress. Distilled water （ddH₂O） soaking followed by 20 mmol/L NaCl stress （SCK） and distilled water soaking without salt stress （CK） were taken as the positive and negative controls， respectively. Seedling morphology， photosynthetic pigments， relative electrolyte leakage， antioxidant substance content， and enzyme activities were determined. The alleviation effects were comprehensively evaluated by using the principal component analysis， correlation analysis， and membership function method. The results showed that： There were significant differences （P<0.05） in morphological indices such as plant height， fresh weight， and root length of rice seedlings among different 5-ALA seed soaking treatments. The plant height in T3 increased by 55.7% compared to SCK and by 19.5% - 58.3% compared to the other treatments. The fresh weight in T3 increased by 66.7% compared to SCK and by 7.1% - 66.7% compared to the other treatments. The photosynthetic pigment content initially increased and then decreased with the increasing of 5-ALA concentration. The total chlorophyll content in T3 increased by 75.4% compared to SCK and by 18.7% - 81.3% compared to the other treatments. Compared with SCK， the relative electrical conductivity of leaf and root cell membranes in rice seedlings initially decreased and then increased with increasing 5-aminolevulinic acid concentration. Leaf cell membrane relative electrical conductivity was lowest in T3， showing a 14.3% reduction relative to SCK， while root cell membrane relative electrical conductivity was lowest in T2， with a 36.2% reduction relative to SCK. The glutathione content in T3 leaves increased by 128.8% compared to SCK and by 38.6% - 81.8% Compared with SCK， the activities of peroxidase and catalase in leaves initially increased and then decreased with increasing 5-aminolevulinic acid concentration. Both enzyme activities peaked at T5， with increases of 53.4% and 37.2% over SCK， respectively. Under different 5-ALA concentrations， photosynthetic pigment content was significantly positively correlated with malondialdehyde content and significantly negatively correlated with root antioxidant enzyme activities. The results of principal component analysis indicated that the average membership function values of the seven treatments first increased and then decreased， with T3 achieving the highest value （0.959）. In conclusion， the 30 mg/L soaking concentration of 5-aminolevulinic acid on rice seedlings demonstrates the most effective alleviation of salt stress in rice seedlings and can be recommended for use in saline-affected rice cultivation in saline areas.Keywords：rice;5-aminolevulinic acid（5-ALA）;NaCl stress;photosynthetic pigments;osmotic regulation;antioxidant enzyme activities23|22|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-17Molecular mechanisms and prospects of E3 ubiquitin ligases regulating abiotic stress responses in horticultural crops AI Introduction
Abstract：Horticultural crops play a vital role in daily diets and national economies. However， their growth and development are frequently threatened by abiotic stresses， leading to reduced yield and compromised quality. As core regulators of the ubiquitin-proteasome system （UPS）， E3 ubiquitin ligases precisely control protein degradation or functional activation by specifically recognizing target proteins and mediating covalent ubiquitination modifications， and plays a vital role in the response of horticultural crops to abiotic stresses. This study systematically summarizes the classification characteristics， catalytic mechanisms， and molecular roles of E3 ubiquitin ligases in abiotic stress responses， with a focus on their regulatory functions under drought， high salinity， and extreme temperature stresses. Meanwhile， this paper reveals the molecular network of E3 ubiquitin ligase participating in stress response through hormone pathways such as abscisic acid （ABA） and jasmonic acid （JA）. In addition， this study proposes molecular design breeding strategies based on E3 ubiquitin ligases and outlines future research directions， aiming to provide new theoretical foundations and technical approaches for the genetic improvement of stress tolerance in horticultural crops.Keywords：E3 ubiquitin ligase;horticultural crops;abiotic stress;ubiquitination modification;hormone signaling;genetic improvement23|18|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-17Metabolomics analysis of volatile compounds in fruits of ‘Mili’ and ‘Dangshan pear’ and their hybrid offspring （‘Suyu’ and ‘Wanyuli’） AI Introduction
Abstract：To clarify the differences in fruit volatile components between parental cultivars and their hybrid offspring， and to elucidate the genetic variation of aroma traits in pear hybridization breeding， ‘Mili’ and ‘Dangshan pear’， as well as their F1 hybrid ‘Suyu’ and ‘Wanyuli’ were used as materials to identify volatile metabolites in fruit using headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （HS-SPME-GC-MS）. Multivariate statistical analysis was applied to evaluate metabolic differences between parents and offspring. The results showed that a total of 834 volatile metabolites were detected， mainly esters （18.82%）， terpenoids （17.87%）， ketones （11.51%） and alcohols （10.43%）. Principal component analysis revealed diverse volatile profiles in the hybrid offspring： ‘Suyu’ was biased towards the paternal parent ‘Dangshan pear’， while ‘Wanyu’ was closer to the maternal parent ‘Mili’. The orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA） models （Q2>0.9） confirmed significant differences in volatile composition between hybrid and parents. Differential metabolites analysis further revealed that esters were the most significant differential category in all comparisons. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis highlighted butanoate metabolism and alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism as commonly enriched core pathways. Key metabolites such as ［S-（R， R）］-2，3-butanediol， （Z）-3-Hexen-1-ol and （Z）-3-Hexen-1-ol， acetate showed significant expression changes in the hybrids. Aroma characteristic analysis indicated that the hybrid offspring exhibited significantly enhanced fruity， green and sweet notes compared with the parents. This study clarifies the genetic variation patterns of volatile compounds in pear hybrids at the metabolic level， clarified the critical roles and related metabolic pathways of ester metabolites， and provided key metabolite markers and theoretical basis for targeted breeding of pear flavor quality.Keywords：pear;hybridization breeding;metabolic differences;esters24|26|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-17Effects of cultivation methods on the growth, nutrition and flavor substances of Chinese cabbage AI Introduction
