“The primitive markers of horses are the phenotypic traits preserved from their wild horse ancestors during the domestication process. This article introduces the research progress of these markers in the field of horse breed identification and evolution research. Researchers have explored the classification, phenotypic characteristics, and genetic regulation mechanisms of the main primitive markers, providing solutions to the evolutionary process of equine animals and the genetic regulation of pigment deposition, and opening up new directions for coat color genetics and breeding research.”