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- Abstract：To explore the adaptability of the nutrient content and proportion of compound fertilizers in circulation with the needs of agricultural production， the compound fertilizer products circulating in the market of the main grain producing regions are taken as study subjects. The quantitative analysis and comparative study methods are adopted to analyze the correspondence of the labeled contents and proportions of compound fertilizers with the recommended contents and formulas. The results show that： 1） There is low compatibility between the compound fertilizer content and the agricultural demand， and the excessive nutrient content is common. In wheat， rice and maize production regions， the matching degrees of comprehensive content of nitrogen， phosphorus， and potassium are 51.29%， 37.44% and 30.50%， respectively. The compound fertilizer nutrient content is higher than the recommended nutrient content on average， and there is need to reduce the package size and adjust the formula； 2） There is low compatibility between the compound fertilizer labeling proportions with recommended formulas. In wheat， rice and maize production regions， The comprehensive nutrients of nitrogen， phosphorus and potassium in compound fertilizers are in line with the recommended formula ratio of 1.55%， 5.16% and 0.57%， respectively； 3） The nutrient proportions of compound fertilizers circulating in crop production areas are unreasonable. In， wheat， rice and maize production region， the market circulation of compound fertilizer nutrient proportions on the whole is as follows： N proportions are higher than the recommended formula， and P proportions are lower than the recommended formula. Therefore， it is necessary to adjust the proportion of nutrients by reducing the proportion of N. In conclusion， there is an urgent need to promote and implement the real name and quota systems for fertilizers， strengthen supervision over compound fertilizers， improve compound fertilizer products from the perspective of fertilizer industry supply， and promote the rational supply of compound fertilizers in order to to improve the matching degree between compound fertilizers and agricultural production demand.Keywords：compound fertilizers;recommended fertilizer rate;recommended fertilizer formula;nutrient content;nutrient proportion;matching degree;fertilizer quota system804|326|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to construct a non-destructive diagnostic model of leaf color for hybrid rice and conventional rice based on the critical nitrogen dilution curve and explore the appropriate nitrogen nutrition diagnosis method for different leaf color sensors in Chongming District， Shanghai. This study conducted field experiments with different nitrogen application rates （0~375 kg/hm2） by taking two hybrid rice varieties （‘Shenyou 26’ and ‘Shenyou 28’）， and two conventional rice varieties （‘Nanjing 46’ and ‘Chongshang 2022’） as materials in 2023. The experiments were carried out from the tillering stage to the heading stage to obtain the above-ground dry matters weight and nitrogen concentration of rice， calculate the agronomic parameters such as rice above-ground biomass and nitrogen uptake of rice， and calculate the critical nitrogen concentration and nitrogen nutrient index of different varieties at different stages with the critical nitrogen concentration curves of hybrid rice and conventional rice respectively. Simultaneously， the SPAD-502 Plus （Soil plant analysis development-502 Plus）and DJI Phantom 4 RTK drone which equipped with multi-spectral cameras were used to obtain rice leaf color information， and constructed a nitrogen nutrient diagnosis model based on the critical nitrogen concentration curve of SPAD index and multi-spectral canopy vegetation index. The results showed that： 1） During the key growth stages of rice， the nitrogen nutrient index model were established by SPAD index， the optimal index for hybrid rice was Normalized SPAD Index for Top 2 Leaves（NSI2）， while the optimal index for conventional rice was Normalized SPAD Index for Top 1 Leaves （NSI1）， respectively. 2） In the nitrogen nutrient index model established by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle（UAV） with multi-spectral camera， the optimal vegetation index for hybrid rice and conventional rice was Normalized Green Blue Difference Index（NGBDI）. 