Abstract：In order to explore the effects of cultivation modes （hydroponics and soil culture） on the growth， nutrition and flavor substances of Chinese cabbage during the growth period， ‘Jingyan No.4’ Chinese cabbage was used as the experimental materia. Two methods of hydroponics （nutrient solution circulation） and soil culture （regular irrigation with the same formula nutrient solution） were used in the glass multi-span greenhouse. The growth indexes， nutrients and volatile flavor substances during the growth period were systematically measured. The results showed that： 1） Hydroponic culture significantly promoted plant morphological development and yield formation （P<0.05）. After 28 days of cultivation， the plant height， leaf length， leaf width and leaf area of hydroponics were increased by 28.90%， 15.61%， 18.17% and 35.92%， respectively， compared with those of soil culture. 2） The photosynthetic parameters such as net photosynthetic rate， stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of hydroponics were lower than those of soil culture. 3） The nutrient content， richness and content of flavor substances in hydroponics were lower than those in soil culture. The contents of Vc and soluble protein in hydroponics were significantly lower than those in soil culture （P<0.05）， with a decrease of 9.63% and 16.02%， respectively. Electronic nose and ion mobility spectrometry analysis showed that soil-cultured Chinese cabbage contained more kinds and higher concentrations of flavor substances， such as trans-2-hexen-1-ol， isoamyl acetate and diallyl sulfide. In summary， the hydroponic cultivation mode is more conducive to the rapid growth and yield increase of Chinese cabbage， while the soil cultivation mode is more conducive to the accumulation of nutrients and the formation of complex aroma flavor.Keywords：cultivation pattern;agronomic traits;physiological characteristics and quality;Chinese cabbage19|21|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-17- Abstract：To investigate the effects of amino acid water‑soluble fertilizer and its combined application with reduced pesticide on disease control， growth， yield， quality， and economic benefits of pepper， a field experiment was conducted using the pepper variety ‘Leye Jiao No.1’. Five treatments were set up： Blank control （CK）， pesticide （C）， amino acid water‑soluble fertilizer alone （J0）， amino acid water‑soluble fertilizer + pesticide reduction of 16.67% （J15）， and amino acid water‑soluble fertilizer + pesticide reduction of 33.33% （J30）. Pepper was treated every 15 days after transplanting， and the occurrence of field diseases was regularly investigated. Relevant agronomic traits， yield， and quality were measured. Economic benefits of different treatments were also analyzed. The results showed that： 1） In terms of disease prevention and control， compared with CK， J0 treatment exhibited good control efficacy against pepper viral disease， early blight， and downy mildew， with control efficiencies of 67.31%， 59.59%， and 42.74%， respectively （P<0.05）. The control effect of J15 treatment on early diseases was significantly better than that of C， J0， and J30 treatments （P<0.05）. 2） Regarding growth， amino acid water‑soluble fertilizer and its combination with reduced pesticide spraying can significantly improve fresh weight， dry weight， stem diameter， and other growth indicators throughout the entire growth period. Among them， J15 performed the best performance in most growth indicators at the fruit‑setting and mature stages （P<0.05）. 3） In terms of yield， amino acid water‑soluble fertilizer and its combined application with reduced pesticide had a significant promoting effect on the single‑fruit weight， total fruit number per plant， and yield， with J15 showing the most pronounced yield‑increasing effect （P<0.05）. 4） Regarding quality， J0 and J15 significantly increased the contents of vitamin C， soluble protein， and soluble sugar in pepper fruits， while J30 significantly increased the contents of soluble protein and soluble sugar （P<0.05）. 5） From the analysis of economic benefits， C， J0， J15， and J30 can increase pepper profit， and profits ranked in the order was J15>J30>J0>C. In conclusion， amino acid water‑soluble fertilizer combined with pesticide reduction is an effective approach to achieve “pesticide reduction， yield increase， quality improvement， and income growth” in pepper production， providing important guidance for promoting the green development of the pepper industry.Keywords：Pepper （Capsicum annuum L.）;amino acid water-soluble fertilizer;pesticide reduction;pesticide reduction with efficiency enhancement22|13|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-17
Analysis of trend turning point in potential evapotranspiration and the role of meteorological factors in China AI Introduction
