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- Abstract：To analyze the effects of restricted feeding and realimentation on the growth performance， digestive metabolism， blood physicochemical indexes， carcass performance， and meat quality in Simmental bulls. 15 Simmental bulls with an average weight of （475±3.8） kg at about 13 months of age were randomly divided into three treatment groups based on weight： C （control group， ad libitum feeding）， R （moderate restriction group， restricted to 80% of the control group）， and S （severe restriction group， restricted to 60% of the control group）， with five bulls in each group. The feed restriction lasted for 60 days， followed by a 72-day recovery period with unrestricted feeding for all groups. During the nutritional recovery phase， there were no restrictions on feed intake for each group. The results showed that： 1）By the end of the realimentation period， there was no significant difference in the weight between the restricted groups and the control group （P>0.05）. During the realimentation phase， the apparent digestibility of crude protein in the R group was significantly higher than during the restriction phase （P<0.01）. In the S group， The apparent digestibility of crude protein， crude fat and neutral detergent fiber was significantly higher during the realimentation phase compared to the restriction phase （P<0.05）， with crude protein digestibility being extremely significant increase （P<0.01）. 2）By the end of the restriction period， serum free fatty acid （NEFA） levels in the restricted groups were significantly higher than in the control group （P<0.05）， while serum β-hydroxybutyrate （BHB） levels were significantly lower （P<0.05）. However， by the end of the realimentation period， there were no significant differences in the levels of these substances among the treatment groups （P>0.05）. 3）By the end of the realimentation period， there was no significant difference in the weight and meat quality of the main organs and tissues between the restricted feeding group and the control group （P>0.05）. In conclusion， moderate nutritional restriction can enhance the digestibility of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber without negatively impacting body weight， major organ tissue weight， or meat quality in cattle. These findings provide scientific evidence for optimizing feed management and improving beef quality， contributing to better economic returns and resource efficiency in the livestock industry.Keywords：feed restriction;compensatory growth;Simmental;carcass quality;digestive metabolism55|16|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To systematically analyze the evolutionary relationships， molecular structures， and functional characteristics of the PPP1R3C gene family across bovine and other species， this study employed bioinformatics approaches to investigate the genetic features of the PPP1R3 gene family， to which PPP1R3C belongs， and examined PPP1R3C expression levels using RT-qPCR. The results revealed： 1） Members of the PPP1R3 gene family exhibited significant variations in their isoelectric points and molecular weights. 2） Phylogenetic tree and conserved domain analyses demonstrated that PPP1R3 family members have evolved distinct motif and domain combinations throughout their evolution； synteny analysis revealed patterns of positional changes of PPP1R3 family members across the chromosomes of cattle， mice， humans， sheep， and pigs. 3） RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that PPP1R3C exhibits significantly high expression in bovine adipose and lung tissues， while showing minimal expression in muscle-related tissues； furthermore， its expression levels progressively increased during bovine adipocyte differentiation and maturation. In conclusion， this study investigated the evolutionary relationships， molecular structures， and functional characteristics of the PPP1R3 gene family across bovine and other species， highlighting the crucial regulatory role of PPP1R3C in lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for further investigation of the specific mechanisms of this gene family under various physiological and pathological conditions.Keywords：PPP1R3C;PPP1R3 gene family;expression analysis;bioinformatics analysis71|18|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to understand the characteristics of lactation performance of dairy cattle in Xizang， the daily milk yield （dMY）， fat percentage （FP）， protein percentage （PP）， fat-to-protein ratio （FPR）， lactose percentage （LP）， milk urea nitrogen content （MUN） and somatic cell score （SCS）， derived from the dairy herd improvement records of three farms in Xizang for 10 consecutive months， were used in descriptive statistics and factors analysis， as well as lactation curve fitting using Wood's model. The results showed that： 1）The average dMY was 15.29 kg， FP was 4.29%， PP was 3.66%， LP was 5.06%， and MUN was 13.19 mg/dL in Xizang. 2）The influence of the farms and lactation stages on all lactation performance was significant （P<0.05）， and the regression of dMY， FP， PP， FPR， and MUN on environmental temperature was significant （P<0.05）. There was also a significant regression（P<0.05）between dMY， FP， FPR， and MUN on square of environmental temperature. The regression of the adjusted daily milk production， milk fat percentage， and milk protein percentage on the proportion of Holstein bloodline were significant （P<0.05）. 3）The lactation curves of dairy cows in Xizang was characterized by late peak days， low peak day milk yield and poor sustainability. To sum up， the lactation performance of dairy cows in Xizang is generally low， and the increase in the proportion of Holstein's blood will improve the lactation performance of dairy cows. This study provides theoretical support for the development of Xizang's dairy husbandry.Keywords：Holstein cattle;dairy herd improvement;lactation performance;milk quality;plateau dairy industry39|18|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To investigate the function of circFAM53B in dairy cow mastitis， this study took bovine mammary epithelial cells （bMECs） as the research object， and bioinformatics was used to predict the function of circFAM53B. The effects of circFAM53B on cell inflammation， proliferation and apoptosis were examined by interfering or overexpressing circFAM53B in LPS-induced bMECs inflammation. The results showed that： 1） Dairy cow circFAM53B was a real-existing circular RNA， mainly located in the cytoplasm of bMECs. 2） The expression level of dairy cow circFAM53B was highly significantly up-regulated in LPS-induced inflammatory response of bMECs （P<0.01）. 