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- Abstract：In order to explore the key factors affecting the spatial layout of Soil Organic Carbon Density （SOCD） in cultivated land， based on the “China High Resolution National Soil Information Grid Basic Attribute Dataset （2010-2018）”， taking agricultural area as the research unit， hierarchical regression model and spatial regression model were established to analyze the relationship between hydrothermal condition， vegetation， fertilization and straw returning and SOCD of cultivated land. The results show that： 1） The distribution of SOCD in cultivated land showed great differences among all agricultural regions in China. The paddy field SOCD in desendding order is Northeast， South China， the Middle and Lower reaches of the Yangtze River， Southwest， Huang-Huai-Hai， Gan-Xin and Loess Plateau region. The SOCD of dry farm in descending is Northeast， South China， Southwest， the Middle and Lower reaches of the Yangtze River， Gan-Xin， Loess Plateau and Huang-Huai-Hai region. The highest values were observed in the Northeast region （paddy field 7.60±2.39， dry farm 6.58±2.75）， while the lower values were observed in the Gan-Xin， Loess Plateau， and Huang-Huai-Hai region （paddy field 3.08±1.29，3.09±0.38， and 3.15±0.43， respectively， while dry farm 3.24±1.27， 3.11±0.97， and 2.78±0.36， respectively）. 2） According to the results of Hierarchical Model Ⅰ， natural factors play a dominant role in the spatial difference of soil organic carbon density of cultivated land in most agricultural regions （R2 >0.5）， and the interpretation level of the spatial difference of SOCD in all agricultural regions increased to different degrees with the addition of human factors in the hierarchical regression model II， among which the Huang-Huai-Hai region was the most significant （△ R2=0.152， P=0.001<0.01）. 3） Through the model parameter test， the linear regression model was adopted in the Middle and Lower reaches of the Yangtze River， the spatial error model was adopted in the Northeast region， and the spatial lag model was adopted in other regions. 4） There are both commonality and difference in the influence mechanism of SOCD in different agricultural regions. The altitude （X5） and straw returning area （Z7） have positive effects on SOCD in all agricultural regions （corresponding coefficients of X5 ， Z7 in all regions are > 0）. The effects of hydrothermal and vegetation conditions， soil erosion， fertilizer application， irrigation， agricultural machinery use and grain yield on SOCD of cultivated land in different agricultural regions were different. To sum up， the spatial distribution of SOCD in cultivated land varies greatly across the country， and the factors affecting SOCD of cultivated land in different agricultural regions are different. Soil organic carbon sequestration strategies for cultivated land should be adopted according to the climate and land use conditions of different agricultural regions. Soil amendments such as biochar should be used in the Middle and Lower reaches of the Yangtze River， South China and Southwest China， and precise proportional fertilization should be promoted； soil amendments and conservation tillage techniques should be adopted in the Northeast region， and precise proportional fertilization and irrigation should be promoted in the Huang-Huai-Hai region and the Loess Plateau region. In addition， all agricultural regions in the country are encouraged to implement straw returning to the field and continuously improve the method of straw returning to the field to promote soil health and sustainable agricultural development.Keywords：cultivated soil organic carbon density;hierarchical regression model;spatial regression model;influencing factors;policy suggestions on agricultural producing management202|39|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To clarify the effects of chemical reaction factors on the lignin catalytic reductive conversion into liquid fuels， 56 articles published from 2008 to 2024 were retrieved based on Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure by using both Chinese and English “lignin”， “liquid fuels”， and “hydrodeoxygenation” as keywords. The key factors influencing the efficient catalytic conversion of lignin to liquid fuels are summarized. The results indicate that：1） Lignin is the only renewable resource containing benzene rings in nature， it has great potential in the preparation of high value-added liquid fuels. However， there are challenges currently exist in the catalytic conversion of lignin to liquid fuels， such as lignin is chemically stable and hard to be break bonds with complex and heterogeneous intrinsic structure. The intermediate products tend to condense under severe reaction conditions （e.g.， high temperature， acidity， and high pressure）， resulting in the formation of the recalcitrant macromolecules. The complexities of the obtained products come from the conversion of lignin， and they are difficult to be utilized directly. 2） It is concluded that the homogeneous catalyst has a good catalytic effect on catalytic conversion of lignin， but its difficult in recovery limits its industrial application. 3） The heterogeneous catalyst has a good advantage in the preparation of liquid fuel by catalytic reductive conversion of lignin due to its easy recovery， high catalytic activity， and high product selectivity. 4） The other reaction process factors such as solvent， lignin structure， lignin purity， and the amount of catalyst added affect the efficient catalytic reductive conversion of lignin to prepare liquid fuel. Looking into the future， this study proposes that the development of novel biomass pretreatment processes and the construction of cost-effective transition-metal acid of bifunctional catalysts will be key research priorities in this field.Keywords：lignin;liquid fuels;hydrodeoxygenation;bifunctional catalysts112|25|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to investigate the appropriate population plant type and the DPC manage strategy of cotton directly sown after wheat harvest for lint yield above 1 500 kg/hm2， ‘CCRI 425’ was taken as the experimental material in Yangzhou University experimental farm from 2020 to 2021. Three DPC levels， 0 （A1）， 180 （A2） and 360 （A3） g/hm2 were set， and two DPC application stages were designed， which were at both peak squaring and early flowering stage （the ratio of dosage was 1∶2， B1） and at peak squaring， early flowering and peak flowering stage （the ratio of dosage was 1∶2∶3， B2）， respectively. DPC level of 120 g/hm2 applied at early flowering was used as CK. The plant height， main stem internodes， fruit branch internodes， fruit branch orientation value， leaf angle and nodes to branches ratio were measured， and their correlations with lint yield were analyzed. The results showed that： DPC manage strategy significantly affected the plant type， boll formation and yield of cotton directly sown after wheat harvest （P<0.05）. Compared to CK， the plant height， main stem internodes and fruit branch internodes were significantly lower those in A2B1 