Abstract：To elucidate the non-linear evolution characteristics of regional potential evapotranspiration （PET） in China under climate change， and specifically to quantify the often-overlooked physiological regulation effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations， this study employed high-precision meteorological data from 1961 to 2022 to calculate PET using an improved FAO Penman-Monteith （FAO-PM） equation that incorporates a CO2 stomatal resistance mechanism. A segmented model and a sensitivity attribution method were employed to accurately identify the trend turning points of PET and dissect its underlying driving mechanisms. The results indicate the following： 1） The trend of annual PET in China exhibited a distinct turning point in 1998， shifting from a significant decrease （-3.10 mm/a） during 1961-1998 to a marked increase （7.57 mm/a） during 1998-2022； 2） PET was most sensitive to changes in relative humidity （sensitivity coefficient of -1.57）， followed by air temperature and wind speed； 3） The attribution analysis revealed phased differences in the driving mechanisms. The decrease in PET before 1998 was primarily driven by declining wind speeds （-13.45% contribution）， which offset the positive effects of rising temperatures. Conversely， the surge in PET after 1998 was mainly driven by a significant decline in relative humidity （18.87% contribution）， with rebounding wind speeds and rising temperatures acting as synergistic amplifiers； 4） Regardless of the overarching PET trend， the continuous elevation of atmospheric CO2 concentrations consistently generated a negative effect （-1.77% and -1.71%） via the stomatal regulation mechanism， partially offsetting the increased evaporative demand induced by climate warming. This study confirms that the evolution of PET in China has undergone a dynamic mechanism shift from a “wind speed-dominated decrease” to a “humidity-dominated increase”.Keywords：potential evapotranspiration;modified Penman-Monteith model;attribution analysis;China17|16|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-17Research on soil reconstruction technology based on red clay-sand soil compounding in grassland open-pit mining areas AI Introduction
Abstract：To address the poor soil water and nutrient retention capacity caused by the fragmented soil structure of overburden dumps in typical steppe open-pit mining areas， the overburden dump of the Zhahanaoer Coal Mine in Inner Mongolia was selected as the study object. Using locally sourced red clay and sandy soil from the mining area as reconstruction materials， a three-layer profile consisting of “dump site subsoil—water and nutrient retention impermeable layer–clay-sand mixed soil”was constructed. Five clay-to-sand volume ratios （1∶0， 1∶1， 1∶2， 1∶5 and 0∶1， T1–T5） were set， and a water and nutrient retention barrier layer denoted as B， resulting in 10 treatments： T1， T2， T3， T4， T5， T1B， T2B， T3B， T4B and T5B. To investigate the effects of different soil reconstruction treatments on soil physicochemical properties， microbial diversity， and plant growth. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted using the entropy weight-TOPSIS method. The results showed that both the clay-sand volume ratio and the impermeable-layer treatment significantly affected soil electrical conductivity， salinity， organic matter， and total nitrogen， with a significant interaction observed between these two factors. The entropy weight-TOPSIS evaluation indicated that the treatment with a clay-sand volume ratio of 1∶5 and a 10 cm barrier layer （T4B） achieved the optimal overall effect. Compared with T4 without a barrier layer， T4B increased soil organic matter， total nitrogen， and total phosphorus from 5.04， 0.94 and 1.56 to 14.98， 1.54 and 1.74 g/kg， respectively， and its microbial diversity also increased. In conclusion， the soil reconstruction approach formed with a 1∶5 volume ratio of red clay to sandy soil， combined with a water and nutrient retention barrier layer， can improve soil nutrients and microbial diversity， thereby promoting plant growth. This study provides a scientific basis for vegetation restoration on overburden dumps in typical steppe open-pit mining areas and has important theoretical and practical significance for promoting green mine construction.Keywords：grassland open-pit mining areas;ecological restoration;clay-sand compounding;soil reconstruction16|17|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-17- Abstract：In order to screen for biocontrol strains with highly effective antagonistic activity against Fusarium in wheat crown rot disease management， 52 strains obtained from desert soil in Aksu， Xinjiang were evaluated in this study. A plate confrontation assay method was used to identify strains with strong antagonistic activity against Fusarium. High‐activity strains were subsequently characterized using polyphasic taxonomy， including 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequencing， in combination with physiological and biochemical characterization. The control efficacy of the strains against wheat crown rot was further evaluated in greenhouse experiments. The results indicated that strains with high inhibitory activity predominantly belonged to Streptomyces spp. and Bosea spp.， specifically identified as S. sioyaensis （Y88）， S. mexicanus （Y98）， B. thiooxidans （Y139）， S. scabiei （Y185）， and S. cavourensis （Y274）. Antiphytopathogenic activity tests revealed that Y88， Y98， Y139， Y185， and Y274 exhibited high inhibition rates （>40.0%） against 10， 3， 11， 10， and 11 plant pathogenic fungi species， respectively， and inhibited the growth of 5， 2， 5， 0， and 1 types of plant pathogenic bacteria species， respectively. In the greenhouse experiments， the five strains showed 55.7% to 65.0% of disease control efficacy against wheat crown rot， and Y88 demonstrated the highest efficacy （65.0%） among the five strains， which showed no significant difference compared to the chemical fungicide carbendazim. Furthermore， inoculation with these biocontrol strains significantly alleviated the growth inhibition caused by F. pseudograminearum. The five biocontrol strains obtained in this study provide reliable microbial resources for the eco-friendly management of wheat crown rot.Keywords：Fusarium spp.;wheat crown rot;biocontrol;identification23|13|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-17
Pollution characteristics and risk assessment of heavy metals in major livestock and poultry manure fertilizer in China AI Introduction
