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- Abstract：To investigate the effects of different irrigation amounts and varieties on maize yield and Water Use Efficiency （WUE） under drip irrigation conditions in northern China， we searched relevant literature published from January 2000 to June 2022 in CNKI， Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform， and Web of Science. A total of 74 publications were collected， from which 449 sets of yield data and 453 sets of WUE data were extracted. The collected data were then integrated. Taking 90% to 100% of the maximum irrigation amount as the control （W6）， five different deficit irrigation treatments were set as follows： the maximum irrigation ≤50% （W1）， >50%-60% （W2）， >60%-70% （W3）， >70%-80% （W4）， and >80%-90% （W5）. A meta-analysis method was employed to quantitatively analyze the changes in maize yield and WUE indicators among different irrigation amounts （W） and varieties under drip irrigation. The results indicated that： Compared to the control W6， the moderate deficit irrigation levels W4 and W5 significantly increased maize yield and WUE by 8.2%-15.2% and 11.7%-16.5%， respectively. When the irrigation was at W3， WUE was greatly improved while maintaining maize yield， with the effect values （SMD）=0.12 and =0.89 （P<0.05），respectively. However， at the irrigation levels W1 and W2， both yield and WUE declined significantly compared to W6， with yield SMD=-0.22-0.83 （P<0.05） and WUE SMD= -0.41-0.04 （P<0.05），respectively. In addition， the effects of different maize varieties on yield and water use efficiency under different irrigation rates were different. Considering the yield and WUE， the light deficit irrigations W4 and W5 are recommended for the more water sensitive varieties such as ‘Simon 6’， ‘Hamco 858’ and ‘Siena 1331’. For varieties with some drought resistance such as ‘Nonghua 101’ and ‘Zhongdan 909’， the medium deficit irrigation W3 is recommended； for varieties with strong drought resistance， such as ‘Junlong 1217’ and ‘Xianyu 335’， they can be irrigated at W1 and W2 to maximize water productivity. In conclusion， it is suggested that a deficit irrigation pattern with 70% to 90% of the maximum irrigation can significantly improve the maize yield and water use efficiency.Keywords：meta-analysis;irrigation amounts;varieties;yield;water use efficiency;deficit irrigation90|22|3<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To explore the advantageous genes related to maize test weight， a total of 348 maize inbred lines containing common maize， sweet maize， waxy maize， and popcorn as linkage populations were taken for genome-wide association analyses （GWAS）. Test weight measurements and whole genome association analyses were conducted on self-crossing line breeding seeds of Dongyang， Zhejiang in 2022 and Ledong， Hainan in 2022 and 2023 to explore the differences in test weight among different varieties of maize， and to identify test weight-related loci and candidate genes that control test weight. The results showed that：The identification of harvested seed test weight in different regions revealed that the frequency distribution plots of seed test weight trait indicators in the two regions showed a single peaked curve， which was consistent with a normal distribution. Using genome-wide association analysis of SNP markers， the SNP loci significantly associated with maize test weight tolerance traits were screened in the range of threshold P > 8.7. 146 SNP loci were screened in the Dongyang region in 2022， 261 loci were screened in the Ledong region in 2022， 705 loci were screened in the Ledong region in 2023， and a total of 67 overlapping SNP loci were screened in the Ledong region. Finally， a total of 14 candidate genes were idendified. Meanwhile， the SNP S3_219692500 detected in Dongyang and Ledong was located in the Zm00001d044129 （Shrunken 2） gene region， which is a corn sweetness control gene.The mutation of the gene produces super sweet corn，grain shrinkage and maize test weight decrease.Keywords：maize;kernel test weight;genome-wide association analysis;candidate gene97|19|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to identify maize inbred lines resistant to Gibberella ear rot and gray leaf spot in the northeast region，a precise evaluation of 523 maize inbred lines resistance to Gibberella ear rot and gray leaf spot was carried out by field inoculation from 2021 to 2023 and 2022 to 2023， respectively. The experiment adopted a randomized block design and inoculated Gibberella ear rot pathogen through the needle puncture inoculation method after 10 d of silking and gray leaf spot pathogen through the perfusion methods after 9-11 leaves stage. At the wax ripeness stage， the single plant survey method was adopted to investigate the severity level of Gibberella ear rot disease. At the late milk stage， the whole-line survey method was adopted to investigate the severity level of gray leaf spot disease. The results showed that： The inbred line ‘PHRE1’ was stably resistant to Gibberella ear rot from 2021 to 2023. Twenty-three inbred lines including ‘Dan 598’， ‘JiA 1473’ and‘LN 1’ exhibited moderate resistance or above within three years， accounting for 4.2% of the total materials. The inbred line ‘Dan 299’ was resistant to gray leaf spot disease for two years. Sixty-seven inbred lines including ‘LH 217’， ‘Ji 1037’ and ‘JiA1001’expressed moderate resistance or above in two years， accounting for 12.6% of the total test materials. By comparison analysis， a total of three inbred lines （‘JiA1473’，‘A-349’and ‘M67’） identified were resistant to the two diseases. This study provided valuable resources and a scientific basis for the cultivation and improvement of resistant maize varieties.Keywords：maize;inbred lines;resistance identification;Gibberella ear rot;gray leaf spot57|16|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to analyze the salt tolerance genes and its related metabolic pathways in maize， two maize varieties， ‘Heyu 157’ （HY157） and ‘Xianyu 335’ （XY 335）， were selected in pot experiment. The experiment was conducted to determine the growth indexes and transcriptome expression of maize seedlings under three different NaCl treatments as follows： 0 （CK）， 120 （S1） and 240 mmol/L NaCl （S2）. The results demonstrated that：In comparison to the control （CK）， ‘HY 157’ variety under S1 and S2 treatments exhibited 3 305 and 4 314 differentially expressed genes （DEGs）， with 1 900 and 2 457 being up-regulated and 1 405 and 1 857 being down-regulated， respectively； ‘XY 335’ variety under S1 and S2 treatments produced 729 and 5 037 differentially expressed genes （DEGs）， with 293 and 2 500 up-regulated and 436 and 2 537 down-regulated， respectively. GO enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes （DEGs） revealed that the two maize varieties co-enriched up-regulated genes were significantly enriched in GO entries such as response to hydrogen peroxide， salt stress and carbohydrate metabolism processes. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in metabolic pathways such as starch and sucrose metabolism， phenylpropanoid biosynthesis， pentose phosphate pathway， benzoxazole biosynthesis， MAPK signaling pathway （plant） and phytohormone signalling. The results of the genome enrichment analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes were primarily associated with metabolic pathways， including starch and sucrose metabolism， phenylpropanoid biosynthesis， the pentose phosphate pathway， benzoxazole biosynthesis， mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） pathway （plant） and phytohormone signalling. Three genes involved in the phenylpropane biosynthesis pathway exhibited a specific up-regulation and expression in ‘XY 335’， while five genes demonstrated a specific down-regulation and expression in ‘HY 157’. Furthermore， the up-regulated transcription factors were predominantly observed in gene families belonging to the MYB， C2H2， AP2， NAC， bHLH， bZIP， and WRKY categories. In conclusion， under conditions of salt stress （120 and 240 mmol/L NaCl）， the differentially expressed genes （DEGs） of ‘HY 157’ were found to be involved in the modulation of a variety of adaptive responses including osmotic regulation， ion homeostasis and antioxidant defenses， thereby enhancing the tolerance of seedlings to salt stress.Keywords：maize;salt stress;high-throughput sequencing;transcriptome;transcription factor73|26|4<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
Bioinformatics and expression analysis of XTH gene in Agropyron mongolicum Keng under drought stress
Abstract：To screen the XTH genes related to drought resistance in Agropyron mongolicum Keng， the physical and chemical properties， subcellular localization， conserved motif， evolutionary relationship and secondary and tertiary structures were analyzed by bioinformatics methods， and the expression of four XTH genes related to drought resistance was monitored. The results showed that： The seven XTH genes of A. mongolicum were hydrophilic proteins with molecular weight of 7.67 to 39.46 ku， the theoretical isoelectric point （PI） of 4.67 to 9.81， and protein size of 70 to 357 aa. Subcellular localization analysed showed that AmXTH‑1 was located in the cell wall and cytoplasm， and the rest 6 genes were located in the cell wall. The secondary and tertiary structures of the XTH gene were mainly random coils， and motif1， motif2 and motif3 were speculated to be conserved motifs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AmXTH30，AmXTH28‑1，AmXTH‑1 and AmXTH8‑1 had high similarity with known genes with drought resistance. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that the four XTH genes related to drought resistance of A. mongolicum were down-regulated. It is speculated that the four differentially expressed XTH genes in A. mongolicum play a negative regulatory role in response to drought stress.Keywords：Agropyronmongolicum Keng;xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase;bioinformatics;gene expression47|12|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07- Abstract：To promote the growth of lettuce in artificial light plant factories and reduce the incidence of tipburn of lettuce， this experiment took ‘Italian’ and ‘Luya’ lettuce as test materials， adopted nutrient solution cultivation method， and set three different nutrient solution temperatures including T1 （16 ℃）， T2 （21 ℃） and T3 （26 ℃） to analyze the effects of different nutrient solution temperatures on lettuce quality and tipburn. The results showed that： With the increase of liquid temperature， the quality of lettuce was significantly improved at lower temperature， and reached the maximum at 26 ℃. Compared with 16 ℃， the soluble sugar content of ‘Italy’ and ‘Luya’ increased by 66.79% and 66.98%， respectively. Root activity increased by 105.83% and 107.15%； Total phenols increased by 21.86% and 18.75%； Flavonoids increased by 33.17% and 35.35%； Chlorophyll and net photosynthetic rate were the highest among all treatments. The increase of liquid temperature reduces the incidence and severity of tipburn. In summary， when the nutrient solution temperature is 26 ℃， the quality of lettuce is improved the most. This study is of great significance for the high-quality production of facility vegetables.Keywords：lettuce;plant factory;root zone temperature;tipburn;nutritional quality42|21|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：The purpose of this study was to clarify the colonization and community diversity of symbiotic Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF） in wine grapes. The roots and rhizosphere soil samples at a range of soil depths （0‑20， 20‑40， and 40‑60 cm） of three major wine grape varieties （Cabernet Sauvignon， Merlot， and Chardonnay） were collected from the eastern foot of Helan Mountain in Ningxia， China. Acetic acid-ink staining method was used to observe the AMF infection status of wine grape roots. Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology was used to comprehensively analyze the composition and diversity of AMF communities in the rhizosphere of wine grapes. The results showed that： AMF could establish a good symbiotic relationship with wine grapes， colonize in grape roots and form Arum-type structure. A total of 64 operational taxonomic units （OTUs） were obtained and further classified into 1 phylum， 3 classes， 5 orders， 7 families， 7 genera， and 32 species. Cabernet Sauvignon had the highest AMF community richness in rhizosphere soil，and Merlot had the highest community diversity， richness， and evenness， and Chardonnay had the highest pedigree diversity. The community diversity， richness， and evenness of AMF in the rhizosphere soil of 0 to 20 cm were the highest， and the pedigree diversity of 20 to 40 cm was the highest. Glomus was the dominant genera of AMF among 3 varieties and 3 soil depths. Only Chardonnay recognized AMF biomarkers in different soil depths. Variety was the main factor affecting the variation of the AMF community in the rhizosphere soil of wine grapes. In conclusion， this research provides a firm foundation for future exploration on the beneficial use of AMF in enhancing grapevine production， quality， and sustainability.Keywords：arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF）;Illumina MiSeq;wine grape variety;soil depth;symbiosis;Glomus39|20|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To analysis the nut phenotypic traits diversity of Chinese chestnut， a total of 19 phenotypic traits （two false qualitative traits， 5 qualitative traits and 12 quantitative traits） of 210 Chinese chestnut resources from 11 provinces were determined. Then genetic diversity of nut phenotypic traits was calculated based on the Shannon-Wiener information diversity index. The chestnut germplasms were comprehensively evaluated by using the correlation analysis， principal component and cluster analysis. The results showed that： The 19 nut phenotypic traits of 210 chestnut resources displayed a high level of phenotypic diversity， with variation coefficients ranged from 4.38% to 47.98%， and the genetic diversity index ranged from 0.45 to 1.96. The diversity index of quantitative traits was generally higher than that of qualitative traits. The nut phenotypic variation among populations accounted for about 1/4 of the total variation， and about 3/4 within populations. Correlation analysis showed that kernel rate was significantly positively correlated with nut size and kernel weight. Nut shape index was only significantly positively correlated with nut length， and was significantly negatively correlated with other traits（P<0.01）. Principal component analysis showed that the 12 quantitative traits were integrated into three principal components， and their additive contributing rate reached 87.334%. The three traits that could best reflect the phenotypic characteristics of nuts were the nut length， kernel weight and nut size. The 210 germplasm resources were systematically clustered into four groups based on the genetic distance， and there were significant differences among the groups. The germplasms in group Ⅲ-1 could be used as excellent parents for material innovation and hybrid breeding because of their large nut size and high kernel rate. The diversity of nut phenotypic traits of Chinese chestnut was systemically analyzed from multiple perspectives in this study， which could provide a scientific basis for the discovery and innovative utilization of excellent chestnut germplasm.Keywords：Chinese chestnut;nut phenotypes;diversity;comprehensive evaluation53|14|8<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to promote the high-quality and sustainable development of edible rose industry in China， this study summarized the main production areas， cultivars and processed rose products by comprehensively sorting out relevant research data and literatures. The industry in Anning， Yunnan Province was taken as an example. The current situation of the industry in Anning was elaborated and analysed from four aspects， e.g.， advantages， disadvantages， risks， and opportunities. Corresponding countermeasures and suggestions were then given for the main problems. The results showed that： The industry in Anning is mainly concentrated in Bajie District， and the main cultivar planted is Rosa ‘Dianhong’； The development advantages mainly include nice natural environmental conditions， cultivar characteristics， good industrial foundation and development mode， as well as advanced production management level； The disadvantages mainly include Rosa ‘Dianhong’ is not in the national catalogue of food and medicinal materials， very few types of deep processing products， insufficient processing rose cultivars， weak innovation ability of the enterprises， and inadequate empowerment of industrial culture. Meanwhile， suggestions are proposed in this study as follows： Entering Rosa ‘Dianhong’ into the national catalogue of food and medicinal materials， optimizing the layout of industrial production， enriching the types of deep-processed products， deepening the integration of resources， etc. In general， although the development prospects of the edible rose industry in Anning are good， it is necessary to adopt above suggestions to solve the existing problems， and explore a cost-effective， environment-friendly and sustainable development path.Keywords：Bajie Edible Rose;Rosa ‘Dianhong’;catalogue of food and medicinal materials;deep processing;cultivar49|28|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to explore the molecular biological characteristics and functions of porcine CRTC2 gene， this paper predicted the functions of porcine CRTC2 （CREB regulated transcription coactivator 2） by bioinformatics methods. The non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms （nsSNPs） of CRTC2 gene were analyzed， and its expression in different pig tissues was detected by qRT-PCR. The results showed as follows：1） There were 190 SNPs in the locus corresponding to pig CRTC2 transcript CRTC2-202 （ENSSSCT00000007195）， and 10 missense mutations （nsSNPs） in Coding sequence （CDS）. rs709245010 causes proline （P） at position 148 to be replaced by leucine （L） （P148L）， and this mutation site reduces the stability of the protein， thereby affecting its structure and function. 2） The prediction results of m6A modification site in CDS region of CRTC2 showed that there was no m6A modification. 3） The prediction results of sequence conservation and protein secondary structure stability of CRTC2 gene showed that P148L mutation had certain effects on the α helix， β corner and other secondary structures of CRTC2-encoded proteins， and it may be an important potential functional site affecting pig fat deposition and metabolism. 