and A2B2， whereas fruit branch orientation value， leaf angle and nodes to branches ratio were significantly higher （P<0.05）. The lint yield of A2B1 was 1 628.04 and 2 085.02 kg/hm2 in 2020 and 2021， respectively， which increased 4.9% and 14.1% compared with CK （P<0.05）. The lint yield of A2B2 in both years was 1 553.97 and 1 999.97 kg/hm2， respectively， which increased 6.4% and 11.0% compared with CK （P<0.05）. In conclusion， with DPC at 180 g/hm2 applied at both full squaring and early flowering stage or at full square， early flowering and peak flowering stage for cotton directly sown after wheat harvest， the plant height could be kept at 60.63 to 77.80 cm， the internode length of main stem was at 4.2 to 6.0 cm， the internode length of fruit node was at 3.9 to 6.3 cm， the fruit branch orientation value was at 36.4 to 40.8， the leaf angle was at 45.0 to 46.7， and the ratio of fruiting nodes and fruiting branch was at 3.1 to 3.6. It is beneficial for cotton directly sown after wheat harvest in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River cotton area to achieve concentrated boll formation， to be easy for mechanical harvesting， and to obtain high yields.Keywords：direct seeded cotton after wheat harvest;yield;concentrated boll retention;plant type82|19|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To explore the biological function of VvWRKY53， the VvWRKY53 gene containing a coding sequence （CDS） of 453 bp was cloned by RT-PCR from the cDNA of ‘Thompson seedless’. The molecular characteristics of the VvWRKY53 gene and its encoded protein were analyzed using bioinformatics tools. The subcellular localization of candidate protein was determined by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. The expression patterns of the VvWRKY53 gene after spraying with four hormones： salicylic acid （SA）， abscisic acid （ABA）， methyl jasmonate （MeJA）， and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid （ACC）； two elicitors： chitin and flg22， and after inoculation with Lasiodiplodia theobromae were detected using quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR）. The transcriptional activation or inhibitory activity of VvWRKY53 was determined by yeast system. The results showed that： The molecular weight of the VvWRKY53 protein is 18.1 ku， which has a theoretical isoelectric point （pI） of 9.67. The VvWRKY53 protein is located in the nucleus of Nicotiana benthamiana. The phylogenetic tree analysis indicates that VvWRKY53 has high similarity to AtWRKY45 and AtWRKY75 proteins. The results of qRT-PCR reveal that the relative expression level of VvWRKY53 changed after spraying SA， MeJA and ACC on ‘seedless white’ grape leaves. The relative expression level of VvWRKY53 gene is gradually increased after ABA treatment. Both chitin and flg22 can rapidly induce the expression of the gene. The relative expression of VvWRKY53 gene continued to be up-regulated after inoculation of ‘summer black’ semi-woody branches with Lasiodiplodia theobromae. It is confirmed that VvWRKY53 has transcriptional activation activity in yeast. The results indicate that the transcription factor VvWRKY53 may play an important role in the process of Lasiodiplodia theobromae infection.Keywords：grapevine;Lasiodiplodia theobromae;WRKY transcription factor;bioinformatics analysis;gene expression73|27|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to investigate the vitrification phenomenon and physiological characteristics of strawberry test-tube seedlings， eight test-tube seedling varieties， ‘Benihoppe’， ‘Yuexiu’， ‘Red Pearl’， ‘Ssanta’， ‘Light Spot’， ‘Snow White’， ‘Miaoxiang’ and ‘Akihime’ were taken as test materials to analyze the vitrification difference of different varieties of strawberry test-tube seedlings. By measuring the moisture content， relative content of chlorophyll， relative conductivity， malondialdehyde content and oxidase activity of the vitrification test tube seedling of ‘Benihoppe’ strawberry， the physiological characteristics of the vitrification test tube seedling were further analyzed. In addition， the effects of content and treatment time of HgCl2 on the vitrification of test-tube seedlings and the differences of physiological traits of test-tube seedlings with different degrees of vitrification after acclimation and transplanting were investigated after domestication and transplanting. The results showed that： 1） Different strawberry varieties have different vitrification rates. Among these， the ‘Snow White’ strawberry had the highest vitrification rate of 31.0%， while the ‘Ssanta’ strawberry had the lowest vitrification rate of 14.0%. 2） The water content， relative electrical conductivity and malondialdehyde content of vitrification strawberry test-tube seedlings were significantly higher than those of normal strawberry test-tube seedlings， while the plant height and chlorophyll content were significantly lower than those of normal strawberry test-tube seedlings（P<0.05）. 3） The induction catalase （CAT） activity of vitrification strawberry tube seedlings decreased significantly， and the activity of peroxidase （POD） increased significantly（P<0.05）. 4） The higher the content of HgCl2， the longer the disinfection time， and the higher the vitrification rate. After treatment with 0.5% HgCl2 for 16 min， the vitrification rate of ‘Benihoppe’ strawberry reached 38.2%. 5） After the domestication and transplanting of severe vitrification strawberry test tube seedlings， the plant height， relative chlorophyll content， thick stem， dry and fresh weight were significantly lower than those of normal strawberry root seedlings（P<0.05）. In conclusion， the vitrification of strawberry test tube seedlings may be an oxidative stress reaction.Keywords：strawberry;vitrification phenomenon;strawberry tube seedlings;physiological property57|20|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to evaluate the quality of persimmon fruit more systematically， a total of 32 quality indexes of appearance， inner and sensory quality were systematically studied using of 9 varieties of representative non-astringent persimmon and 6 varieties of representative astringent persimmon. The fruit quality of different persimmon germplasm resources was compared and evaluated by diversity analysis， correlation analysis， systematic clustering and principal component analysis. The results showed that： The variation coefficients of 32 quality indexes of 15 accessions were 12.80%‑180.35%， the variation coefficients of a*， total polyphenols， insoluble tannins， glucose， sucrose， pectin and texture quality indexes were all above 50%. The 15 accessions could be divided into 2 groups by systematic cluster analysis， among which， 9 persimmon germplasm resources were clustered into one group， 6 astringent persimmon germplasm resources were clustered into one group， the results showed that there was significant difference between sweet and astringent persimmon fruit quality （P<0.01） . A total of 7 main components were extracted by principal component analysis （PCA）， including insoluble tannin， soluble pectin， glucose， total polyphenols， fructose， peel