Abstract：To scientifically prevent and control the potential heavy metal pollution risks during the land application of livestock and poultry manure， and ensure the safety of agricultural soil ecological environment and the quality of agricultural products， this study retrieved relevant literature published from 2004 to 2025 from databases such as CNKI and Web of Science. A total of 10 327 valid data samples were obtained to establish a nationwide database of heavy metal contents in multi-source livestock and poultry manure. Statistical methods were used to systematically analyze the differences in heavy metal contents and exceedance risks among major livestock species （pigs， poultry， cattle） and different types of manure （feces， organic fertilizer， biogas slurry）， thereby clarifying the risk challenges faced in the treatment of heavy metal pollution from livestock and poultry manure fertilizer. The results indicated that heavy metal enrichment in solid manure fertilizer （feces， organic fertilizer） was significantly higher than in liquid manure fertilizer （biogas slurry）. For instance， the average zinc （Zn） and copper （Cu） contents in pig feces were 1 019.98 and 531.37 mg/kg， respectively， which were more than 110 times and 50 times of those in biogas slurry. The average contents of Zn and Cu were significantly higher than those of other heavy metal elements. Pigs and poultry were the main contributors to heavy metal input from livestock and poultry manure fertilizer. The contribution ratio of the content of Zn and Cu in pig feces accounted for 64.25% and 77.65% of the total， respectively. In terms of land application risk， Cu and cadmium （Cd） in feces had the highest risk frequency， reaching 29% and 22%， respectively. Overall， the input amount of heavy metals per unit area from feces was the highest when applied to the field； however， the input amount of Hg per unit area from biogas slurry of cattle and poultry exceeded that from solid manure fertilizer. Based on these findings， the study proposes three recommendations： 1） Strengthen source control and improve the heavy metal limit standard system； 2） Optimize manure treatment technologies and standardize land application practices； 3） Enhance end-of-process supervision and establish a long-term risk prevention and control mechanism. The results provide scientific support for implementing categorized management and targeted measures in the land application of livestock and poultry manure.Keywords：livestock and poultry manure fertilizer;heavy metals;pollution characteristics;risk assessment;China16|20|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-17- Abstract：To identify SNP molecular markers associated with the body oblique length of specialized yellow-feathered broiler lines and accelerate generational selection progress， herein， a total of 400 terminal male chickens of the fast-type yellow feathered broiler （60 day old） were selected as the research subjects， and their genomic genetic variation information was obtained using the whole genome resequencing and 366 chickens were ultimately included in genome-wide association study （GWAS） to identify candidate genes and molecular markers associated with body length development. The results were as follows： 1） Eleven SNPs were potentially significantly correlated with body oblique length， located at 8 annotated genes， including VPS36，COG6，LHFPL1，KIAA1210，DARS，THSD7B，TSHZ3，and MVP. 2） The four loci of SNP3， SNP4，SNP10， and SNP11 deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium state （P<0.05）， and the other 7 SNPs loci were all in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium state （P>0.05）. 3） The association analysis between single SNP marker and body oblique length traits showed that AA at SNP1 （rs312577341）， AA and AG at SNP2 （rs313388213）， GG at SNP3 （rs730967108）， AA and AG at SNP4 （rs315520013）， CC at SNP5 （rs317946632）， CC at SNP6 （rs315619998）， CC at SNP7 （rs317342517）， CC at SNP8 （rs313349990）， AA and AG at SNP9 （rs731600098）， CC and CT at SNP10 （rs13792170） ， and GG and AG at SNP11 （rs7076259500） were all the genotypes associated with a larger body oblique length. 4） The strong linkage between SNP5 and SNP6 resulted in three haplotypes H1 （TG）， H2 （CC） and H3 （CG）. Among them， the H2H2 haplotype （CCCC） was a genotype associated with a larger body oblique length. In summary， 11 SNPs molecular markers and 8 important annotation genes related to the body oblique length in specialized strains of fast-type yellow feathered broilers were screened. These findings provide important references for further studying the regulatory mechanisms of body oblique length development and cultivating new high-quality broiler breeds （crossed lines） with larger body sizes.Keywords：GWAS;chicken;body oblique length;broiler breeding;body size25|12|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-17
Impact of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus envelope protein (JSRV Env) on mitochondrial dynamics homeostasis AI Introduction
Abstract：To analyze the effect of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus （JSRV） on the expression alterations of mitochondrial dynamics-related factors， the study used naturally infected JSRV sheep lung tissue and JSRV Env-transformed human bronchial epithelial cells （BEAS-2B） cells as research objects. and in Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （RT-qPCR） and Western blotting （WB） were utilized to detect the relative mRNA and protein expression levels of mitochondrial dynamics-related factors， including DRP1， DRP1 （Ser616）， MFF， MFN2， and OPA1. Immunofluorescence （IF） assay was performed to observe mitochondrial distribution and the mitochondrial translocation of DRP1 in JSRV Env-transformed BEAS-2B cells. Additionally， WB was used to detect the relative expression levels of DRP1 and phosphorylated DRP1 at the Ser616 site in mitochondrial and cytoplasmic subfraction proteins of JSRV Env-transformed BEAS-2B cells. The results demonstrated the followings： 1） Compared with the healthy control group， the mRNA levels of mitochondrial fission-related factors DRP1 （P<0.001） and MFF （P<0.01）， as well as the relative protein expression levels of DRP1 （P<0.001）， p-DRP1 （Ser616） （P<0.001）， and MFF （P<0.05）， were significantly upregulated in the lung tissues of JSRV-naturally infected sheep. The mRNA levels of mitochondrial fusion-related factors MFN2 and OPA1 （P<0.001） and their relative protein expression levels were significantly downregulated （P<0.05）. 