3） Estimated the NNI model using the SPAD index simulated by SPAD-502 Plus， the model can explain over 50% of the variables with accuracy. Estimated the NNI model using the NGBDI index simulated by multi-spectral canopy vegetation data， the model can explain over 56% of the variables with accuracy. In conclusion， both SPAD index and vegetation index can be used to establish nitrogen nutrition estimation model at booting stage， but the accuracy of using multi-spectral diagnostic model is stronger.Keywords：nitrogen nutrient diagnosis;multi-spectral data;SPAD;vegetation index171|35|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To investigates the effects of 13 consecutive years of different organic amendments on the yield of transplanting double-cropping rice， soil nutrient content， soil aggregates， and soil quality， straw and decomposed cow manure were taken as materials.In the field of Jinhua city of Zhejiang Province， three treatments， e.g.， chemical fertilizer alone （NPK）， chemical fertilizer combined with straw and a rapid decomposer （RS）， and controlled-release Bulk blending（BB） fertilizer combined with cattle manure （CM） were evaluated. The impacts of long-term organic amendments on the yield of double-cropping rice， soil nutrient content and soil quality were analyzed. The results showed that： The average yield of double-cropping rice from high to low was CM > RS > NPK. Compared to the NPK treatment， soil pH was significantly increased by 0.40 and 0.09 units under the CM and RS treatments， respectively （P<0.05）. The bulk density was significantly reduced by 13.69% in the CM treatment （P<0.05）. Compared to the NPK treatment， Soil organic matter， organic carbon， total nitrogen， and nitrate nitrogen contents were significantly enhanced under CM and RS treatments， which in descending order was CM， RS and NPK . Furthermore， the contents of alkaline nitrogen， ammonium nitrogen and exchangeable magnesium were significantly increased by 49.59%， 66.26% and 106.06% in the CM treatment， respectively （P<0.05）. Soil aggregate stability， as indicated by the geometric mean diameter （GMD） and mean weight diameter （MWD）， was also improved under the CM treatment， with the increases of 9.38% and 9.54%， respectively， compared to the NPK treatment. Soil quality index （SQI） was highest in the CM treatment， with a value of 0.71. In summary， the soil fertility and rice yield were significantly improved by applying controlled-release BB fertilizer combined with cattlle manure in the yellow mud field of central Zhejiang.Keywords：yellow mud field;straw returning;organic fertilizer;yield;soil nutrient;water-stable aggregates;soil quality index163|30|8<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to investigate the current situation of rice cultivation and soil fertility in Quzhou City， Zhejiang Province， based on 247 questionnaires from farmers and 152 soil samples， the current situation of regional rice production and soil quality was analyzed from the aspects of soil physical and chemical properties， rice cultivation varieties， planting patterns， fertilizer application and cost-benefit analysis by using principal component analysis and cost-benefit analysis. The results showed that： 1） Quzhou City mainly adopted the “double-season rice”， i.e.， “early rice-late rice” mode， accounting for 73.01% of the total number of households in the study； followed by the “single-season rice”， i.e.， “single early/middle/late rice” mode， accounting for 17.32% of the total number of households in the study. Rice varieties are mainly hybrids， with a high proportion of high-quality rice varieties such as ‘Yongyou1540’. 2） Fertilizer application generally exceeded the standard. Around 32.54% of the growers used more than 240 kg/hm2 of nitrogen fertilizer， and the average amounts of phosphorus fertilizer and potash fertilizer were 123 and 155 kg/hm2 respectively， which seriously exceeded the local recommended dosage standard. 3） The average of regional paddy field soil pH was 5.84 and the soil was acidic； the content of organic matter and total nitrogen was at a relatively high level， while the content of total phosphorus was low. There was significant difference in soil quality index between regions， which was mainly affected by the content of effective phosphorus， organic matter and microbial carbon. 4） Under different planting modes， the yield of “double-season rice” was the highest， followed by “single-season rice”. However， the production/input ratio and profitability of “single-season rice” were better than that of “double-season rice”， with higher economic benefits， and it was more preferable to the growers combined with the current situation of labor shortage in the region. Therefore， it is recommended to accelerate the selection and promotion of high-quality and disease-resistant rice varieties suitable for planting in Quzhou City， reduce the amount of mineral fertilizers and reasonably apply organic fertilizers to improve the utilization efficiency of fertilizers， increase the management of soil acidification and promote the construction of high-standard farmland and the process of agricultural mechanization， so as to promote the high-quality development of the regional rice industry， thereby contributing to the revitalization of the countryside and the construction of agricultural modernization.Keywords：soil quality