3） In the inflammatory response of bMECs， circFAM53B in cows can promote the expression and secretion of inflammatory factors， inhibits cell viability and proliferation， and promote apoptosis in bMECs inflammation， and exacerbate the development of inflammation. In conclusion， circFAM53B may be involved in the regulation of cow mastitis and promote the inflammatory process. This study lays a foundation for molecular breeding for resistance to cow mastitis.Keywords：circular RNA;dairy cow;mastitis;mammary epithelial cells;E.coli34|16|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To enhance the adaptability of the recognition model to non-standardized data， this study designed a Wide-Baseline cattle facial recognition method based on image matching， using SuperPoint and SuperGlue to construct the image matching algorithm， and made targeted improvements to improve the recognition accuracy. In the process of feature point extraction， a dynamic threshold adjustment strategy based on image quality assessment was introduced to quantitatively assess the clarity， edge density and texture characteristics of the image， and adjust the threshold value of SuperPoint accordingly to realize high-quality feature point extraction. Meanwhile， the matching threshold of SuperGlue was adjusted by evaluating the distribution entropy and spatial coverage of feature points to achieve efficient matching. In order to verify the effectiveness of the method， a comparison test was conducted with multiple image matching methods on the self-constructed cow face dataset. The results showed that： 1） The macro average precision， macro average recall and macro average F1 of the algorithm on the Narrow-Baseline dataset were 92.1%， 90.4% and 91.2%， respectively. 2） The macro average precision， macro average recall and macro average F1 of the algorithm on the Wide-Baseline dataset were 82.8%， 81.0% and 81.9%. 3） The micro F1 score of the algorithm on the public dataset was 86.4%， and all the results were significantly better than the traditional image matching algorithm. In summary， this study aims to propose a new image matching algorithm， which effectively improves the adaptability of the cattle facial recognition model to non-standardized data， and provides technical references for the practical application of cattle facial recognition methods.Keywords：cattle individual identification;feature matching algorithms;dynamic threshold adjustment;facial recognition27|16|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to gain an insight understanding of the biological functions of plant circular RNA （circRNA） in plant growth and development process and stress response， literature searching was conducted based in CNKI， Web of Science， and SPIS Academic Resources Online by taking "circular RNA"， "biological function"， "biological function"， and "stress response" as keywords. A total of 92 relevant publications were retrieved. The classification and formation mechanisms of plant circRNA， the identification tools， and their biological functions were summarized. The results show that plant circRNA can be classified into exonic circRNA， intronic circRNA， and exon-intron circRNA. The formation mechanisms of circRNA include four main types： Lariat-driven circularization， exon-flanking intron reverse complementary pairing-driven circularization， RNA-binding protein-mediated exon circularization， and intron circularization driven by reverse splicing at the 5′ and 3′ ends. circRNA are found to play multiple biological functions， including acting as miRNA sponges to regulate miRNA expression； participating in the regulation of plant growth and development， and responses to abiotic and biotic stress， and involving in protein translation and in pathways related to protein-protein interactions.Keywords：plant circRNA;biological function;miRNA sponges;non-coding RNA49|19|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：The study aimed to investigate the effects of reducing the application of chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers on the chemical stoichiometry and non-structural carbohydrate allocation of rice under high temperature stress during the earing stage. In the experiment， three temperature treatments were set during the heading period of rice： normal temperature （NT）， moderate high temperature （2 ℃ higher than normal temperature， MT）， and extremely high temperature （5 ℃ higher than normal temperature， HT）. Meanwhile， four fertilization methods were studied， which were full fertilization of chemical fertilizer （CF）， full fertilization of organic fertilizer （OF）， reducing application by 20% compared to CF （-20%CF） and reducing application by 20% compared to OF （-20%OF）. The effects of the interaction between temperature and fertilization method on the stoichiometric characteristics of nitrogen， phosphorus， and kalium in various organs of rice， as well as the allocation of non-structural carbohydrate （NSC） were analyzed. The results showed that the interaction effect between fertilization method and temperature treatment had a highly significant impact （P
- Abstract：The purpose of this study was to analyze the release pattern of phenolic acids and their biological toxicity to rice in the process of seedling raising with straw substrate block， and to explore the feasibility of manganese oxide for reducing phenolic acids and improving seedling raising effect. Experiments on seedling raising were conducted using straw substrate block and rice “Nanjing 46” as research objects. The main types and contents of phenolic acids released in the process of seedling raising with straw substrate block were determined by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to measure the dynamic changes of phenolic acid compounds. The biological toxicity of main phenolic acids was determined by germination test. Furthermore， manganese dioxide was selected as an additive to detect its removal effect on phenolic acids and the improvement effect on seedling raising with straw substrate block. The results showed that： 1） During the 15 d seedling raising period， the concentration of total phenolic acids produced by straw substrate block increased first and then decreased， and the highest concentration was 328 mg/L on the 10th day. The content of p-coumaric acid was the highest in the emergence stage （0 to 3 d）， followed by ferulic acid， which accounted for about 95% of the main phenolic acids； 2） When the concentration of p-coumaric acid reached 200 mg/L and ferulic acid reached 350 mg/L， the germination index of rice seeds decreased significantly； 3） The degradation rates of p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid by manganese dioxide were negatively correlated with the phenolic acid concentration. The degradation rates were 49.9% and 69.9% at 100 mg/L， 25.8% and 32.2% at 300 mg/L， respectively； 4） The addition of manganese dioxide in straw substrate block could effectively improve the effect of rice seedling raising， and the plant height， stem diameter， dry weight of aboveground and underground parts were significantly increased. When the additional amount was 0.025%， the effect of seedling raising was the same as commercial substrate. In conclusion， the main phenolic acids released in the early stage of straw substrate seedling were p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid. Manganese dioxide had a good degradation effect on them. Adding manganese dioxide to the straw substrate block could significantly improve the rice seedling-raising effect.Keywords：straw substrate block;seedling raising;phenolic acid;autotoxicity;manganese dioxide29|14|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：This study aimed to explore the influence of bio-stew management （high temperature and organic materials + biological agent） on the soil quality of the vegetable greenhouses. Two treatments including conventional sealing （T1） and biological sealing （T2） were set up in Qingdao， Weifang， Liaoyang， Jiaxing and Hangzhou city. Soil chemical properties， soil aggregate structure， soil microbial community structure， soil microbial richness and diversity index， and soil microbial biomass carbon content were determined. The results showed that： Compared with T1， the contents of soil organic matter， alkali hydrolytic nitrogen， exchange copper and microbial biomass carbon for T2 were significantly increased by 19.55%， 27.53%， 58.43% and 37.52%（P<0.05）， respectively， and the mean weight diameter （MWD） of soil aggregates was significantly increased by 20.96% （P<0.05）. However， the effects on soil salinity， pH， available phosphorus and available potassium， and exchange zinc under T2 treatment were not significant （P >0.05）. The soil microbial community structure was changed by the microbial biomass carbon， microaggregates and soil salinity content. Due to the changes in soil's physical and chemical properties， the richness and diversity index of bacteria were increased by 15.06% （Chao 1）， 20.63% （PD）， 16.97% （Shannon）， 12.49% （Simpson）， respectively. The richness and diversity index of fungi were increased by 17.63% （Chao 1）， 19.29% （PD）， 6.11% （Shannon） and 4.51% （Simpson）， respectively. Meanwhile， the geometric mean value （GM） of soil quality was increased by 5.39%. Overall， this study suggest that biological sealing is beneficial for improving soil quality， soil microbial community structure and function compared to conventional sealing. Therefore， biological sealing is an effective measure to improve soil quality in salinized greenhouse soils.Keywords：bio-stew;soil chemical property;soil aggregate;soil microorganism;vegetable greenhouse53|20|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To understand the research progress and application dynamics in the field of water retaining agents at domestic and international levels， based on the core databases of China Knowledge Network and Web of Science， relevant literature in the field of water retaining agents from 2003 to 2022 were searched with the subject word “water retaining agents” and the retrieval formula “TS = super absorbent polymer OR water retaining agent”， respectively. Bibliometrics and content analysis methods were adopted to analyze the literature obtained from multiple perspectives. The results showed that： 1） The number of English literature in the field of water retaining agents increased year by year， and the number of Chinese literature decreased slightly. The types of Chinese and English literature were mainly research papers. 2） China had an active level of research in this area， while the United States was in an international leading position for research achievements. Regarding fund support， Chinese foundation projects were more strongly funded than those of other countries， especially the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China， which occupied a prominent position among domestic and foreign-funded projects. 3） Domestic and foreign research has gradually paid attention to water retention agents. Research mainly involves the disciplines of agricultural science， materials， chemical industry and environment， and the research units are mainly concentrated in agriculture and forestry colleges and universities. 4） Domestic research has mainly focused on the application of water retaining agents and the effects and mechanisms of single-application and compound-application of water retaining agents in drought-resistant afforestation， landscaping， soil improvement， construction materials， soil and water conservation on roads and in industrial and mining areas， and the enhancement of the efficiency of water- and fertiliser-retention， and the growth of plant nurseries， among other aspects. However， international research has focused on the synthesis of water retaining agents and the preparation of materials， and has been devoted to the development of biodegradable water retaining agent materials applied in biomedicine and food preservation. Currently， with the improvement of environmental awareness and the continuous progress of technology， the development and preparation of new water retention agents materials and their application in the field of biomedicine and food preservation have become a research hotspot and future development trend.Keywords：soil and water conservation;drought resistance;water retaining agents;bibliometric analysis;content analysis37|25|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：This study aimed to explore the effects of high temperature on the leaves of tomato seedlings and to evaluate the effect of exogenous amino acidson alleviating high temperature stress on tomato seedlings. Firstly， tomato seedlings were subjected to high temperature （36 ℃） and moderate temperature （25 ℃） for 15 days， and the leaf heat damage rate was measured. Subsequently， chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzyme activity were measured. Then， metabolomics was used to determine the metabolic response of tomato to high temperature stress. Finally， the effects of exogenous spray of glycine， asparagine， isoleucine and three amino acid mixtures on the high temperature stress of tomato seedlings were evaluated. The results showed that： Compared with the control， the heat damage rate of tomato seedlings was highly significantly increased by 4.11 times （P<0.01）， the