2） Compared with the blank group and negative control group， the mRNA levels of DRP1 and MFF （P<0.001） and the relative protein expression levels of DRP1， p-DRP1 （Ser616）， and MFF in JSRV Env-transformed BEAS-2B cells were significantly upregulated at 24， 48， and 72 h （P<0.01）. The mRNA levels of OPA1 and MFN2 （P<0.01） and their relative protein expression levels were significantly downregulated at 24， 48 and 72 h（P<0.05）. 3） Laser confocal microscopy revealed that the mitochondrial network structure in JSRV Env-transformed BEAS-2B cells was disrupted， with mitochondria exhibiting abnormal fragmented， granular， or punctate morphology. Moreover， the colocalization level of p-DRP1 （Ser616） with mitochondria was increased， and the relative expression level of p-DRP1 （Ser616） in mitochondrial subfraction proteins was significantly upregulated （P<0.001）. In conclusion， this study found that mitochondrial dynamics disorder， characterized by upregulated mitochondrial fission and downregulated mitochondrial fusion， occurred in both JSRV-naturally infected sheep lung tissues and JSRV Env-transformed BEAS-2B cells. This research elucidates the changes in mitochondrial dynamics within the ultrastructure of cells following JSRV transformation， thereby providing a novel perspective for investigating the pathogenic mechanism of JSRV.Keywords：Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus （JSRV）;mitochondrial dynamics;mitochondrial fission;mitochondrial fusion15|15|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-17- Abstract：To explore new strategies for the prevention and treatment of bovine respiratory disease （BRD）， this study integrated multi-omics analytical approaches， including bioinformatics， machine learning and network pharmacology to preliminarily explore and analyze the molecular regulatory network of BRD as well as its potential targets for traditional Chinese medicine intervention. The results showed that：1） After obtaining the GSE162156 dataset from the gene expression omnibus （GEO） database， 1 124 differentially expressed genes through differential expression analysis were identified. Combining with 1 275 BRD-related genes filtered from the GeneCards database， 124 BRD-related differentially expressed genes were obtained by intersection analysis using a Venn diagram， GO functional enrichment analysis showed that these genes were significantly enriched in biological processes such as inflammatory response， and immune response. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that they mainly participate in signaling pathways closely related to immune inflammation， such as cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. 2） A protein-protein interaction network was constructed based on the STRING database， and core gene selection was performed using three machine learning algorithms： LASSO regression， random forest， and support vector machine-recursive feature elimination， ultimately identifying IL2RA， HP， NCF1， and ELN as four regulatory nodes in BRD. 3） Upstream miRNA regulatory analysis of core genes was conducted using the miRNet database， revealing that IL2RA and NCF1 were targeted by multiple specific miRNAs， suggesting that post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms may play an important role in the pathogenesis of BRD. 4） Based on reverse network pharmacology， the associated active components of four core genes from the traditional Chinese medicine system pharmacology database and analysis platform （TCMSP） database were retried. It was found that NCF1 was closely associated with isorhamnetin and quercetin， leading to the identification of 194 potential associated traditional Chinese medicines （TCMs）， among which 35 TCMs contain both active components. This research elucidated the molecular regulatory mechanisms of BRD through multi-omics integration analysis， identifying core genes and potential TCM intervention targets. It provides a new molecular perspective for the study of the pathogenesis of BRD and lays a theoretical and experimental foundation for subsequent targeted drug development and the formulation of TCM prevention and treatment strategies.Keywords：bovine respiratory disease;reverse network pharmacology;differentially expressed genes;machine learning;prediction of traditional Chinese medicine components17|15|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-17
- Abstract：To investigate the role of peer effects on farmers’ adoption of water-saving technologies for grain production， this study uses field survey data of grain farmers in Hebei， Shandong and Henan provinces and employs the Probit model to empirically examine the impact of peer effects on farmers’ adoption of water-saving technologies. The results show that： 1） Farmers’ adoption of water-saving technologies are influenced by peer effects from other farmers in the same village， and the results remain significant after dealing with endogeneity issues and robustness tests. 2） Mechanism analysis shows that peer effects promote farmers’ adoption of water-saving technologies by facilitating government technology promotion， enhancing farmers perceived economic and environmental value. 3） Subgroups analysis shows that highly educated farmers exert a demonstration effect on water-saving technologies adoption within the village， while the age of the household head only exhibits within-group peer effects. 4） Further analysis indicates that peer effects play a more pronounced role in regions with higher water scarcity. In conclusion， this study suggests that greater efforts should be made to promote water-saving technologies， leverage the demonstration role of highly educated farmers， and foster a conducive environment for water-saving grain production.Keywords：water-saving technologies;peer effects;grain;information transmission;social norms15|18|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-17
Research trend analysis of whole industry chain grain saving and loss reduction based on bibliometrics AI Introduction