4） KEGG （Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes） enrichment analysis was conducted for the genes and proteins interacting with CRTC2 respectively. The results showed that several pathways related to fat deposition and metabolism， such as glucagon signaling pathway and Wnt signaling pathway， were enriched respectively. 5） qRT-PCR results showed that the expression level of CRTC2 in liver， abdominal fat and back fat of Landrace pigs was significantly higher than that in other tissues （P<0.05）. In conclusion， this study found that rs709245010 missense mutation （P148L） on pig CRTC2 gene may affect protein structure and function， and this gene may play an important role in pig fat deposition and metabolism. This study provides reference for exploring the function of pig CRTC2 gene， and provides research ideas for further analyzing the mechanism of fat deposition and lipid metabolism.Keywords：pig;CRTC2 gene;bioinformatics analysis;lipid metabolism;function prediction41|15|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to enhance the immune efficacy of FMDV vaccine by targeting FMDV to porcine dendritic cells， the target protein XCR1 was expressed using prokaryotic expression technology. Subsequently， alpacas were immunized with XCR1 as an immunogen. The total mRNA of peripheral blood lymphocytes of alpacas was extracted and reverse-transcribed into cDNA. A phage display nanobody library was constructed and XCR1-specific nanobodies were obtained after three rounds of affinity screening. Following this， a bispecific nanobody Nb75-205 targeting both XCR1 and FMDV was constructed by connecting Nb75 with Nb205 anti-FMDV nanobody using SOE-PCR technique. The results showed that： 1） The target protein XCR1 was successfully obtained， SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis showed that the molecular weight of this protein was about 35 ku， as expected. 2） Antibody titers of alpacas were 1∶64 000， meeting the requirement for database construction. The phage display library size was approximately 1.91×108 CFU/mL， with an insertion rate of 91.3% and good diversity. After three rounds of affinity screening， the nanobody Nb75 was successfully obtained which could specifically bind to XCR1 as detected by Indirect ELISA. 3）The XCR1/FMDV bispecific nanobody Nb75-205 was constructed through SOE-PCR technique. SDS-PAGE and Western blot results demonstrated that this fusion protein could be expressed in a soluble form in Escherichia coli， with a dimeric structure. Indirect ELISA results indicated that Nb75-205 was capable of binding to both XCR1 target protein and FMDV antigen. In summary， anti-porcine XCR1 nanobody was successfully obtained by phage screening technology， and XCR1/FMDV bispecific nanobody Nb75-205 was successfully constructed through SOE-PCR technology in this study. Nb75-205 was a dimer and could react with both XCR1 and FMDV， which laid a foundation for the further study on the presentation of FMDV targeted by porcine XCR1.Keywords：chemokine（C-motif）receptor 1;bispecific nanobody;dimeric protein;FMDV33|30|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To screen for genes and regulatory pathways that affect the diameter of Angora rabbit hair fibers， RNA sequencing （RNA-Seq） was used to identify expressed genes in the coarse and fine hair follicles of Angora rabbits， and differentially expressed genes （DEGs） functional enrichment was performed. Additionally， a protein-protein interaction （PPI） network was constructed using Cytoscape to identify hub genes involved in regulating the diameter of rabbit hair fibers. Finally， quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） was employed for validation of the DEGs. The results showed that： 1） A total of 412 DEGs were identified by RNA-seq.Compared to coarse hair follicles， 160 DEGs were up-regulated in fine hair follicles and 252 DEGs were down-regulated. 2） GO functional analysis showed that differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in 330 biological processes， including molting cycle hair cycle， hair cycle regulation， supramolecular fiber formation， and other articles related to the growth of coarse and fine hair. Additionally， KEGG enrichment analysis demonstrated that differentially expressed genes were significantly enrichment in the estrogen signaling pathway， protein digestion and absorption pathway， endoplasmic reticulum protein processing pathway， PPAR signaling pathway， FoxO signaling pathway， and basal cell carcinoma pathway， which were related to the growth and differentiation of coarse and fine hair in Angora rabbits.3） Protein interaction network analysis highlighted SHH， LGR5， CTSB， ACTA2， and CRNN as important functional genes regulating the structure of hair fibers. In conclusion， this study elucidated the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of rabbit hair fineness， identified DEGs involved in controlling rabbit hair diameter， and discovered 5 potential candidate genes associated with coarse and fine hair differentiation in Angora rabbits. These findings provide a solid theoretical foundation and empirical evidence to support the breeding program of fine-haired Angora rabbits.Keywords：Angora rabbit;fiber diameter;RNA-seq;protein-protein interaction36|17|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To rapidly predict characteristic duck oil fatty acid content， this study established a method to predict the content of six fatty acids including palmitic acid， palmitoleic acid， stearic acid， oleic acid， linoleic acid， and linolenic acid based on near-infrared spectroscopy. Gas chromatographic method was used to test the fatty acid composition of samples and collect near-infrared spectra. Standard Normal Variate Transformation （SNV） and other methods were used to preprocess the spectral information， and the optimal spectral preprocessing method was selected. The improved partial least square method （mPLS） was used to establish an optimal near-infrared prediction model with 1-VR （Determination coefficient of SECV） and SECV values （Standard error of cross validation） .The results showed that： 1） This model was independently verified with the validation set samples， The SEP （ Standard error of prediction） and SEC （ Standard error of calibration） of the verification results were in accordance with the “SEP/SEC≤1.2” principle stipulated in AACC 39-00. 