assessment;cropping patterns;fertilizer application;cost-benefit116|35|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：The study was to explore the optimal diagnosis period and leaf position of rice leaf SPAD in Chongming District， and preliminarily predict the rice yield and construct a nitrogen nutrition diagnosis model based on SPAD values. Field experiments with different nitrogen application rates （0~375 kg/hm2） were carried out from the tillering stage to the heading stage in Chongming District， Shanghai in 2023 using hybrid rice varieties （‘Shenyou 26’ and ‘Shenyou 28’）， and conventional rice varieties （‘Nanjing 46’ and ‘Chongshang 2022’） as materials， and the SPAD values of different leaf positions of rice were obtained during the critical growth period of rice， and explore the relationship between SPAD values and nitrogen application rate， and rice yield， respectively. The results demonstrated that： 1） Under the same conditions of rice growth environment and field management measures， nitrogen application rate was the main influencing factor of rice growth and development. The changes of nitrogen application rate of rice were reflected by the leaf SPAD value in real time， but the changes of rice SPAD values would vary with different rice species， leaf positions and growth periods. 2） The relationship between SPAD value and nitrogen application rate， SPAD value and yield was fitted， and it was found that the SPAD value of L1 （inverted leaf， flag leaf） could indicate the changes of nitrogen application rate and rice yield. 3） The relationship between the optimal leaf position SPAD value and rice yield was fitted by the quadratic function. The optimal diagnostic period for hybrid rice was the booting stage， and the critical SPAD value was 37.77， while the optimal diagnostic period for conventional rice was the spikelet differentiation stage， and the critical SPAD value was 40.13. Therefore， the L1 leaf of hybrid rice at booting stage and the L1 leaf of conventional rice at spikelet differentiation stage can diagnose crop nitrogen nutrition status， and the critical value of SPAD is compared with the actual value of SPAD， if the SPAD（actual value）－SPAD（critical value）＜0， it means that rice is deficient in nitrogen and needs topdressing. If the SPAD（actual value）－SPAD（critical value）≥0， the nitrogen content of rice is sufficient and no topdressing is required. In conclusion， the nitrogen model established by SPAD can provide a reference for the diagnosis of nitrogen during the key growth period of rice.Keywords：hybrid rice;conventional rice;SPAD value;leaf position;nitrogen nutrition diagnosis85|28|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to explore the relationship between the physical properties of different fertilizers and the uniformity of UAV seeding， the physical and mechanical characteristics of three kinds of compound fertilizers and three kinds of granular urea were determined， and the physical properties of fertilizers affecting the uniformity of UAV fertilization were explored under different flight speeds， different flight altitudes and different centrifugal disk speeds， and the optimal operating parameters of various fertilizers were preliminarily established. The results showed that： 1） The correlation between the uniformity of fertilizer spreading and the specific gravity， angle of repose and bulk density of fertilizer was the most significant， and other indexes affected the uniformity of fertilization by affecting the specific gravity， angle of repose and bulk density of fertilizer. 2） The optimal parameters of different fertilizer adaptation are different， and the spreading uniformity is the highest at 4 m flight altitude and 5 m/s flight speed， and 15-15-15 at 1 100 r/min speed. 3） Compared with other fertilizers， 15-15-15 has better uniformity and a larger amount of fertilizer. The uniformity of 15-15-15 was generally higher than that of other fertilizers under different flight parameters， and the coefficient of variation was smaller. Its high strength and large sphericity significantly improve the fertilization efficiency of rice， promote the sowing of fertilizer by drones， and reduce fertilizer loss. Fertilizers adapted to drones can indeed improve the evenness of fertilizer spreading.Keywords：UAV fertilization;granular fertilizer;physical and chemical properties;flight parameters;dispersal uniformity86|25|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to explore the technology for both carbon sequestration， emission reduction， high yield and stable yield in paddy field， one-season paddy field with different fertilization treatments was taken as the research object. Based on the optimized nitrogen reduction positioning test， four treatments were set up as follows： no nitrogen fertilizer， traditional conventional fertilization by farmers， nitrogen reduction of 36% by urease-containing