Abstract：To systematically understand the development trends of grain saving and loss reduction in the whole industry chain at home and abroad， relevant literature in the field of grain saving and loss reduction in China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI） and Web of Science （WOS） Core Collection databases from 2015 to 2025 was retrieved， and a total of 668 papers were obtained for visual analysis by using bibliometrics method and CiteSpace software. The publication trends， research subjects， hotspots evolution and research progress were investigated. The results showed that： 1） Due to the impact of national policies， geopolitical conflicts and climatic factors， the number of published papers in both Chinese and English has significantly increased since 2020， demonstrating a marked upward trend. China ranks first in the number of relevant publications worldwide， followed by the United States， India， Brazil， France and the United Kingdom. 2） The main research institutions include the University of Illinois System， China Agricultural University， Chinese Academy of Sciences， Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences， Federal University of Santa Maria and Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain. The domestic research institutions have a high number of published papers， but their collaborative networks remain relatively sparse， whereas foreign research institutions exhibit stronger cooperative networks and significant influence. 3） The evolution of research hotspots has progressed through three main temporal phases： early-stage focused on yield increase and loss reduction in production processes such as improved seed breeding， precise sowing， water and fertilizer conservation， precise pesticide application， disaster warning， and low-loss harvesting； mid-stage emphasized on loss reduction in supply chain links such as green warehousing， logistics transportation， moderate processing and quality improvement of grains， supervision of food waste， and reutilization of kitchen waste resources； later-stage concentrated on policy-driven interventions， promotional training and high-tech enabled loss reduction throughout the entire industry chain. Future research should integrate technological innovation， policy guidance and public participation， break through the limitations of single-point optimization in each link of the traditional industrial chain， and establish a new reduction paradigm that integrates “technology-process-system” collaboration. This multi-tiered approach will establish a comprehensive， coordinated technical system for grain saving and loss reduction throughout the whole industry chain.Keywords：grain saving and loss reduction;whole industry chain;bibliometrics;CiteSpace24|27|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-17Hotspots analysis and future prospects of rural homestead withdrawal research：Based on a bibliometric quantitative analysis AI Introduction
Abstract：This study aims to systematically sort out the research context， hot topics and evolution trends in the field of rural homestead withdrawal， and reveal its development laws and evolution directions. Based on the CSSCI， EI， Peking University Core， and CSCD journal databases indexed in the CNKI （China National Knowledge Infrastructure） database， this study focuses on rural homestead withdrawal related fields published between 2009 and 2024. Taking 476 journal articles as the research sample， CiteSpace bibliometric analysis and knowledge mapping techniques were employed to systematically examine publication trends， core authors and institutions， keyword co-occurrence and clustering patterns， and the evolution of burst terms， the research trajectory， major research hotspots. The evolutionary trends in this field were also systematic analyzed. The results indicated that： 1） Since 2015， research on rural homestead withdrawal has continued to gain momentum， gradually forming a diversified research landscape centered on keywords such as withdrawal willingness， welfare effects， institutional innovation， separation of three rights and rural revitalization with increasingly rich content and deepening themes. 2） Research teams remain relatively fragmented， with limited cross-regional collaboration， while methodological approaches are evolving from conceptual analysis toward empirical investigation and model-based analysis. 3） Current studies still lack systematic exploration of the drivers， implementation pathways， and policy outcomes of homestead withdrawal， with dynamic evaluation of household welfare and regional comparative research remaining underdeveloped. Looking ahead， future research should further explore the construction of an integrated “withdrawal-reconstruction” mechanism， the optimization of region-specific withdrawal pathways， the behavioral logic of rural households， and the application of digital governance tools， so as to better support rural revitalization and urban-rural integration， and provide a robust theoretical foundation and practical reference for policy and institutional improvement in the homestead withdrawal system.Keywords：homestead withdrawal;bibliometric;CiteSpace;research hotspots;welfare effects22|17|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-17- Abstract：To investigate the impact of digital capability on the consumption of agricultural products with Three-Products Certification by farmers， based on the CRRS farmer survey data of 2020， the Probit model is used to examine the relationship and mechanisms between the them. The research findings show that： 1） Digital capability has a significant promoting effect on the consumption of agricultural products with Three-Products Certification by farmers. 2） Mechanism analysis indicates that digital capability promotes the consumption of agricultural products with Three-Products Certification by farmers through enhancing farmers’ cognition and health literacy. 3） Heterogeneity analysis indicates that digital capability has a more significant promoting effect on the consumption of agricultural products with Three-Products Certification by farmers in the central and western regions， but have no significant impact on the consumption of agricultural products with Three-Products Certification by farmers in the eastern region. In addition， compared with the high-income and elderly farmers， digital capability has a greater promoting effect on the consumption of agricultural products with Three-Products Certification by the low-income and young farmers. Based on this， this study puts forward corresponding suggestions from three aspects： steadily promoting the digitalization of agriculture and rural areas， continuously enhancing the digital capabilities of farmers， and accelerating the upgrading of farmers’ food consumption.Keywords：digital capability;agricultural products with Three-Products Certification;farmers’ behavior on consumption agricultural products;farmer’s behavior;CRRS survey data19|13|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-17