toughness and texture. The cumulative contribution of variance was 91.92% can reflect most of the information of 32 indicators. This study can provide a theoretical basis for developing and utilizing persimmon fruit resources.Keywords：persimmon;fruit quality;correlation analysis;principal component analysis65|24|8<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to further explore the role of members of the PIP2 subfamily of aquaporins in anther development and dehiscence， lily anthers were taken as experimental materials. The LoPIP2；6 gene was obtained from lily anthers using homologous cloning method. Protein structure and evolutionary tree analysis were conducted using DNAMAN and MEGA software. Subcellular localization was detected using tobacco transient expression， and gene expression was detected using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. The results were as follows： The open reading frame of LoPIP2；6 gene contained 849 bp encoding 282 amino acids. The LoPIP2；6 was a hydrophobic protein that contained 6 typical transmembrane helical domains and 2 NPA motifs. LoPIP2；6 protein had closer relationship with Phalaenopsis equestris and Dendrobium catenatum， and the protein was localized to the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. The LoPIP2；6 gene displayed the highest expression level at the tetrad stage， followed by the independent microspore stage. It was speculated that LoPIP2；6 might play a role in the cell growth during the early stage of anther development， as well as in the water transfer of anther connective tissue and crack zone cells during the late stage. In conclusion， this study provides a theoretical reference for further exploring the regulation of lily anther development and dehiscence by aquaporins.Keywords：lily;anther;LoPIP2;6;gene expression51|18|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To explore the effect of ethylene on bulbil formation of Lilium lancifolium， the stem segment of Lilium lancifolium was treated with different concentrations of ethephon （ETH） and ethylene signal transduction inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene （1-MCP）. The phenotypic statistics， physiological index determination and downstream gene expression analysis were carried out. The ethylene responsive factor LlERF12 that may be involved in the regulation of bulbil formation was screened by using transcriptome data of L. lancifolium bulbil formation process. Bioinformatics software was used to analyze and predict its biochemical characteristics. The expression of LlERF12 gene in different periods，different tissues， different lily varieties and different concentrations of ETH and 1-MCP treatment was detected by real-time fluorescence quantification. Finally， the role of LIERF12 in the process of bulbil formation of L. lancifolium was verified by VIGS technology. The results showed that： 1） The development process of L. lancifolium bulbils was divided into four periods， which were S0， S1， S2， and S3； 2） 1-MCP treatment increased the glucose content in leaf axils and promoted the number of bulbils by promoting the expression of axillary bud marker gene LISTM （SHOOTMERISTEMLESS）， while ETH treatment reduced the number of bulbils by inhibiting the expression of LISTM. 3） The expression level of LIERF12 was higher in the period of bulbil preparation， and the expression level of LIERF12 in lily varieties with natural bulbils was significantly higher than in other lily varieties. 4） ETH treatment significantly inhibited the expression of LIERF12， while 1-MCP treatment was the opposite. 5） Silencing the LIERF12 gene resulted in a decrease in the expression of LISTM， which further inhibited the number of bulbils of L. lancifolium， demonstrating the positive regulatory role of LlERF12 in the process of bulbil formation. In summary， LIERF12 promotes the accumulation of glucose in leaf axils and affects the expression of the downstream axillary bud marker gene LISTM by responding to ethylene signal transduction， thereby regulating the formation of bulbils of L. lancifolium.Keywords：Lilium lancifolium;bulbil formation;LIERF12;ethylene;gene silencing43|16|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to further screen for the key lncRNAs and mRNAs of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells induced differentiation into chondrocytes， equine BMSCs were selected as the research object， and whole transcriptome sequencing of cells were carried out at three different induced differentiation stages into chondrocyte. And then lncRNAs and mRNAs with important functions in the differentiation of BMSCs into chondrocytes were screened out. At the same time， mRNAs， lncRNAs and their target genes were verified， and then the regulatory network of lncRNAs in the differentiation of BMSCs into chondrocytes were constructed. The results showed that： 1） Equine BMSCs line was established in vitro and the cells were successfully induced and differentiated into chondrocytes. 2） A total of 3 592 lncRNAs were identified by high-throughput transcriptome sequencing of BMSCs at different differentiation stages， including 250 differentially high expression lncRNAs and 116 differentially low expression lncRNAs， 280 differentially high expression mRNAs， and 105 differentially low expression mRNAs. 3） Five potential candidate factors regulating the differentiation of horse BMSCs into chondrocytes were screened and validated， including lnc-cpm， lnc-traf3， lnc-22173， lnc-acvr2a， lnc-pde4d， as well as nine corresponding target genes MDM2， TRAF3， USP25， ACVR2A， PDE4D， as well as BCL2， WAF1， SIRT1， NRF2. 4） A differentially expressed lncRNA-mRNA interaction regulatory network was constructed， which was mainly enriched in following signaling pathway， including Wnt， p53， MAPK and NF-κb. To sum up， in this study， differential genes were successfully screened out during the equine BMSCs into chondrocytes through whole transcriptome sequencing and analysis， which will lay a necessary foundation for further revealing the interaction mechanism between lncRNAs and mRNAs during chondrocyte differentiation， and provide a scientific basis for BMSCs been used in cell therapy for cartilage repair.Keywords：horse;BMSCs;induced differentiation;chondrocyte;lncRNA46|16|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To identify the species of cysticercus derived from Ochotona curzoniae in Qinghai Province， the cysticercus samples were observed under a somatic microscopy， the mitochondrial COI gene sequences of cysticercus samples were amplified and sequenced， and the amplified products were compared. At the same time， the phylogeny and differentiation time of the sequenced COI genes were analyzed by Iqtree， BEAST v2.6.2 and other software. The results showed as follows： 1） The morphological characteristics of the cysticercus were similar to those of Taeniidae cysticercus in the family Ceratopsidae. 2） The sequencing results showed that the sequence was homologous to the gene sequence of Taenia caixuepengi in GenBank （MT882036）， with a sequence similarity of 98.52%， indicating that the cysticercus belongs to Taenia caixuepngi. 