content of chlorophyll was highly significantly decreased by 1.16 times （P<0.01）， and the activity of peroxidase （POD） was highly significantly increased by 2.09 times （P<0.01）. The metabolomic analysis demonstrated that the relative contents of amino acids and derivatives， sugars and derivatives， amines and organic acids increased significantly by 3.53， 3.21， 1.59 and 1.38 times， respectively （P<0.05）， inorganic acids was highly significantly increased by 2.50 times （P<0.01）. KEGG enrichment analysis further indicated that amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism of tomato seedlings were enhanced after high temperature stress. Lastly， exogenous application of 1 and 5 mmol/L of glycine and isoleucine， 5 mmol/L asparagine， and 1 mmol/L mixture of three amino acids effectively reduced heat damage of tomato seedlings leaves， among which 1 mmol/L amino acid mixture showed the best effect compared with the sterilized water control. The leaf heat damage rate was significantly reduced by 1.82 times （P<0.05）. The findings of this study can provide a theoretical basis for employing amino acids to mitigate high temperature stress in tomato cultivation.Keywords：tomato seedlings;high temperature stress;metabolic response;amino acids63|18|4<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To promote the production， quality and income of the organic tea industry. In the organic tea garden of Meitan County， Guizhou Province， four treatments were set up through field experiments， including no fertilizer （CK）， application of organic fertilizer （O1）， organic fertilizer combined with microbial agents （O2）， and organic fertilizer combined with amino acid water-soluble fertilizer （O3）. The aim is to analyze the effects of combining organic fertilizers with microbial agents and amino acid water-soluble fertilizers on the yield， nutrient content， quality， and economic benefits of organic tea， and to explore high-yield and efficient nutrient management techniques for organic tea gardens. The technical mode of nutrient management in high-yield and high-efficiency organic tea gardens was explored. The results showed that： 1）Compared with the O1 treatment， both O2 and O3 treatments significantly increased the spring tea yield by 17.10%（P<0.05）， and the summer and autumn tea yield by 9.24% and 11.24%， respectively. Compared with the O1 treatment， the germination density of spring tea was significantly increased by 16.88% and 16.67% for the O2 and O3 treatments， respectively（P<0.05）， and the differences between the treatments of the germination density of the summer and fall tea were not significant. 2）Compared with the O1 treatment， O3 treatments significantly increased the nutrient mass fractions by 9.83% and 39.49%（P<0.05）for spring and summer-autumn tea， and the phosphorus mass fractions were significantly increased by 16.26% and 59.24%（P<0.05）， respectively. 3）In terms of tea quality， the mass fractions of caffeine， tea polyphenols and amino acids were increased in the O2 and O3 treatments compared to the O1 treatment. The phenol-ammonia ratios of the spring and summer-autumn teas were reduced by 1.14 and 3.77 in the O2 treatment. In contrast， the summer-autumn teas' phenol-ammonia ratios significantly increased by 12.84 under the O3 treatment（P<0.05）. 4）The analysis of soil physicochemical properties showed that compared with the O1 treatment， the soil pH of the tea garden in the O2 treatment was significantly increased by 0.42 units（P<0.05）， and the effective phosphorus and exchangeable magnesium mass fractions were increased by 13.55% and 20.59%. 5）From the cost-benefit point of view， compared with the O1 treatment， O2 and O3 treatment profits increased by 13 078 and 13 266 yuan/hm2， respectively. In conclusion， the application of microbial fungicides and amino acid water-soluble fertilizers in organic tea gardens can realize the organic tea garden to increase production， improve the quality and efficiency of the organic tea industry， and promote the sustainable development of the organic tea industry is of great significance.Keywords：organic tea;yield and quality;economic efficiency;nutrient management52|24|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to investigate the regulatory role of GRB10， ULK2 and PIK3R1 genes enriched in the mTOR pathway in chicken fat deposition and muscle development， the present study was conducted to analyse the differences in slaughter performance， pectoral muscle and serum levels of triglycerides （TG）， phospholipids （PL）， and cholesterol （CHO） using the S3， F， and H lines， and then to detect the expression changes of the three genes using fluorescence qPCR in expression changes in different tissues and cells， and do correlation analysis. The results showed that： 1） The F line had the significantly highest （P<0.05） in body weight， full net chamber weight， pectoral muscle weight， leg muscle weight and abdominal fat weight， and the H line had the significantly lowest （P<0.05） in abdominal fat rate.2） Lipid contents in pectoral muscle and serum showed a wave pattern of change in different developmental periods. The TG content in the pectoral muscle was significantly （P<0.05） highest in the S3 line at 2 and 15 weeks of age， and CHO was significantly （P<0.05） lowest in the H line at 2 and 5 weeks of age； the TG content in the serum was significantly （P<0.05） highest in the F line at 5 weeks of age， and the LDL-C was significantly （P<0.05） highest in the F line at 2， 5， and 15 weeks of age. 3） The diameter/density of muscle fibres in the H line was significantly lower/ higher than that of the other lines. density was significantly lower/higher than that of other lines （P<0.05）， while the cross-sectional area of myofibrils was the opposite， with adipocytes in line S3 having the significantly largest volume （P<0.05）.4） The three genes were expressed in liver， abdominal lipids， pectoral muscles， leg muscles， sebaceous tissues， adult and intramuscular myofibroblasts in chickens of different lines at different weekly ages， showing significant line and tissue variability （P<0.05）. 