2） The R2 of the palmitic acid， palmitoleic acid， stearic acid， oleic acid， linoleic acid， and linolenic was 0.889、0.916、0.869、0.918、0.979 and 0.927，indicating that the established near-infrared prediction model can effectively predict the content of six fatty acids in duck oil. The rapid detection method for characteristic fatty acids n feed duck oil established in this study could meet a certain degree of rapid detection needs， providing a fast and convenient technical method and theoretical reference for evaluating the quality of feed duck oil.Keywords：feeding duck oil;fatty acid;near-infrared;rapid detection technology30|12|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To address the issue of efficient extraction of fish oil from silver carp viscera and the digestion characteristics of its microcapsules， the single-factor test and Box-Behnken response surface analysis were used to study the protease dosage addition， enzyme hydrolysis time， and solid-to-liquid ratio to investigate the preparation of gelatin-sodium hexametaphosphate complex coacervation microcapsules and their behavior in a simulated digestion system. The results revealed that： 1） The extraction rate of fish oil from silver carp viscera could reach 81.09% when 7 000 U protease （Protamex® 1.6） was added per 1 g of sample protein， an enzyme hydrolysis time of 1.3 h， and an solid-liquid （viscera to water） ratio of 5 g∶2 mL； 2） The gelatin-sodium hexametaphosphate complex coacervation reaction system at pH 4.0 resulted in 90.95% encapsulation rate of fish oil； 3） The retention rate of fish oil microcapsules was maintained above 99% after storage at 30 ℃ for 10 days； 4） In the in vitro simulated digestion experiment， the total release rate of the gastric phase was 10.69% and the total release rate of the intestinal phase was 46.40%， which showed a certain sustained-release and controlled-release characteristics. This study optimized the extraction process of fish oil from silver carp viscera and effectively improved the extraction rate， successfully prepared fish oil microcapsules with significant protection， sustained-release and controlled-release capabilities by finely adjusting the complex concertation system. This study provided the scientific basis and technical support for the application of fish oil in food and nutritional supplements.Keywords：silver carp viscera;fish oil;complex coacervation;microcapsules;gastrointestinal simulation digestion;silver carp by-product utilization26|13|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To enhance the immune effect of Bursin （BS）， we attempted to graft BS to Hyaluronic acid. The amino groups of BS was utilized for direct coupling with the carboxylic groups on hyaluronic acid to obtain BS@HA by EDC and NHS. The structure of the polymer was identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）， quantitative analysis was performed using UV measurement. Then the mice were immunized with the vaccine formulated with simulated antigen OVA， BS@HA and aluminum hydroxide adjuvant and detected the immune enhancing effect by ELISA and flow cytometry. The results showed that ：1） The yield of the synthesized polymer could reach 95% when the molar ratio of hyaluronic acid， EDC， NHS， and BS was 1∶4∶6∶0.4， the reaction time was 2-4 hours and 16 hours after adding EDC and NHS respectively. The FTIR characteristic peaks of HA shifting from 1 605 cm-1 to 1 632 cm-1 showed BS@HA was successfully prepared. 2） BS@HA can induce higher expression of OVA-specific antibodies when the degrees of substitution （DS） was about 35%. 3） BS@HA also can induce higher percentages of Follicular helper T cells and germinal center B cells. Therefore， it is spected BS@HA could enhance targeted delivery of immunogens to draining lymph nodes， induce more TFH and GC B cells and evoke high antigen-specific IgG titers.This study will enrich the theoretical research of hyaluronic acid in the field of animal vaccines， expand its practical application in the animal vaccines and lay the foundation for the development of novel immune enhancers.Keywords：hyaluronic acid;bursin;immune-enhancing effect;amidation reaction29|13|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to explore the immune-mechanism of immunopotentiator CVC1302 mediate the differentiation of follicular helper T cells （Tfh）， GM-CSF-cultured DC were stimulated with OVA plus CVC1302， then the transcription and expression levels of IL-6 and IL-21 were detected. In the cell co-culture test in vitro， the transcription levels of Bcl-6， Maf， T-bet， GATA3 and RORγ were detected ， which were key transcriptional factors for Tfh， Th1， Th2 and Th17， the activated levels of STAT3 signaling pathway， as well as the ratio of Tfh cells in CD4+ T cell. Furthermore， we detected the ratio of Tfh cells in CD4+ T cell when inhibited the STAT3 signaling pathway. The results showed that： 1） The immunopotentiator CVC1302 significantly promoted the expression of IL-6 and IL-12 in DC. 2） CVC1302 significantly enhanced the phosphorylation levels of STAT3， which showed that CVC1302 activated the STAT3 signaling pathway. 3） The ratios of Tfh cells in CD4+ T cell was decreased after the STAT3 signaling pathway inhibited， which showed that CVC1302 induced the differentiation of Tfh cells dependent on the activation of STAT3 signaling pathway. In this study， we concluded that CVC1302 induced the expression of IL-6 and IL-12 in DC， then activated STAT3 in order to mediate the differentiation of Tfh cells， which shed light on the development of new immunopotentiators.Keywords：Immunopotentiator CVC1302;Tfh cells;STAT3;IL-627|12|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To promote the healthy management and sustainable development of regional ecosystems， the Yangtze River Economic Belt was taken as the study area to construct an ecosystem health assessment system based on the concept of “Vitality-Organization-Resilience-Ecosystem Services”， and analyze the spatial and temporal evolution of ecosystem health in 2000， 2010 and 2020， We analyzed the spatial and temporal evolution of ecosystem health in the Yangtze River Economic Zone in 2000， 2010 and 2020， and analyzed the main influencing factors and their spatial differentiation characteristics by using geodetectors and geographically weighted regression models. The results showed that： 1） From 2000 to 2020， the ecosystem health of the Yangtze River Economic Zone displayed a decreasing trend， which was from 0.588 in 2000 to 0.569 in 2020； 2） On the whole， the ecosystem health of the Yangtze River Economic Zone had a strong spatial correlation， and its spatial agglomeration effect shows the basic trend of "high in the south and low in the north". The high-high agglomeration mainly distributed in the southern region of the middle and lower reaches， low-low agglomeration mainly distributed in the northern region of the lower reaches， and low-high agglomeration and high-low agglomeration distributed in a piecemeal manner. 