3） The phylogenetic tree showed that T. pisiformis was closely related to T. pisiformis， forming small branches between the two. 4） The differentiation time analysis showed that T. caixuepengi and T. pisiformis differentiated at around 5.79Mya （95% confidence interval， 3.15-6.87 Mya） with a bootstrap value of 100%. In conclusion， the cysticercus derived from O. curzoniae in Qinghai Province was identified as T. caixuepengi. Phylogenetic analysis and differentiation time analysis using the mitochondrial COI gene of this cysticercus showed that this cysticercus was more closely related to T. pisiformis. In this study， the identification and genetic evolution analysis were performed to provide theoretical basis for the classification， identification and molecular epidemiological investigation of T. caixuepengi in Qinghai province.Keywords：Ochotona curzoniae;Taenia caixuepengi;molecular identification;phylogeny42|19|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：The study was to analyze the dynamic changes of liver macrophage polarization in mice during Clonorchis sinensis infection. In this study， HE staining was used to detect the changes of liver pathology and inflammatory infiltration at different stages of infection， and flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of M1/M2 liver macrophages at different stages of infection. Subsequently， mRNA levels of M1-related markers iNOS， CD86 and IL-1β and M2 related markers Arg1， CD206 and Ym1 were detected by qRT-PCR at different stages of infection. The secretion levels of macrophage-related pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β， and anti-inflammatory factors TGF-β1 and IL-10 were detected by ELISA. Finally， to comprehensively analyze the dynamic changes of M1/M2 liver macrophage polarization in mice during Clonorchis sinensis infection. The results demonstrated that： 1） Following infection with Clonorchis sinensis， the HE staining results of the mice liver exhibited a gradual transformation of cells from a normal morphology to fibrosis. Additionally， the inflammatory infiltration was more pronounced during the initial 1-2 weeks of infection， subsequently declining during the subsequent 6-10 weeks. 2） The results of flow cytometry demonstrated a notable increase in the proportion of M1-type hepatic macrophages relative to M2-type hepatic macrophages during the initial 1-2 week period of infection （P<0.01）. Conversely， the proportion of M2-type hepatic macrophages exhibited a significant rise in comparison to M1-type hepatic macrophages during the subsequent 3-10 week phase of infection （P<0.01）. 3） The results of qRT-PCR revealed a notable increase in the levels of M1-type markers， including iNOS， CD86， and IL-1β mRNA， during the initial 1-4 weeks of infection. This was followed by a decline and subsequent rise in these levels during the subsequent 6-10 weeks （P<0.01）. In contrast， the levels of M2-type markers， such as Arg1， CD206， and Ym1 mRNA， exhibited a gradual increase throughout the 1~10 weeks of infection. 4） ELISA results indicated that the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β tended to increase significantly and then decrease at 1-4 weeks of infection， and increased significantly at 6~10 weeks of infection （P<0.01）. The levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β1 and IL-10 exhibited a gradual increase over the course of 1-10 weeks of infection. In conclusion， M1-type macrophages were found to be elevated and predominant during the early stages of infection， while M2-type macrophages were elevated and predominant during the middle and late stages of infection. Additionally， the polarization ratio of M1-type and M2-type macrophages shifted during the egg-production stage. This study provides insights into the potential for better control of clonorchiasis by analyzing the dynamics of hepatic macrophage polarization.Keywords：Clonorchis sinensis;liver macrophage;polarization dynamic analysis;polarization marker;polarization-related cytokines58|23|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：This study aimed to explore the effect of CO2 anesthesia as a humane slaughtering method on the physiological stress and meat quality of grass carp. Three anesthetic factors including CO2 anesthesia concentration， anesthesia time， and anesthesia temperature were set to treat grass carp， and serum biochemical indexes， rigor index， whiteness， and water holding capacity were measured. Additionally， the effects of CO2 treatment on the quality of grass carp muscle during storage was explored， taking traditional stunning methods as a control. The results showed that：1） Different factors had varying impact on the stress level and meat quality of grass carp. According to the measurement results and actual production needs of the factory， the optimal settings were determined to be a CO2 concentration of （650±50） mg/L， anesthesia time of 70 minutes， and water temperature of 4 °C. These settings resulted in reduced stress levels for the grass carp and improved fish meat quality.2） During storage， compared with the stunning group， CO2 treatment significantly delayed in rigor onset and resolution， and further delayed the decomposition of IMP and the formation of Hx， better ensuring the freshness of the fish meat. In summary， under appropriate parameters， CO2 treatment is an effective and humane method of slaughtering grass carp， which can reduce stress response and improve the quality of fish meat compared to traditional stunning methods. This study provides new theoretical support and research ideas for the application of CO2 technology in the aquatic processing industry， with significant implications for the development of slaughter technology to enhance the quality of freshwater fish， protect fish welfare， and advance processing and production practices.Keywords：grass carp;CO2 anesthesia;stress;storage quality;ATP-related compounds38|34|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：The study focuses on the severe heat stress of dairy cows in natural ventilation cowshed in summer in southern China. Using on-site measurements and computational fluid dynamics （CFD） research methods， a comparative analysis was conducted on the the wind speed field and THI field in a natural ventilation cowshed before and after the addition of the spray device under three different external wind directions， wind speeds， temperature and humidity conditions in a natural ventilation cowshed in southern China. The results showed that： 1）The relative error range of each measuring point in the temperature field was 0.04% - 1.36%， with an average relative error of 0.43%. The relative error range of each measuring point in the relative humidity field was 0.00 - 7.43%， with an average relative error was 2.22%. After removing the abnormal values， the relative error range of each measuring point in the air flow field was 0.05% - 83.68%， with an average relative error of 38.44%. 