5） GRB10， ULK2 and PIK3R1 expression showed significant positive correlation with pectoral muscle weight （rate） and leg muscle weight （rate） （P<0.05）， and ULK2 was significantly positively correlated with abdominal fat weight （rate） （P<0.05）. In conclusion， the lipid levels in breast muscle and serum fluctuated significantly during growth and development of different breeds of chickens； the three genes were abundantly expressed in multiple tissues with significant differences among breeds and tissues， and were significantly correlated with breast muscle weight （rate）， leg muscle weight （rate）， and abdominal fat weight （rate）， making them potential targets for the study of muscle development and lipid deposition in chickens. This study provides a solid theoretical foundation and data support for the in-depth study of the functions and mechanisms of GRB10， ULK2 and PIK3R1.Keywords：chicken;GRB10;ULK2;PIK3R1;muscle development;fat deposition29|14|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To screen for key candidate genes that affect the color of pork in Laiwu pigs， this study utilized transcriptome data from Laiwu pigs and identified key genes affecting pork color using weighted gene co -expression network analysis （WGCNA）. The color of the meat， including L， a， and b， was measured at 45 m and 24 h postmortem for a total of 33 Laiwu pigs. RNA sequencing was conducted on the longissimus dorsi muscles of these pigs. Based on the transcriptome data and phenotype data， WGCNA analysis was conducted using the WGCNA package of R. After removing two outlier samples， 31 samples were used to construct a gene co-expression network for the identification of target modules and key genes. The results showed that： 1）Through WGCNA analysis， a total of 20 co-expression modules were identified. Among these modules， Floral white， Dark green， Pink， and Orangered 4 demonstrated significant correlations with two or more meat color traits， with a |correlation coefficient| ≥0.35 and a significance P value <0.01. 2）Functional enrichment analysis revealed that genes within the target module were significantly enriched in GO terms and pathways related to mitochondrial structure and function， protein modification， fat deposition and metabolism， muscle structure and function， etc. 3）Identification of key genes in the target module involved applying an absolute correlation coefficient greater than 0.85 between gene expression and module eigengene， as well as an absolute correlation coefficient greater than 0.3 between gene expression and meat color traits for at least two traits. Subsequently， these genes were carried out protein-protein interaction analysis. A total of eight candidate genes affecting meat color， including MYO9A， NDUFA13， COX5B， MRPL12， RPL8， ROBO4， EGFL7， and CIDEC， were obtained from the four target modules. In summary， this study identified four target modules and eight candidate genes regulating meat color in Laiwu pigs through WGCNA， laying the foundation for exploring the molecular regulatory mechanisms of pig meat color trait and making advancements in meat color improvement through breeding.Keywords：Laiwu pigs;meat color;RNA sequencing;WGCNA34|15|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To prevent soil secondary salinization in greenhouse vegetable fields， Yunnan， Shanghai， Jiangsu， Shaanxi， Gansu， Ningxia， Shandong， Hebei and Liaoning were considered as our research objects. A model was developed based on the soil salinity accumulation model to assess the bearing capacity of greenhouse vegetable fields and prevent soil secondary salinization. According to the current soil salinity and salinization grading standards of vegetable greenhouses in each province， the corresponding soil salinity thresholds were set to estimate the appropriate manure application per hectare of greenhouse vegetable field and its bearing capacity. The results showed that： 1） The greenhouse vegetable field bearing capacity of livestock and poultry manure in the nine provinces ranged from 8.6 to 153.7 pigs equivalent， 0.4 to 4.1 dairy cattle equivalent， 0.6 to 11.4 beef cattle equivalent， 8.5 to 162.5 layers equivalent， and 58.8 to 1 107.5 broilers equivalent per hectare， respectively. 2） Salt content in vegetable greenhouse soils and animal manure was high， which limited the utilization of animal manure for returning to the fields and greenhouse vegetable field bearing capacity. This study recommended promoting techniques such as leaching， subsurface drainage pipe， and deep tillage to reduce soil salinity and enhance the greenhouse vegetable field’s carrying capacity of livestock and poultry manure. This research provided a basis for balancing regional agriculture and animal husbandry production systems and managing other factors of soil obstacles.Keywords：animal manure;bearing capacity;secondary salinization;greenhouse vegetable field;soil salinity25|19|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：Winter wheat varieties in Gansu Province is morphologically more different to other wheat varieties. Given the problem that the discrete element simulation parameters of other varieties of wheat applied to the design and optimisation of winter wheat sowing machinery in Gansu Province caused larger errors， the wheat seeds of wheat variety， ‘Gan Nong no 2’， were taken as the research object. The physical test was used to determine the intrinsic parameters of the seeds and the static friction factor and collision recovery coefficient between seeds and PLA plastics， and soft glues and resins. The physical test was used to determine the seed's intrinsic parameters and the static friction factor and collision recovery coefficient between the seed and PLA plastic， soft rubber and resin. The rolling friction factors between seeds and PLA plastic， soft rubber and resin were calibrated by combining EDEM software simulation test with an inclined rolling test. The physical stacking test was carried out by the cylinder lifting method， and the stacking images obtained from the test were processed by MATLAB software to obtain the physical stacking angle of the seeds. The multi-objective optimization of the multivariate quadratic equations was carried out by Design-Expert 8.06 software to obtain a better combination of the contact parameters of the discrete element model between the seed particles， and it was verified by EDEM software. The results showed that： The static friction factors of ‘Gan Nong no 2’ with PLA plastic， soft rubber and resin were 0.543， 0.645 and 0.425， respectively； The coefficients of recovery of the collision were 0.471， 0.351 and 0.497， respectively； And the rolling friction factors were 0.087， 0.096 and 0.098， respectively. The inter-particle static friction factor， collision recovery coefficient， and rolling friction factor were 0.43， 0.50 and 0.07， respectively. The physical stacking angle was 32.95°， and the relative error between the stacking angle of the simulation test and the physical stacking angle was 0.3%. In conclusion， the discrete element simulation parameters of winter wheat particles calibrated in this study can provide a reference for the design optimization of sowing machinery in Gansu Province.Keywords：winter wheat seed