3） The main influencing factors on ecosystem health in the Yangtze River Economic Zone were manifested as follows： vegetation cover>urbanization>population density>elevation， and there was obvious spatial heterogeneity in the influence of each driving factor on ecosystem health. This study reveals the spatial and temporal patterns of ecosystem health and its influencing factors in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2000 to 2020， which can provide a basis for formulating differentiated and refined ecological management strategies in the Yangtze River Economic Belt.Keywords：ecosystem health;spatial and temporal patterns;geodetector;geo-weighted regression model;Yangtze River Economic Belt96|40|3<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to optimize the suitable plastic film material and thickness for cotton cultivation， three different materials of polyethylene plastic film， A plastic film （FB2230）， B plastic film （90% FK1828+10% resin） and C plastic film （80% DFDA7042+20% FK1828）， were selected. Three thicknesses of 10， 15 and 20 μm were set， and the commercially available linear low-density polyethylene plastic film （DFDA7042） was used as the control （CK）. Plastic film experiments were conducted in cotton fields in the Wusu region of Xinjiang. Electronic tensile testing machine was taken to test the mechanical properties of plastic film at different coverage periods， and the performance of plastic film by combining impurity content， recovery rate， soil temperature and humidity after film covering， and cotton yield were comprehensively evaluated. The results show that： 1） In terms of mechanical properties， the A， B， and C films have at least 42.8%， 33.1% and 12.9% better longitudinal tensile strength than CK films. Among which， the A film has the best mechanical properties， followed by the B film. Both films have the best mechanical properties at 15 μm， with tensile strength and less deformation， making them suitable for mechanized film production. 2） In terms of recycling performance， with the increase of thickness， the impurity content of the plastic film decreases and the recycling rate increases. Both the A and B plastic films have good recovery effect at 15 μm， which are easy to recover and contain less impurities. 3） In terms of plastic film materials， A plastic film material FB2230 has excellent strength and anti-aging ability， B plastic film material FK1828 has good initial strength and poor anti-aging ability， but FK1828 has better application prospect as a mixed material. At the same time， FK1828 displays better effect on increasing ground temperature， and can promote cotton yield. In summary， at a thickness of 15 μm， plastic films that the main components of are polyethylene FB2230 and FK1828. have better mechanical properties， higher recovery rate and less impurities. The films can effectively maintain soil temperature during the planting process， increase cotton yield， and are suitable for cotton planting and mechanized recycling.Keywords：mulching film materials;mechanical properties;impurity content;pickup rate;soil temperature and humidity37|14|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：Aiming at the problems such as many parameters， complex process and large calculation volume existed in current drip irrigation network design， Jaya algorithm and the optimization method of the lowest annual cost per unit area are adopted to investigate the factors affecting the project cost including the depreciation cost of equipment and pipeline as well as the operation and management cost of the irrigation area. A mathematical model for the optimal design of drip irrigation network with constraints of pipe diameter， flow rate and pipe pressure is established. Two drip irrigation network systems in a large irrigation area in Xinjiang are taken as study examples， and the pipe diameter of the network is optimized based on the Jaya algorithm and the genetic algorithm. The optimization programs of the two algorithms are run independently for 50 times， and the relative deviation between the optimization results of optimization and the most optimal result is measured， and the optimization results of the two algorithms are compared. The optimization results of the two algorithms are compared and analyzed. The results show that： The optimal annual costs per unit area of the two systems based on Jaya algorithm are 710.53 and 791.62 Yuan/hm2， which are 16.59% and 21.09% lower than those of the original engineering program， and the investment saving effect is obvious. The relative deviation between the optimization result based on Jaya algorithm and the optimal result is not more than 10% indicating that the algorithm has stable convergence performance and meets the requirements of actual engineering design. The Jaya algorithm can eliminate the process of adjusting the parameters of the algorithm and its optimization ability is comparable to that of the genetic algorithm. In conclusion， the optimization design of drip irrigation network based on Jaya algorithm is superior in terms of cost saving， algorithm stability and computational accuracy， and can be used as an effective method for single-objective optimization design of drip irrigation network.Keywords：drip irrigation network;single objective optimization;pipe diameter optimization;Jaya algorithm;genetic algorithm22|14|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In view of the limitations of the current tillage components in natural grassland operation and the lack of comprehensive evaluation method for its applicability in grassland operations and the evaluation system for the operation effect of special grassland improvement tillage components， the coefficient of variation method and linear weighting method were adopted to study the weight of each evaluation index. A comprehensive evaluation model was constructed for the applicability of natural grassland operation of tillage components， and then field tests were conducted to verify the comprehensive evaluation model. The results showed that： The comprehensive evaluation model proposed in this study was constructed based on three indexes， e.g.