2） Numerical simulation showed that the high wind speed area was mainly concentrated in the feeding aisle and the edge of the cowshed， ranging from 1.4 to 3.0 m/s. The low wind speed area was mainly concentrated in the cow activity area on the east side of the cowshed， with nearly half of the cows having wind speed below 0.4 m/s. The influence of different wind directions on the edge of the cowshed was different. Under northeast and south wind conditions， there was a high wind speed area in the east of the cowshed， while under northwest wind conditions， the airflow field at the edge of the cowshed was relatively uniform. 3） After adding a sprinkler system， different external climates can lead to different effects of spraying. When the temperature and humidity were moderate and the wind speed was relatively small， the addition of the spray device will increase the temperature and humidity index by 0.23， which was significant（P<0.05） and exacerbates the heat stress of dairy cows. When the wind speed was high， high temperature and low humidity， the addition of the spray device will decrease the temperature and humidity index by 0.97， and the difference was significant（P<0.05）. When the wind speed was high， low temperature and high humidity， the addition of the spray device will decrease the temperature and humidity index by 0.19， and the difference was not significant（P>0.05）. In summary， this study simulated the changes in the thermal environment of the cow house and the improvement of the heat stress of the cows in the house by adding the spray device in three different external environments. The results can provide a basis for the design of naturally ventilated dairy cowshed and the regulation of the thermal environment in the dairy cowshed.Keywords：CFD;natural ventilation;dairy cowshed;spraying device;temperature and humidity index31|25|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to optimize the light and temperature environments in the greenhouse of tomato planted in east-west ridges， a comparative experiment was conducted in the Fangshan， Beijing. The fixed row spacing was taken as the control to investigate the effects of the application of the row spacing adjustment apparatus on the light distribution in the canopy and the temperature environment inside the greenhouse of tomato grown in east-west double rows. The spacing between rows on the ridge in fixed spacing mode is 40 cm and the spacing between rows on the ridge after dynamic spacing adjustment is 80 cm. In both modes， the spacing between rows in the center of the ridge in both modes are 180 cm. The results indicated that： 1） The row spacing adjustment apparatus effectively enhanced the light interception in tomato canopies by enlarging the space between rows on the ridge， and the test area had a higher average light intensity than the control area. Two-thirds of the height of the canopy in test area was significantly higher than the control area during the afternoon hours （P<0.05）.2） The increase of spacing between rows on the ridge reduced the coefficient of variation of light distribution by 14.4%-26.0%， which significantly improved the uniformity of light distribution in the greenhouse （P<0.05） . 3） Application of row spacing adjustment apparatus led to a significant increase in the temperature of the back wall， and the temperature of the back wall in the tested area was more than 3 ℃ higher than that in the control area from 2：00 to 11：00. Meanwhile， the temperature of the ground in the test area at night was maintained at a higher level， which was about 0.5 ℃ higher than that of the control area. 4） Application of row spacing adjustment apparatus maintained the temperatures of the middle and south sides of the tomato canopy in the third row at a higher level at night， with the night temperature of the test area of the canopy was 0.5 to 0.7 ℃ higher than that in the control area. In general， the application of the row spacing adjustment mechanism can effectively improve the light and temperature environment in the solar greenhouse. This study demonstrated that the row spacing adjustment apparatus can be applied in the east-west cultivation of mechanized solar greenhouse.Keywords：row spacing adjustment apparatus;east-west ridge;cultivation method;light and temperature environment;tomato44|27|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To achieve rapid and accurate diagnosis and recognition of three major nutrient element deficiency types in rice，one late rice variety“Huanghuazan”was selected as the research object for field cultivation trials. Different treatments are set as follows： Four nitrogen application levels are N0 （0 kg/hm2）， N1 （130 kg/hm2）， N2 （260 kg/hm2） and N3 （390 kg/hm2）； Four phosphorus application levels are P0（0 kg/hm2）， P1（300 kg/hm2）， P2（600 kg/hm2）， P3 （780 kg/hm²）； Four potassium application levels are K0 （0 kg/hm²）， K1 （90 kg/hm2）， K2 （180 kg/hm2） and K3 （270 kg/hm2）. During the tillering and jointing stages of rice growth， the high-resolution image data of the top three fully expanded leaves from each tiller were scanned， and after generative adversarial network （GAN） reconstruction of rice image with super-resolution， the data underwent normalization and expansion through image preprocessing； Additionally， attention mechanisms and soft thresholding functions were integrated into the residual block while preserving the backbone structure of residual neural network Resnet34； Furthermore， pre-trained weights obtained from the ImageNet dataset were transferred to the model with an improved residual structure. The results indicate that： The improvement of Resnet34 network yielded extraordinary results， exhibiting a remarkable accuracy of 98.98% and 98.10% within the severe fertilizer deficiency gradients during these pivotal growth phases. Resnet34 network demonstrated robustness in moderate deficiency scenarios， and achieved the accuracies of 97.99% and 95.90%， respectively. Regarding excessive fertilizer application， the Resnet34 model maintained a commendable performance and achieved accuracies of 91.87% and 88.49% across the respective gradients. Compared with the pre-improvement network， the three-element stress classification accuracy of the rice image test set at the tillering stage and jointing stage increased by 29.58% and 29.75%； The analysis of the confusion matrix indicated that the identification accuracy of nitrogen stress was superior， and the training curve demonstrated faster convergence speed. In conclusion， the model established in this study exhibits exceptional proficiency in diagnosing nutrient deficiency stress during the pivotal tillering and jointing stages of rice growth， and can accurately predict the rice nutritional status. This study provides a scientific reference for the nutritional diagnosis of nitrogen， phosphorus and potassium in rice.Keywords：rice;nitrogen， phosphorus and potassium nutritional diagnosis;Resnet34;attention mechanism;soft thresholding49|17|3<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to solve the problem of "white pollution" and realize the sustainable utilization of soil resources， the BioDegradable Mulch （BDM） could replace PolyEthylene （PE） plastic film in the north of Yinchuan City， Ningxia Province？ Two kinds of BDM （F and X）， common PE plastic film （PE） and non-mulching （CK） were set up in this area， and the field positioning experiment was carried out for 2 years. The comprehensive benefit and sensitivity of BDM were analyzed by using subjective weighting method （analytic hierarchy process）， supplemented by objective weighting method （entropy weight）， and combining with 9 indexes of three major benefits （economic benefit， technical benefit and ecological benefit）. The results show that the comprehensive benefit index of F is the highest， followed by X， followed by PE， and the lowest is CK. Among them， F and X are 38.72% and 6.48% higher than PE， and 122.65% and 70.91% higher than CK respectively. Sensitivity analysis shows that compared with PE， the biggest sensitive factors of BDM are tomato yield and plastic film decomposition rate. To sum up， it is feasible to popularize and apply BDM in the production of the Yellow River diversion Irrigation District in the north of Yinchuan City， Ningxia Province， and BDM can be used instead of ordinary PE film.Keywords：AHP-entropy weight;BDM;comprehensive benefit;sensitivity analysis;field trial50|19|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To explore the influence of digital meteorological information service on rice farmers climate adaptive behavior and its mechanism， under the construction technology acceptance model-plan behavior theory （TAM-TPB）， based on the integration framework of 713 rice farmers in Hubei province， the impact of digital meteorological information service on the rice farmers climate adaptive behavior are analyzed by using the OLS model， mediation effect model， multivariate Probit model. The results show that： 1） The digital meteorological information service has a significant positive impact on the climate adaptive behavior of rice farmers； both perceived availability and perceived ease of use positively affect the climate adaptive behavior of rice farmers.2） The perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use promote the climate adaptive behavior of rice farmers through the mediation role of behavior attitude and perceived behavior control， respectively. 3） The influence of digital meteorological information service on the climate adaptive behavior of rice farmers has differences in resource endowment. 4） The digital meteorological information service is conducive to activating climate adaptive behaviors such as adjusting agricultural time， adjusting varieties and purchasing agricultural insurance. Hence， the government should expedite the development of digital meteorological information services to enhance rice farmers' risk perception and guide them to adopt climate-adaptive behaviors.Keywords：digital meteorological information services;rice farmers’ climate adaptation behavior;climate change;TAM;TPB38|23|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：The purpose of this study is to evaluate the sustainability of human-earth system in the typical sandy areas of agro-pastoral transitional zone， and provide scientific basis for sustainable management of sandy areas. Wushen Banner in the Mu Us Sandy Land， Zhenglan Banner in the Otindag Sandy Land， and the Naiman Banner in the Horqin Sandy Land in the Inner Mongolia are selected as the study areas. An evaluation index system including 23 specific indicators in three aspects of economic development， social progress and ecological environment are constructed. The results indicated that： 1） The comprehensive sustainability level of human-earth system in Wushen Banner was the highest. In 2021， the comprehensive sustainability of Wushen Banner was grade II good level （0.58）， while both Naiman Banner and Zhenglan Banner were grade III general level （0.31， 0.30）. 2） From 2015 to 2021. The regional sustainability exhibited an increasing trend， and the sustainability of both Wushen Banner and Zhenglan Banner increased faster. The comprehensive sustainability in Wushen Banner in the same period increased from grade III general level to grade II good level， and it was increased from grade IV poor level to grade III general level in Zhenglan Banner and was stable at the grade III general level in Naiman Banner. The comprehensive sustainability index in the three areas increased by 48.72%， 47.62% and 20%， respectively. 3） In the three regions， the ecological environment dimension contributes the most to the sustainability improvement of the human-earth system. The ecological environment indexes of Wushen Banner， Zhenglan Banner and Naiman Banner increased by 58.3%， 78.3% and 32.4%， respectively. The social progress index increased by 14.3% to 23.1%. Only the economic development index of Wushen Banner increased. In conclusion， the sustainability improvement of human-earth system in sandy areas is closely related to the ecological environment protection and management of the ecological environment in the region. However， only the comprehensive sustainability of Wushen Banner from 2018 to 2021 is at a good level of level II， the comprehensive sustainability of Naiman Banner and Zhenglan Banner from 2015 to 2021 and Wushen Banner from 2015 to 2017 are at a general level of level III. The sustainable development of the sandy areas in the agro-pasturage ecotone is facing challenges. It is suggested the adjustment and management should be carried out according to the development characteristics of the sandy areas.Keywords：land desertification;sustainability assessment;entire-array-polygon indictor method;agro-pastoral transitional zone;human-earth system48|27|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to comprehensively analyze the existing research results and explore the economic benefits of different rice field comprehensive planting and breeding models， based on the databases of China Knowledge Network， Wanfang and Web of science， 81 documents were obtained by searching and screening with keywords of integrated rice-farming model and economic benefits， and meta-analysis was applied to statistically analyse the economic benefits of the integrated rice-farming model and its influencing factors. The research results indicate that： 1） Compared with the rice monoculture model， the economic benefits of the rice field comprehensive planting and breeding model are significantly improved. Among different types of rice field comprehensive planting and breeding models， the rice duck model and the rice fish model have higher economic benefits. 2） The economic benefits of the integrated rice farming model vary at different time stages and geographical regions. 