inhibitor urea and 36% nitrogen reduction by biochar-based fertilizer. The emissions of CH4 and N2O in paddy soil were monitored during the growth period and the rice yield was determined by static chamber-gas chromatography. The results showed that： Compared with the traditional conventional fertilization， the nitrogen reduction treatment reduced the cumulative emission of CH4 in paddy field， and the urease-containing inhibitor urea and biochar-based fertilizer treatment decreased by 15.0% and 68.9%， respectively. The CH4 emission flux of each treatment showed a unimodal curve， which was mainly concentrated in the peak tillering period of rice. Compared with the traditional conventional fertilization， the urease-containing inhibitor urea treatment reduced the N2O emission flux of paddy field by 19.6%， and increased the biochar-based fertilizer treatment by 7.8%. The peak of soil N2O emission was mainly in the peak tillering stage， and the N2O emission decreased but remained at a high level at the end of tillering. Compared with the traditional conventional fertilization， the urease-containing inhibitor urea treatment reduced global warming potential and greenhouse gas emission intensity by 15.9% and 9.6%， respectively， and there was no significant change in biochar-based fertilizer treatment. There was no significant difference in rice yield between urease-containing inhibitor urea and biochar-based fertilizer compared with conventional fertilization. Therefore， urease-containing inhibitor urea and biochar-based fertilizer can maintain paddy yield and reduce greenhouse gas emissions on the basis of optimizing nitrogen reduction of 36%， especially urease-containing inhibitor urea. This study provides theoretical support and technical reference for low-carbon production management in paddy fields.Keywords：biochar;urease inhibitors;paddy field;greenhouse gas emissions;global warming potential109|25|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to explore the temporal and spatial changes of carbon emissions of different subsystems in the agricultural system， identify the contribution degree of agricultural system and subsystems at all levels to environmental carbon emissions and key emission sources， and formulate appropriate targeted greenhouse gas emission reduction strategies， this study took the agricultural integrated system of Quzhou City， Zhejiang Province as the research object. The spatial-temporal changes of carbon emission and carbon sequestration in 4 sub-systems （crop subsystem， aquaculture subsystem， primary food production subsystem and soil subsystem） of 6 counties and cities in Quzhou City from 2004 to 2021 were analyzed. The database of crop subsystem， aquaculture subsystem， primary food production subsystem and soil subsystem was constructed. Based on the life cycle theory and the IPCC greenhouse gas calculation method， a carbon management model for agricultural systems was developed. The results showed that： The carbon emissions of all counties and cities showed an overall trend of “increase-decrease-increase-decrease”. The carbon emissions of the agricultural system in Quzhou City peaked in 2013 and then decreased in a fluctuating manner. The total carbon emissions of the agricultural system in 2021 were 3.538 million tons， which was 1.857 million tons lower than that in 2013. The crop subsystems and primary food production subsystems accounted for the highest average carbon emissions， which were 88.4% and 10.7%， respectively. The carbon emission contribution of Qujiang District， Jiangshan City and Longyou County （high contribution area） is higher than that of Kecheng District， Changshan County and Kaihua County （low contribution area）. After the middle of the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan”， the carbon emissions of the crop subsystem and the primary food production subsystem gradually converged according to the high and low contribution areas， while the county and city aquaculture subsystem converged as a whole. At present， Quzhou has basically achieved the peak of agricultural system carbon， but the individual subsystems still have high carbon emission intensity， especially the crop subsystem， and the carbon sequestration potential of the soil subsystem has not been fully utilized. Therefore， when exploring the reduction of carbon emission intensity under the conditions of the existing agricultural scale in Quzhou City， we should focus on the specific action plan to play the potential of soil carbon sink， and how to further strengthen the coupling coordination degree of subsystems.Keywords：agricultural system;LCA;agricultural system carbon accounting;carbon fixation;temporal and spatial changes of carbon emissions85|29|3<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To investigate the impact of integrated emission reduction measures on greenhouse gas emissions from composting， a