particles;discrete element method;contact parameters;calibration;seeding machinery57|15|5<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：Aiming at the problems of uneven straw dispersal and non-compliance of laying thickness during the sand barrier laying operation of the straw square lattice with loose straw as raw material， a simulation analysis of straw dispersal and conveying process was carried out based on the multi-body dynamics and discrete element coupling method. Taking the roller rotational speed， roller spacing and crank rotational speed as the influencing factors， and the average thickness of the straw on the conveying plate and the uniformity of straw after dispersal as the response values， a response surface optimization test was carried out based on the pre-tests and the single-factor test to determine the influencing law of each factor on response values. Pre-test and single-factor test were used to determine the influence law of each factor on the response value. Based on preliminary tests， a response surface optimization test was conducted using Design-Expert software to establish a quadratic polynomial regression model. The lowest average thickness of straw and the highest uniformity of straw within the range of grass square sand barrier laying requirements were taken as the target values， and the optimization solution was carried out through the response surface. The simulation test results showed that the performance of the dispersing device was optimal with a roller speed of 68.98 r/min， a roller spacing of 184.7 mm and a crank speed of 90.63 r/min. Compared with the simulated theoretical values， the error of the average thickness of straw in the bench test was 2.89%， and the error of straw uniformity was 1.96%.Keywords：breaking mechanism;grass square;DEM-MBD;simulation optimization37|18|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：Because of the problem that there is a weak light area on the north side of the flexible thermal insulation solar greenhouse due to its unique structure and material， the reasons for the low light on the north side of the flexible thermal insulation solar greenhouse were analyzed by theoretical analysis and experimental testing methods under different weather conditions in spring. The light environment of the flexible thermal insulation solar greenhouse was improved by increasing the haze of the film covering film in front of the greenhouse and adding reflective film on the back wall. The results showed that： 1） The DLIs at 2.5 and 1.5 m from the north wall of the flexible thermal insulation solar greenhouse were only 18.78%-21.42% and 12.93%-14.11% of the south measurement point （11.5 m）. The distribution was extremely uneven in the north and south， and the weak light phenomenon on the north side was prominent， which was mainly due to the shading of the roof insulation. 2） The haze of the greenhouse film was increased from 24.29% to 43.94%， and the DLIs at 2.5 and 1.5 m from the north wall were increased from 27.63% to 70.43% and 23.02% to 35.38% at the south measurement point （11.5 m）， respectively， indicating that increasing the haze of the film could alleviate the problem of weak light on the north side of the greenhouse to a certain extent. It increased the amount of light on the north side； and reduced the difference between north and south illumination. 3） The light environment of the north wall at 2.5 and 1.5 m away from the north wall was further improved after the addition of reflective film， and the DLIs was increased from 47.42% to 77.95% and 33.74% to 70.82% of the south measuring point （11.5 m）， respectively. In conclusion， the combination of the scattered light film and the north wall reflective film can basically solve the problem of weak light on the north side of the flexible thermal insulation solar greenhouse. Both the scattered light film and the reflective film have a significant brightening effect on the north side of the flexible thermal insulation solar greenhouse under sunny conditions.Keywords：flexible insulated solar greenhouse;scattered light;haze;film;reflective film37|17|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
Research on estimating peanut biomass using UAV hyperspectral imaging and machine learning algorithm
Abstract：Accurate and efficient crop biomass estimation is of remarkable importance to identify superior varieties， regional production management and food security assessment. In order to evaluate the potential of UAV hyperspectral remote sensing technology in crop biomass estimation， a peanut planting test field in Xingyang City was taken as the research object. The hyperspectral image data of multiple varieties of peanuts at maturity were collected by UAV equipped with hyperspectral cameras. A peanut biomass estimation model was constructed by combining various machine learning algorithms. The accuracy of the model was evaluated and compared. Firstly， the reflectance of the hyperspectral images was smoothed and preprocessed using the S-G filter， and continuous wavelet transform was applied using the Gaussian4 wavelet basis function to screen 53 vegetation indices as feature inputs. Secondly， the sensitive vegetation indexes were selected through the Pearson correlation coefficient method. Lastly， the identified vegetation index was used to construct Support Vector Regression （SVR）， Random Forest （RF）， Convolutional Neural Network （CNN）， Particle Swarm Optimization Support Vector Machine （PSO-SVR）， Particle Swarm Optimization Random Forest （PSO-RF）， and Particle Swarm Optimization Convolutional Neural Network （PSO-CNN） models for estimating peanut biomass were constructed and their accuracy was evaluated. The results indicated that： The deep learning model CNN demonstrated a superior performance in the prediction accuracy of peanut biomass compared to traditional machine learning models such as RF and SVM. The CNN model had a determination coefficient （R²） of 0.710， RMSE of 0.371 kg/m2， MSE of 0.138 kg/m2， and MAE of 0.329 kg/m2 on the test set. After parameter optimization using the Particle Swarm Optimization （PSO） algorithm， the prediction accuracies of RF， SVR， and CNN models were improved， with the CNN model showing the most significant improvement， with an increase of approximately 8.2% in the determination coefficient. Therefore， using the PSO-optimized CNN model during the peanut harvest period provides the most accurate estimation of overall peanut biomass. This study provides a scientific method for accurate peanut biomass prediction and a strong support for the development of smart rural areas.Keywords：hyperspectral imaging;continuous wavelet