3） Natural environmental and socio-economic factors will have a significant impact on the economic benefits of the integrated rice farming model， and the different experimental characteristics will also affect the research results of the economic benefits of the integrated rice farming model. Based on this， this study proposes the targeted policy recommendations to provide useful references for policy makers and agricultural promoters and promote the widespread application of comprehensive rice cultivation models in China.Keywords：integrated rice field planting and breeding model;economic benefits;influencing factors;heterogeneity analysis;regression analysis42|23|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To explore the impact mechanism of industrial agglomeration on carbon emissions in China’s animal husbandry industry， based on the panel data of 31 provinces （municipalities and autonomous regions） from 2007 to 2021（The data do not include those of Hong Kong， Macao and Taiwan regions. The same below）， the carbon emission status of animal husbandry in China was estimated by carbon emission factors. The local and spatial spillover effects of industrial agglomeration on animal husbandry carbon emissions were discussed by using a spatial econometric model. The results showed as follows： 1） During the study period， the carbon emissions of animal husbandry in China showed a decreasing trend. In 2021， the carbon emissions gradient of animal husbandry in different provinces showed a significant difference， and the overall distribution pattern was ‘high in the west and low in the east’； 2） Industrial agglomeration may indeed become a ‘resistance’ to carbon emission reduction in animal husbandry in the short term， but in the long run it will "assistance" carbon emission reduction in animal husbandry； 3） The ‘local-neighboring’ carbon emission control effect of industrial agglomeration presents a non-consistent feature. Industrial agglomeration is not necessarily able to inhibit the carbon emission of local animal husbandry， which is mainly manifested as a threshold feature of ‘rising first and then suppressing’. The existence of industrial transfer and ‘magnetic field effect’ makes industrial agglomeration show a U-shaped effect on carbon emission control of neighboring animal husbandry. 4） The level of environmental regulation and the density of scientific and technological personnel inhibit carbon emissions from local animal husbandry. However， due to the effect of ‘pollution refuge’ and the loss of scientific and technological personnel， the joint emission reduction effect of ‘local and neighboring’ is weakened， resulting in an increase in carbon emissions from neighboring animal husbandry instead of decreasing. The ‘dividend’ brought by the increase in farmers’ income level and financial input to support agriculture will further attract the transfer of livestock industry in neighboring areas， increase carbon emissions from local animal husbandry and alleviate carbon emissions from neighboring animal husbandry.Keywords：industrial agglomeration;carbon emissions;dynamic evolution;spatial spillover effect;animal husbandry27|17|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To explore the typical characteristics of the spatial and temporal evolution of the ecological environment quality in typical arid zone areas， and to analyze the driving mechanism of the ecological environment evolution in this region， the study takes the four sources and one trunk of the Tarim River （the Aksu River， the Yarkant River， the Kaidu-Peacock River， the Hoten River and the mainstem of the Tarim River） as the research object， and uses the RSEI （Remote Sensing Ecological Index， RSEI） model as basic methods. Google Earth Engine platform （GEE） is used as the carrier to carry out a comprehensive assessment of the ecological quality of the ‘Four sources and one stem’ area from 2000 to 2020 by using the RSEI model. The geographical detectors model is adopted to explore the driving mechanisms of key control factors such as temperature， precipitation， light， and population. The results show that： 1） From 2000 to 2020， the ecological quality of the ‘Four sources and one stem’ region generally shows a fluctuating and slowly increasing trend， and the spatial distribution shows a distribution pattern of high in the west and low in the east， and the areas with significant improvement in the ecological environment are centered in the mainstream of the Tarim River. 2） The results of RSEI evaluation discovered that the area of the ecological environment quality poor and poorer grades in the ‘Four sources and one stem’ region are more than 50% all year round， which shows the typical characteristics of arid zones. The grades of ecological environment quality improvement are mainly concentrated in the areas of better and medium grades， which have more river tributaries， and the land use types are mostly cropland and forest land types are mostly arable land and forest land， with higher vegetation cover， high humidity， and better innate ecological environment local conditions. 3） The results of the geographical detector show that the average annual temperature and DEM are the natural factors that have the greatest influence on the ecological quality of the region. The overall influence of anthropogenic factors on the changes in the regional ecological quality is non-significant， and the changes in the ecological quality of the four sources and one dry region are more profoundly influenced by nature. This study can provide scientific support for the policy formulation of ecological environmental protection strategies and sustainable development planning in the typical arid zone.Keywords：arid zone;remote sensing;ecological environment quality;driving mechanism analysis;Tarim River basin28|22|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to better understand the cultivated land productivity and main obstacle factors in Hetao Plain of upper reaches of the Yellow River， and improve the quality of cultivated land and promote agricultural development， seven typical areas of Xidatan， Huinong， Xingqing， Helan， Nongken in Ningxia， Wuyuan and Hangjinhou in Inner Mongolia were taken as the study areas. From six dimensions of site conditions， profile characteristics， soil physical and chemical properties， soil salinization， nutrient status， soil management， the cultivated land productivity evaluation index system in Hetao Plain of upper reaches of the Yellow River was established. The cultivated land productivity evaluation was carried out by using the criteria importance through intercriteria correlation （CRITIC）， grey relation approximation combined with the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution （GRA-TOPSIS）， and the rank-sum ratio （RSR） method. The obstacle degree model was introduced for quantitative analysis of obstacle factors. The results showed as follows： 1） The comprehensive indexes of cultivated land productivity in the study areas ranged from 0.293 to 0.647. The comprehensive indexes of cultivated land productivity of the 7 typical areas were 0.476-0.627， 0.293-0468， 0.418-0.571， 0.365-0.501， 0.377-0.543， 0.414-0.578 and 0.428-0.647， respectively； 2） On the whole， the cultivated land productivity in the study areas were mostly at a moderate level. The total cultivated land area of grade 3 and grade 4 was 4 273.06 hm2， accounting for 75.16% of the total cultivated land area. The total cultivated land area of grade 1 and grade 6 was 229.08 hm2， accounting for only 4.03% of