trench aerobic composting experiment was conducted using cattle manure as the composting material. The control group （CK） received no treatment， while the integrated emission reduction measures group （OPT） was added grass charcoal ash （20%）， calcium superphosphate （5%）， ferrous sulfate （3%）， and citrate （1%） based on the fresh weight of cattle manure， and 0.5% citric acid solution was sprayed on the surface of the pile （1 L/m2） after each turning. The effects of integrated emission reduction measures on the basic physicochemical properties of compost， NH3 volatilization， and greenhouse gas emissions were analyzed. Additionally， life cycle assessment was applied to calculate the carbon footprint of composting enterprises. The results showed that： 1） At the end of composting， compared with CK， the total nitrogen content， total phosphorus content， organic matter content and seed germination index of OPT significantly increased by 28.27%， 17.21%， 37.73% and 4.45%， respectively （P<0.05）， and the moisture loss was accelerated； 2） At the end of composting， compared with CK， the cumulative emissions of NH3， CH4 and N2O， as well as global warming potential of OPT were significantly reduced by 13.90%， 61.46%， 71.30% and 54.82%， respectively （P<0.05）， but the cumulative CO2 emissions of OPT was significantly increased by 15.39% （P<0.05）； 3） The results of life cycle assessment revealed that the carbon emissions of CK and OPT in the production one ton of organic fertilizer were 113.72 kg and -16.51 kg， respectively. The carbon emissions of both treatments were mainly generated during the operational phase， accounting for 96.25% and 92.98% of their total net emissions， respectively. In conclusion， the integrated emission reduction measures can effectively improve the compost maturity， reduce the loss of effective nutrients and the emission of NH3 and greenhouse gases during composting， and significantly reduce the global warming potential during composting， thus achieving the ‘coordinated emission reduction’ effect. The carbon footprint calculation method can systematically calculate the environmental costs of aerobic composting enterprises， and emission reduction during the operational phase is the key step in reducing emissions for composting enterprises.Keywords：aerobic composting;tank fermentation;carbon emission reduction;carbon footprint;life cycle assessment76|23|5<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：The aim of this study is to select the agricultural wastes， which are suitable for Dali Prefecture of Yunnan Province and have the effect of reducing the continuous cropping of flue-cured tobacco. Firstly， literature related to the reduction of continuous cropping obstacles of flue-cured tobacco were retrieved from the Web of Science and CNKI databases， and three categories of agricultural wastes having the effect of continuous cropping of flue-cured tobacco were identified by Meta-analysis. One type of easy-to-obtain agricultural wastes from each category was then selected， and the effects of three agricultural wastes on the soil physical and chemical properties and pathogenic bacteria of tobacco fields with different continuous cropping years （1 year and 5 years） were further explored through laboratory culture experiments. The results showed that： 1 ） The meta-analysis revealed that the application of biochar， oil cake， livestock and poultry manure could significantly increase the yields of continuous-crop flue-cured tobacco by 15.78%， 9.78%， and 7.43%， enhance the harmonization of the chemical compositions of continuous cropping flue-cured tobacco， and significantly increase the contents of organic matter by 31.61%， 24.37%， and 13.41%， and available potassium in continuous-crop soils by 27.95%， 26.35%， and 20.02%， respectively； 2） Compared with the addition of no agricultural wastes， the addition of three kinds of agricultural wastes， namely dry cow dung （livestock and poultry manure）， rapeseed cake meal （oil cake）， and corn stover biochar （biochar） reduced soil pH and increased soil organic matter， total nitrogen， available nitrogen， available phosphorus， and available potassium contents in tobacco planting soils after 1 and 5 years of continuous cropping； 3） At the same time， the application of three kinds of agricultural wastes changed the diversity and community structure of soil fungi， significantly reduced the relative abundance of Fusarium， the causal agent of tobacco root rot， and increased the relative abundance of Chaetomium， the preventive fungus. Therefore， the application of dry cow dung， rapeseed cake meal， and corn stover biochar could effectively improve the physicochemical properties， microbial community structure， and diversity of the soil of tobacco planting in Dali Prefecture of Yunnan Province， which was conducive to mitigating the fungal soil-borne diseases produced by continuous cropping of flue-cured