- Abstract：To clarify the mechanisms through which contractual arrangement and contract execution influence farmers’ adoption of digital technologies， this study is based on survey data from 1 197 meat duck farmers across ten provinces in China. Empirical analysis was conducted to examine the effects， underlying mechanisms， and heterogeneity of different contractual arrangements and contract execution by partner enterprises affect farmers’ adoption of intelligent environmental control technologies. The results indicated that： 1） Various types of contractual arrangements and contract execution significantly enhance technology adoption. 2） Mechanism analysis reveals that safeguard-oriented， support-oriented， and constraint-oriented contractual arrangements promote adoption through risk-buffering， cost-reduction， and environmental pressure mechanisms， respectively， while， effective contract execution by partner enterprises amplifies the adoption-promoting effects of these arrangements. 3） Heterogeneity analysis shows that contractual arrangements exert stronger effects among farmers operating in partner enterprise-owned farmhouses， whereas support-oriented arrangements are particularly effective for large-scale farmers and those with greater digital information acquisition ability. These findings suggest that partner enterprises should optimize contract design， establish sound supervision and incentive mechanisms for contract execution， and strengthen institutional alignment to better support relatively disadvantaged farmers.Keywords：contractual arrangements;contract execution;meat duck farmers;digital technology;intelligent environmental control technologies16|17|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-17
Impact mechanism of carbon label recognition on farmers’ green production behavior: Based on a moderated chain mediation model AI Introduction
Abstract：This study explored effective pathways to promote agricultural emission reduction using market-based environmental information tools based on micro-survey data from 895 rural households in Shandong and Henan provinces. It employed a moderated chain mediation model to empirically analyze the impact and mechanism of carbon label recognition on farmers’ green production behavior. The results indicated that： 1） Carbon label recognition not only directly promotes farmers’ green production behavior but also exerts a significant indirect driving effect through value perception and sense of responsibility. 2） Mechanism tests reveal that value perception and sense of responsibility not only function as independent mediators but also form a chain mediation path of “recognition→value perception→sense of responsibility→behavior”， illustrating the gradual psychological process of behavioral change from instrumental rationality evaluation to the internalization of value norms. 3） Moderated mediation analysis showed that the above mechanisms are significantly influenced by farmers’ intrinsic traits and external contexts， with risk preference positively moderating the mediation path centered on value perception， while market distance negatively moderates the mediation path centered on sense of responsibility. Therefore， when implementing carbon labeling system for agricultural products， policy design should follow the behavioral transformation logic of “incentive- internalization” and implement targeted interventions based on differences in farmers’ risk attitudes and market accessibility to more effectively guide the transition to green agricultural production.Keywords：carbon label recognition;value perception;sense of responsibility;green production behavior;risk preference;market distance16|18|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-17Adoption of green livestock farming technology on livestock farmers’ well-being: Is full-process adoption more effective? AI Introduction
Abstract：Using the survey data from pig farmers in Jiangsu Province， this study empirically analyzes the effects and mechanisms of full-process green livestock farming technology adoption on livestock farmers’ welfare by employing endogenous switching regression model and counterfactual framework. The findings are as follows： full-process adoption significantly enhanced both subjective and objective welfare of livestock farmers. Under the counterfactual situation， where farmers who did not adopt full-process green livestock farming technology had adopted it， their average annual income would increase by 81.20%， and their self-assessed health score would increase by 16.32%. Secondly， the welfare enhancement from adopting single-stage technologies is relatively smaller compared to full-process adoption， indicating an "additive effect" of multi-stage adoption on welfare. The income mechanisms of full-process green livestock farming technology adoption include： At the pre-production stage， improved utilization of superior breeds reduces feed conversion ratio； at the production stage， reduced antibiotic usage increases the average selling price； at the post-production stage， the livestock manure recycling reduces environmental penalty costs. The health mechanism of full-process green livestock farming technology adoption is reflected through improvements in the living environment of livestock farms. This research not only improved the evaluation index for full-process green livestock farming technology， but also helped promote the adoption of green technology and enhance the well-being of livestock farmers.Keywords：green livestock framing;technological integration;farmers’ adoption;well-being;endogenous switching regression model25|20|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-17Measurement， dynamic evolution and convergence analysis of rural livelihood development in China AI Introduction