the total cultivated land area. From the perspective of each district， there were some differences in the cultivated land productivity in 7 typical areas. The cultivated land productivity of Xidatan typical area was the best， with an average productivity of 2.43. Huinong typical area had the lowest grade of cultivated land productivity， with an average productivity of 5.06. The other 5 typical areas were basically in the medium productivity； 3） The main obstacle factors of cultivated land productivity in 7 typical areas were different， including soil texture profile， plough layer texture， irrigation capacity， effective soil layer thickness， drainage capacity， ground-water table， organic matter content， soil salinization degree， available phosphorus， parts of the terrain， cation exchange capacity， which had obvious hindrance to the improvement of cultivated land productivity. Reasonable and efficient measures should be taken to give priority to reducing the main obstacle factors， when improving cultivated land productivity. In conclusion， this study can provide reference for the improvement of cultivated land productivity in Hetao Plain of upper reaches of the Yellow River， and provide research ideas for the evaluation of cultivated land productivity and obstacle factor analysis in other areas.Keywords：Hetao Plain;cultivated land productivity;CRITIC method;GRA-TOPSIS method;RSR method;obstacle factors35|19|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To clarify the mechanism of agricultural brand participation in promoting the entrepreneurial growth performance of new farmers， based on a field survey data of 512 new farmers' entrepreneurship in three major agricultural provinces of Jiangxi， Henan and Anhui， regression analysis method and mediation effect model were used to analyze the impact， regulation and mediation effect of agricultural brand participation on the entrepreneurial growth performance of new farmers. Furthermore， propensity score matching （PSM） method was used for robustness testing. The results show that： The agricultural brand participation has a positive impact on the entrepreneurial growth performance of new farmers， and private brands have a greater impact than public brands. The scale of entrepreneurship and ecological concepts play a moderating role between agricultural brand participation and the entrepreneurial growth performance of new farmers. Brand premium partially mediates the relationship between the two， while brand trust does not play a mediating role. The robustness test shows that after eliminating the indigeneity of variables， the agricultural brand participation can still significantly promote the entrepreneurial growth performance of new farmers. Therefore， it is necessary to deepen the brand innovation awareness of new farmers and improve the trust of agricultural product brands， cultivate the green value concept of new farmers， promote the creation of green agricultural product brands， increase the government incentives for brand building of agricultural products， and increase the participation of new farmers in agricultural brand building.Keywords：participation of agricultural brands;entrepreneurship of new farmers;growth performance;PSM25|21|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence mechanism of high-standard farmland construction （HFC）on cultivated land use system resilience （CLUSR）. The difference-in-difference model was adopted to reveal the influence of HFC on CLUSR based on the micro survey data of farmers in some counties and cities in Hubei Province. The results showed that： 1）The baseline regression results discovered that HFC significantly reduced the cultivated land use system vulnerability by 1.3%， and improved the adaptability and resilience of the cultivated land use system by 10.2% and 11.5%. After a series of robustness tests， the regression results were still valid. 2）The impact of HFC on CLUSR varied among different types of farmers and landforms， the moderate-scale farmers outperformed the small-scale farmers significantly， and the plain areas outperformed hilly areas significantly. Based on this， HFC should take improving CLUSR as the core concept， break the constraints of multiple risks on agricultural production and promote the large-scale， industrialized and green development of agriculture. HFC should be based on the basic national conditions of "small-scale peasant economy of the large country"， give full play to the leading role of moderately large-scale farmers in small-scale farmers and promote the organic connection between small-scale farmers and the development of modern agriculture. In addition， HFC should combine the differences in resource endowments of landform types， expand the multiple functions of cultivated land， and comprehensively build a solid "cultivated land" foundation for rural revitalization.Keywords：high-standard farmland construction;cultivated land use system resilience;farmers;difference-in-differences model;Hubei Province42|18|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to explore the international competitiveness of fishery industry in China and it’s influencing factors， firstly， from the perspectives of market share， net exports， and comparative advantage，this study measures and compares the international competitiveness of China and major fisheries producing countries（regions） in the world by applying Market Share， Trade Competitiveness Index and Revealed Comparative Advantage. Secondly， taking ‘National diamond model’ theory as guide， combining with the actual situation of fisheries， a theoretical analysis framework for international competitiveness of fisheries is constructed， and an empirical analysis is conducted on the influencing factors of China’s international competitiveness measured from three perspectives. Lastly， some policy considerations to enhance the international competitiveness of China’s fisheries are proposed. The result show that∶1） From the market share angle， China's fishery industry has the strongest international competitiveness among the world’s major export markets. 2） From the net export angle， China's TC index is continuously declining， and its competitive advantage is constantly being lost. 3） From the comparative advantage angle， compared to other major exporting countries， China's comparative advantage is not obvious and is gradually losing. 4） Primary production factors are the key to promoting the international competitiveness of China's fisheries， while advanced production factors have a relatively small promoting effect on international competitiveness. Human capital has become an important factor restricting the improvement of China’s fisheries international competitiveness. 5） The internal demand， related and supportive industries， and fishery development strategies have promoted the international market share and comparative advantage of China's fishery industry， but hindered the net exports.Keywords：fishery industry;international competitiveness;different angles;influencing factors39|22|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