tobacco and reducing the barriers to the continuous cropping of flue-cured tobacco to a certain extent. Compared with dry cow dung and corn stover biochar， the application of rapeseed cake meal had the best effect on the reduction of the continuous cropping obstacle of tobacco in Dali Prefecture， Yunnan Province. This study provided theoretical support for the selection of raw materials for the development of organic fertilizer products for the reduction of continuous cropping obstacles in flue-cured tobacco.Keywords：meta-analysis;agricultural waste;flue-cured tobacco;continuous cropping obstacle;soil microorganisms;pathogenic bacteria71|21|4<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to explore the spatial variation of carbon and nitrogen footprints of China’s pig feed ingredients in farmland production and the strategy of carbon and nitrogen footprints reduction， this study adopted the life cycle assessment method to systematically analyze the carbon and nitrogen emission characteristics of nine feed ingredient crops such as maize， wheat， rice， soybean， peanut， oilseed rape， cotton， sugarcane and sugar beet produced in different provinces in China. The farmland carbon and nitrogen footprints reduction and feed utilization strategies were prospected in the end. The results showed that： 1） The carbon and nitrogen footprints of maize production displayed a spatial variation of ‘higher in northwest and southern coastal areas， lower in northeast and central areas’ pattern； The carbon and nitrogen footprints of wheat production were mainly concentrated in northwest areas； The carbon and nitrogen footprints of rice production in northwest and southern coastal areas were higher than that in northeast and central areas； The carbon and nitrogen footprints of soybean production in North China and peanut production in southern areas were also higher； The carbon and nitrogen footprints of oilseed rape production were mainly concentrated in the northwest and southern coastal areas， and that of cotton production in northwest and southern areas were significantly higher than that in other areas； The carbon and nitrogen footprints of sugarcane production in Guangdong were higher； Hebei had the highest carbon and nitrogen footprints in sugar beet production. 2） The carbon footprint of farmland production of feed ingredients mainly came from agricultural inputs （20.73%-60.77%）， followed by field fertilizer application （13.38%-42.43%）； the nitrogen footprint mainly came from NH3 volatilization caused by field fertilizer application （45.60%-77.13%）， nitrogen leaching and runoff losses （12.86%-48.91%）. In conclusion， farmland management optimization countermeasures such as fertilizer reduction， etc. can effectively reduce the carbon and nitrogen footprints of feed ingredient crops， and it is recommended to give priority to the use of low-emission regional feed ingredient crops in livestock production to reduce the environmental cost of animal husbandry.Keywords：feed ingredient crops;carbon footprint;nitrogen footprint;life cycle assessment63|22|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To address the current difficulties in quantifying carbon emission data from pig farming and the lack of direction for emission reduction， this study firstly established a carbon emission accounting method for pig farms， then carbon emissions accounting was conducted on 170 pig farms in Quzhou City， and combined with indicators such as carbon emission intensity， dark green， yellow， and red were classified to provide a reference for the accurate implementation of local agricultural policies. The results showed that：1）The net carbon emission from pig farms in Quzhou City was 254 t， of which 46% could be offset by carbon sequestration from biogas utilization and application of organic fertilizer. CH4 emissions from manure management and enteric fermentation， and CO2 emissions from purchased electricity were the main sources of carbon emissions. 2）The average carbon intensity of all farms was 0.51 t， with 34， 68， 60 and 8 dark green， light green， yellow and red labeled farms， respectively. The carbon emissions of dark green labeled farms in all segments were lower than those of other labeled farms. Therefore， outdated labeling farms should focus on the process of feces and urine management and energy consumption， and actively explore low-carbon feces treatment modes and the development of clean energy in order to promote the green and low-carbon development of the pig industry in Quzhou City.Keywords：carbon account;carbon emission;pig;LCA61|33|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To effectively develop and utilize the feed resources of local agricultural by-products of Quzhou， the nutritional values of four primary agricultural by-products， rapeseed meal （RSM）， unite bran （UB）， rice bran （RB） and brown rice （BR）， were accurately evaluated by employing energy and nitrogen balance techniques alongside indirect calorimetry. Based on their nutritional values， the feed formula of growing and fattening pigs used by the Quzhou Sanyiyi Ecological Agriculture Co.