， traction force， surface turning rate and soil disturbance coefficient， which could effectively evaluate the applicability of tillage components in natural grassland operation. The operational effects of different tillage components evaluated by the new model in this study were consistent with the results of existing research， which confirmed the feasibility of the comprehensive evaluation model. In conclusion， this study provided a more convenient method for the comprehensive evaluation of the applicability of tillage components in natural grassland operation.Keywords：tillage component;comprehensive evaluation model;coefficient of variation method;linear weighting method33|15|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To systematically study the change process and evolution characteristics of black soil protection policies， the change process of the black soil protection policy system is analyzed by using research methods such as policy text mining， text measurement and text content analysis. The change characteristics of the quantity， subject and focus of black soil protection policies are determined. On this basis， the evolution characteristics of black soil protection policy are analyzed from three aspects： change mode， dynamic elements and dynamic mechanism. The results show that the change process of black soil protection policy is as follows： The exploring stage， which was focusing on solving the problem of soil erosion in the initial stage of exploration； The initial formation stage， which was focusing on the research and development of universal technologies for protecting black soil； The policy development stage， which was focusing on the exploration of regional suitability technologies for black soil protection and monitoring， leading and publicizing the protection effect； and the policy deepening stage， which was focusing on the comprehensive application， supervision and impact evaluation of black soil protection technologies. In addition， the number of national black soil protection policies showed a fluctuating growth trend. The main body of policy issuance has evolved from a single entity such as the State Council and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs to a coordinated evolution of multiple departments. The change of policy focus is characterized by ‘progressive evolution’ between the same level， and the characteristics of ‘level lag’ in the early stage of policy development and ‘level transitivity’ in the later stage of policy development are shown among different levels. 3） The policy change of black soil protection is carried out in the form of a combination of gradual and compulsory institutional changes， and multiple dynamic factors such as macro strategic requirements， technological progress factors and conceptual awareness factors jointly promote the policy evolution， and the interest orientation and benefit expectations of multiple policy-making subjects and stakeholders drive the policy changes. In the future， we can increase the number of full-time black soil protection personnel of grassroots governments， strengthen the coordination of multiple policy-making entities， establish a sound administrative supervision mechanism， and form a long-term mechanism for black soil protection to promote the protection of black soil efficiently and consolidate the foundation of national food security.Keywords：black soil protection;policy system;evolutionary features;historical changes34|18|7<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To ensure the stable supply， efficient utilization and long-term sustainable development of the food system in China， one food system framework is constructed from four-dimensional synergistic perspective， which encompasses structural rationalization， technological sophistication， policy service orientation， and governance ecologicalization. Sensitive factor indicators are identified through the PVAR model， and the development level of the food system is measured by using the ordered polygon area method. The dynamic evolution characteristics are analyzed using Markov chain analysis. The results show that the selected twelve development evaluation indicators for the grain system include： grain production structure， the comprehensive utilization rate of grain， the net import and export rate of grain， labor-saving technology， the degree of technological progress， the number of grain-related invention patents， government support intensity， insurance penetration rate， government investment scale， environmental regulation， carbon emission rate and the proportion of disaster-affected area12； From 2005 to 2021， the grain system has continued to grow with the differences between subsystems gradually widening， showing a clear “heterogeneity” characteristic； China’s grain system displays a “radiating” trend， with the Northeast and North China taking the lead in development， driving the overall improvement of the national grain system level， which forms a “dual-core” development pattern of the grain system centered on the Northeast and North China； In addition， the Markov chain results indicate that the current development state of the grain system is relatively stable with a clustering effect； The probability of maintaining the current development level is gradually decreasing， while the probability of evolving to a higher development level is increasing， which suggests the possibility of breakthrough development. It is recommended to optimize the integration of resources