transformation;peanut biomass;machine learning;smart rural areas42|24|8<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07- Abstract：To promote the sustainable development of the ecological environment in the ecologically fragile area， this study took the Three Rivers Source region as the research object. The comprehensive index method was adopted to construct an evaluation model of the ecological carrying capacity of the Three Rivers Source region from the three dimensions of stability， support and pressure. The ecological carrying capacities of the Three Rivers Source region in 2010 and 2020 were determined and regional control analysis was carried out. The results show that： 1） From the single dimension of stability， the stability of the Three River Source water area decreases， the stability of glaciers slightly increases while the range shrinks， and the NDVI of grasslands slightly increases while the range shrinks； From the perspective of support， there is an increase in source conservation and soil conservation， but the habitat quality slightly decreases； From the perspective of bearing capacity， the theoretical carrying capacity of grasslands in the Three Rivers Source area has decreased. 2） Overall， the ecological carrying capacity of the Three Rivers Source decreased by 3% in 2020 compared to 2010， with degradation and rapid degradation areas accounting for about 41%. The ecological carrying capacity of the Three Rivers Source urgently needs to be improved. 3） Based on the comprehensive evaluation results of the ecological carrying capacity of the Three Rivers Source， the ecological carrying capacity can be divided into four different regions. Among them， the Type Ⅰ region has the worst ecological carrying capacity， and special attention should be paid to the issue of glacier stability； Type Ⅱ regions have relatively stable ecological carrying capacity and are the most widely distributed regions； Type Ⅲ regional grasslands have higher stability and lower habitat quality； Type Ⅳ areas are important river and lake protection areas. The strategies for improving the carrying capacity of different functional regions are different. Therefore， the improvement strategies should align with different carrying capacity levels. The Three Rivers Source region must focus on targeted restoration and management， and implement measures tailored to each area's ecological characteristics and capacity.Keywords：synthetical index method;ecological carrying capacity;spatial zoning;ecologically fragile areas;Three Rivers Source region36|16|3<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To measure the carbon emissions of black soil in the three northeastern provinces and predict the space for its reduction， six major carbon sources， fertilizers， pesticides， agricultural films， tillage， irrigation and agricultural diesel， were selected. Combined with the panel data of 2000‐2021， the carbon emission coefficient method was applied to measure the carbon emission. The BP neural network model was used to predict the carbon emission from 2022‐2030， and the baseline scenario and low carbon scenarios were set for quantitative analysis. The baseline scenario and low carbon scenario were set for quantitative analysis. The results show that： 1） The total carbon emissions from 2000 to 2021 show a “fluctuating upward-declining” trend， of which the first stage is the fluctuating upward stage from 2000 to 2015， and the second stage is the declining stage from 2016 to 2021. 2） The agricultural carbon emissions from 2022 to 2030 show a “first upward and thendeclining” trend. 3） The agricultural carbon emissions from 2022 to 2030 display “first increased and then decreased” trend. The predicted carbon emission from black soil in 2030 is 16.05 million tons， and the predicted carbon emission under the low-carbon scenario is 6.9712 million tons. The largest reduction space is of 9.0788 million tons， the cumulative emission reduction in 10 years is 42.6741 million tons， and the cumulative carbon emission intensity potential space is 1.49 t/hm2. 4） Among the six major carbon emission sources of black soil in Northeast China from 2000 to 2021， fertilizer is the main emission source， accounting for 73.78% of the total emission， and the carbon emission from tillage and irrigation， though small， has kept increasing. Overall， the carbon emissions from black soil in the three northeastern provinces have reached their peak， and there is still large reduction space in the future. The government should continue to reduce carbon emissions and accelerate the goal of carbon neutrality.Keywords：northeastern black soil;carbon emission;carbon reduction;double carbon target;BP neural network modeling50|14|4<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
How does digital rural development affect the formal credit constraints and credit scale of farmers?
Abstract：To clarify the effects and mechanisms of digital rural development on formal credit for farmers. This study empirically examines the impact of digital rural development on farmers' formal credit constraints and credit scales based on the county-level digital rural index and Chinese household tracking survey data. The results indicate that： 1） Digital rural development can effectively alleviate the constraints of formal credit for farmers， but it has suppressed the growth of formal credit scale for farmers， which reflects that the role of rural credit tools has not been effectively played to some extent. 2） Heterogeneity analysis found that the development of digital rural areas has a “long tail” effect on the formal credit of farmers. 3） Mechanism discussions have found that information utilization and risk perception are the mechanisms of digital rural development affecting farmers' formal credit constraints and credit scale， respectively. Based on this， it is recommended to deepen the development of digital rural areas and accelerate the development of rural credit systems. Meanwhile， focus on making the achievements of digital rural development and rural financial development benefit more farmers.Keywords：digital rural development;formal credit constraints;formal credit scale;“long tail”;information utilization;risk perception28|15|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07- Abstract：In order to clarify the impact of rural labor transfer on the “non-grain” of cultivated land， based on the national provincial panel data from 2006 to 2022， the impact of rural labor transfer on the “non-grain conversion” of cultivated land was investigated by using the bi-directional fixed effect model and the adjustment effect model. The results show that：1）The