Abstract：To clarify the characteristics and evolutionary patterns of rural livelihood development， an evaluation index system was established based on its basic connotation. An entropy method was employed to measure the rural livelihood development levels across China’s 31 provinces from 2013 to 2023 （the data do not include those of Hong Kong， Macao， and Taiwan regions. The same below）. Subsequently， the Dagum Gini coefficient， kernel density estimation， Markov chains， and convergence testing models were used to examine the spatial differences， spatio-temporal evolution patterns， and convergence characteristics of China’s rural livelihood development. The findings are as follows： 1） Rural livelihood development levels exhibit a steady upward trend， forming a distribution pattern of leading in the east， catching up in the middle， lagging in the northeast and west regions. 2） The overall difference in rural livelihood development levels shows a narrowing trend， with inter-regional differences being the primary spatial source of variation. The greatest differences exist between the eastern and western regions， while the intra-regional differences are most pronounced within the eastern region. 3） Absolute disparities in China’s rural livelihood development are widening. The evolutionary trajectory and transition probability of provincial rural livelihood development levels are influenced by developmental differences in neighbouring provinces， demonstrating a regional radiation effect. 4） Significant absolute β-convergence exists in both national and eastern regional rural livelihood development levels， with notable conditional β-convergence observed nationally and across all four major regions. This study can provide data support and decision-making foundations for exploring pathways towards the high-quality development of people’s livelihoodKeywords：rural people’s livelihood;measurement;regional differences;spatio-temporal evolution;convergence characteristics17|17|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-17An empirical analysis of how industrial structure upgrading promotes county-level economic growth: From the perspective of factor mobility AI Introduction
Abstract：From the perspective of factor mobility， this study explores the impact mechanism of industrial structure upgrading on county-level economic growth. The county-level economy is the important cornerstone of the national economy yet faces structural contradictions such as impeded factor mobility and mismatches between industrial structure and resource endowments. Existing research regarding the mechanism of industrial structure upgrading and heterogeneity at the county scale are insufficient. Based on a panel data of 81 counties （cities or districts） in Henan Province from 2014 to 2023， this study employs two-way fixed effects model and mediation effect model to examine the impact effect， functioning path， and heterogeneity of industrial structure upgrading on county level economic growth. The research findings are as follows： 1） Industrial structure upgrading significantly promotes the level of county economic growth， and this conclusion remains valid after multiple robustness tests； 2） Mechanism analysis reveals that industrial structure upgrading boosts county economic growth by driving factor mobility； 3） Heterogeneity analysis shows that industrial structure upgrading has the most significant promoting effect on economic growth in ecological function counties and counties in the central Henan region. Based on the above conclusions， it is recommended that counties formulate differentiated strategies for industrial structure upgrading based on their resource endowments and functional positioning， break down barriers to factor mobility， optimize resource allocation， and thereby accelerate county economic growth.Keywords：county-level economic growth;industrial structure upgrading;factor flow;mediating effect;Henan Province15|15|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-17- Abstract：To explore the theoretical logic and empirical effectiveness of revitalizing idle homesteads for rural revitalization， this study， guided by an optimized theoretical model of social development and aligned with the overall requirements of rural revitalization， constructs a theoretical framework for revitalizing idle rural homesteads to support rural revitalization and presents an in-depth analysis of the reform practices in Kang County as the pilot area. The findings reveal that： 1） Revitalizing idle homesteads contributes to rural revitalization by activating the land factor market， restoring the ecological environment， fostering the inheritance of local culture， optimizing rural governance structures， and enhancing villagers’ property income. 2） The pilot practices follow the theoretical model of “talent-cultural institutional subsystem-resource-industry subsystem” and have developed diversified modes such as “Party branch-tourism enterprise-household” “association-farmhouse inn-household” “capable individual-enterprise-household” and “government guidance-corporate operation-household linkage”. These models have respectively fostered rural revitalization pathways of “industry-culture，” “organization-industry” “talent-industry” and “industry-ecology”. 3） Essentially， the revitalization of idle homesteads aligns with the general requirements of rural revitalization by unlocking the “three-capital” attributes of homesteads and leveraging industrial， cultural， organizational， talent， and ecological revitalization to achieve the overall goals of rural revitalization.Keywords：idle homesteads;revitalization and utilization;rural revitalization;innovative models;Kang County24|19|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-17