and factors， expand the spillover effect of advantageous regions， establish a multi-level grain system security and operation mechanism， and promote the sustainable development of the grain system.Keywords：grain system;four-way synergy;structural rationalization;technological sophistication;policy service-oriented;governance ecologicalization32|19|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To innovate the financial services and empower the high-quality transformation and sustainable development of food production， a theoretical framework is established to deconstruct the internal logic and mechanism of the impact of insurance and credit on the sustainable development of food production in the new era. Empirical tests are carried out using benchmark regression and mediation effect models based on the panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2010 to 2020 （The data do not include those of Xizang，Hong Kong， Macao and Taiwan regions. The same below）. The results show that： 1） Insurance and credit have the direct and interactive effects on promoting the sustainable development of food production， which match the supply-side high-quality behavioral needs of farmers in response to the transformation and upgrading of the consumer market； 2） Insurance and credit display the spatial heterogeneity characteristic of promoting the sustainable development of food production， and there is an matching imbalance issue between the supply and demand of insurance and credit for the sustainable development of food production in main production areas； 3） The results of mechanism test show that insurance and credit have the intermediary effect on promoting the sustainable development of food production through technological innovation， and the technological progress needs both the “escort” of insurance and the “live water breeding” of credit. Therefore， it is necessary to strengthen the innovation of insurance and credit tools required for the transformation and upgrading of food production and high-quality development， strengthen the scale effect of policy insurance and credit required for the sustainable behavior of food production in food functional zones， and build a system of insurance and credit adaptation and lits ong-term mechanism with the goal of sustainable technological change.Keywords：food production;sustainable development;insurance behavior;credit behavior;mechanism of action50|17|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to accurately quantify the resource and environmental pressure of animal husbandry in China， and reveal its spatio-temporal differentiation characteristics as well as its relationship with the output level of animal husbandry， this study adopts spatial autocorrelation and coupling coordination models to clarify the evolution characteristics of the spatial autocorrelation and the coupling coordination relationship with animal husbandry output level from the perspective of time and space. The findings show that： 1） The resource and environmental pressure on animal husbandry in China exhibits a fluctuating growth trend， with the majority of provinces experiencing pressure. Regions such as Hebei， Jilin， Shandong， Henan， and Hunan face high pressure， whereas Heilongjiang， Anhui， and Hubei experience moderate pressure in 2022. 2） The spatial agglomeration characteristics of resource and environmental pressure on animal husbandry are gradually strengthening. High-high agglomeration is observed in key production areas such as Hebei， Liaoning， Henan， Hubei， and Hunan， while low-high agglomeration is present in regions such as Inner Mongolia， Heilongjiang， and Sichuan. Additionally， Anhui and Shandong exhibit high-low agglomeration. 3） The coupling degree between resource and environmental pressure on animal husbandry and the output level of livestock industry is on the rise， with most areas experiencing an increase in coupling degree. However， Hebei， Shandong and Henan show a decreasing coupling degree. Furthermore， the coupling coordination degree in most areas remains at a generally coordinated stage in the long term. Based on the above findings， it is recommended to strengthen the management of water， soil， grass and grain resources in animal husbandry to enhance resource utilization efficiency. Facilitating the recycling and utilization of animal husbandry waste resources and promoting the application of carbon reduction technologies will foster the stable and sustainable development of animal husbandry in harmony with the resource environment.Keywords：animal husbandry;resource and environmental pressure;spatial-temporal evolution analysis;output level;spatial autocorrelation;coupling coordination relationship31|16|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To promote the standardization of farmland transfer， based on the China Land Economic Survey （CLES） 2021 data， this study employs a counterfactual analysis method using the endogenous switching Probit model to empirically analyze the impact and mechanisms of digital financial use on farmers' farmland transfer behavior. The results indicate that： 1） The digital finance use primarily affects the land transfer behavior through two paths， which are increasing the probability of farmers obtaining agricultural production loans and increasing the probability of non-agricultural employment among farmers. 2） The impact varies among households with different ages， land scales， income levels and household types. 3） The digital finance use significantly increases the scale of land transfer， and promotes both land inflow and outflow behaviors. Simultaneously， the digital inclusive finance also positively significantly affects farmers' land transfer behavior. Therefore， to facilitate the orderly progress of land transfer， strategies such as encouraging farmers’ willingness to use digital finance and enhancing their ability to do so， along with providing targeted guidance for promoting farmers willing to engage in non-agricultural employment and obtain production loans are put forward in this study.Keywords：digital finance use;farmland transfer;endogenous switching Probit model;counterfactual analysis;average treatment effect37|19|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