non-agricultural transfer of rural labor force significantly promotes the “non-grain” of cultivated land. 2）Both agricultural productive services and grain prices play a significant negative regulating role between the non-agricultural labor transfer and the “non-grain” of cultivated land. 3）The effect of non-agricultural transfer of rural labor on the “non-grain” of cultivated land is completely opposite in the main grain producing areas and non-grain producing areas， and the regulatory effects of agricultural productive services and grain prices are also different between the two regional samples. Therefore， in order to realize the transformation of cultivated land from "non-grain" to “grain oriented”， it is necessary to accelerate the replacement of factors under the background of non-farm transfer of rural labor force， cultivate new agricultural operators， improve the agricultural production service system and grain subsidies， and appropriately increase the minimum purchase price of grain.Keywords：non-agricultural transfer of rural labor force;“non-grain” cultivated land;agricultural productive services;grain prices;moderation effect35|20|6<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To investigate the impact of rural labor aging on rice total factor productivity， based on the panel data of 23 major rice-producing provinces （municipalities and autonomous regions） in China from 2002 to 2021， the DEA-Malmquist index method was used to measure the total factor productivity of rice. The baseline regression model， mediating effect model and moderating effect model were used to systematically analyze the impact and the mechanism of rural labor aging on the total factor productivity of rice. productivity and the mechanism. The results show that： 1） Rural labor aging significantly inhibits the growth of rice total factor productivity； 2） Rural labor aging inhibits the growth of rice total factor productivity by hindering technological progress； 3） The mechanization level mitigates the inhibition of rice total factor productivity by rural labor aging， but the moderating effect of the mechanization level is only significant in the plains and not in the hilly areas due to the constraints of the terrain. Fertiliser application intensity has an "inverted u-shaped" moderating effect in the relationship between rural labor aging and rice total factor productivity； 4） Heterogeneity analysis found that the inhibitory effect of rural labor ageing on rice total factor productivity is only significant in the southern rice cropping area， and not obvious in the northern rice cropping area. In this regard， suggestions are put forward， which arepaying attention to the revitalization of rural talents， increaseing the input of learning and training for the elderly labour force， accelerating the development of agricultural mechanization and guiding farmers to use fertilizers in a scientific and rational manner.Keywords：rural labor;ageing;total factor productivity;mechanisation level;fertiliser application intensity23|16|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To optimize the pricing mechanism of sugarcane planting income insurance in China， this study develops a pricing model based on the production and price data of sugarcane in China from 2002 to 2022 （Data do not include those of Hong Kong， Macao and Taiwan）. The model adopts non-parametric kernel density estimation， Copula functions， and Monte Carlo simulation methods to estimate insurance premiums and evaluate risk management effectiveness at different risk coverage levels. The results indicate that： 1） At the same risk coverage level， the inclusion of the harvest price option significantly improves the ability to manage price risk， effectively mitigates the impact of sugar price fluctuations on farmer income， and provides more flexible income protection. It has high promotional value； 2） As the risk coverage level decreases， the impact of the price option diminishes， and the difference between with option and without option is gradually narrowing. Therefore， the harvest price option is more suitable for higher risk coverage levels. A moderate increase in coverage improves farmers' ability to cope with sugar price fluctuations， thereby enhancing the stability of their income； 3） The empirical analysis based on data from Guangxi confirms the regional applicability of the pricing model for income insurance with harvest price option， providing empirical support for expanding the pilot program and further enhancing the feasibility and effectiveness of the model. Based on these findings， it is recommended to improve the sugarcane income loss data system， promote the use of harvest price options in sugarcane income insurance products， and establish a regionalized pricing mechanism for sugarcane income insurance.Keywords：sugarcane;income insurance;pricing mechanism;harvest price option26|20|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To explore the interdisciplinarity in the field of Smart Agriculture， this study， from the perspective of bibliometrics， takes the relevant literature in the field of Smart Agriculture included in the Web of Science Core Collection from 2013 to 2022 as the data source， and intuitively and quantitatively analyzes the current situation and characteristics of interdisciplinary integration in this field from three aspects， namely paper keywords， the disciplinary backgrounds of authors， and the measurement of interdisciplinarity. The results showed that： 1） The research on Smart Agriculture shows profound interdisciplinary characteristics， involving multiple disciplines such as agricultural science， computer science， environmental science， chemistry， materials science， biotechnology， and management science； 2） Most authors in the field of Smart Agriculture come from disciplines such as engineering， computer science， agricultural science， ecological environment science， and economics，and interdisciplinary collaboration is the mainstream trend in the field of smart agriculture； 3） The interdisciplinarity of literature in the field of Smart Agriculture is generally at a medium level， and most literature show relatively balanced interdisciplinarity. In the future， the field of Smart Agriculture should continue to strengthen interdisciplinary cooperation and promote exchanges and cooperation among disciplines， such as agricultural science， computer science， and environmental science to achieve the comprehensive development of Smart Agriculture.Keywords：smart agriculture;interdisciplinarity;bibliometrics;CiteSpace;author collaboration69|29|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