， Ltd. was taken as the case study for analysis of potential emission reduction of diversified diets by substituting feed ingredients like corn and soybean meal with these unique local agricultural by-products. The results showed that： Discrepancies were identified between the determined nutritional components and the published values of these four kinds of agricultural by-products in Quzhou. The net energy values as dry matter basis for RSM， UB， RB and BR were 9.27， 5.11， 12.64， and 11.63 MJ/kg， respectively. It was found that formulating these by-products into the diets of growing-finishing pigs could effectively reduce the proportion of corn and soybean meal in the growing and fattening periods according to the measured values of nutrients of four agricultural by-products， which led to a decrease in nitrogen emissions from the terminal ileum of pigs by 2.5% and 2.4%， respectively， along with a reduction in fecal phosphorus excretion by 16.0% and 6.3%， respectively. The reduction also mitigated the feed cost by 4.0% during the growing period and 1.3% during the fattening period. This study provides insight into promoting the exploration of unconventional feed resources， such as agricultural by-products of Quzhou， additionally， it also offers guidance on economizing and substituting key ingredients， such as corn and soybean meal in swine feed， mitigating the emission of pollutants.Keywords：agricultural by-products;nutritional value;net energy;substitution;emission reduction;growing-finishing pig69|33|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to investigate the effect of urease inhibitor N-butylthiophosphorotriamine （NBPT） on nitrogen emission during feces and urine storage in blister pig pens， fresh pig feces and urine was taken as study material in this study and a total of six treatments， blank control treatment （CK）， and the 0.02% （T1）， 0.04% （T2）， 0.06% （T3）， 0.08%（T4） and 0.10% （T5） of NBPT addition treatments were designed with three replicates per treatment， the storage experiment lasted for 25 days. The characteristics of nitrogen conversion and loss in feces and urine and the abatement cost of each treatment were compared. The results showed that： Compared with CK， the NBPT treatments could significantly reduce ammonia emission by 13% to 54% （P<0.05） through reducing the decomposition and transformation of urea in feces and urine， and the ammonia emission reduction effect showed a significant increase and then stabilized with the increase of the proportion of NBPT addition； Among them， T5 treatment had the best abatement effect but also had the highest abatement cost. T2 treatment had the highest ammonia abatement per unit cost （106 g/yuan）， and it had the ammonia abatement potential of 37%. In conclusion， the addition of urease inhibitor NBPT to blister manure pens can effectively reduce ammonia emissions， and the 0.04% additive dose is recommended in actual production.Keywords：pig;urease inhibitor;ammonia;animal housing;abatement cost58|23|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to study the effects of adding different agricultural wastes on the carbon and nitrogen transformation and losses during the process of treating laying hens’ manure with black soldier fly， this study selected bean dregs， vegetable waste and their 1∶1 combination as auxiliary materials and mixed them with fresh laying hens' manure according to equal weight ratio. Four treatments were set up as follows：chicken manure group （CK）， vegetable waste addition group （VW）， soybean dregs addition group （SD） and mixed vegetable waste and soybean dregs addition group （Mix）. The effects of different agricultural waste additions on related parameters such as chicken manure biomass conversion， carbon and nitrogen loss and insect sand nutrient retention were determined and compared. The results showed that：Compared with CK， the insect biomass yield of VW， SD and Mix groups significantly increased by 15.60%‑36.96% and the waste reduction rate by 5.51%‑27.30%， and the biological conversion rate increased by 16.57%‑39.35% （P<0.05）. In addition， the total organic carbon content in the insect sand decreased by 16.94%‑42.24%， and the total nitrogen content increased by 0.46%‑9.63% （P<0.05）. The fermentation parameters such as GI index， humic substance and C/N reached the organic fertilizer standard. The addition of agricultural waste also reduced 12.26%‑46.81% of NH3 volatilization， 20.23%‑42.48% of N2O emissions and 49.78%‑57.27% of CH4 emissions （P<0.05）. The cumulative emissions of VW and Mix decreased by 21.50% and 11.19%， respectively， compared with CK， and SD increased by 14.53% （P<0.05）. The global warming potential of the agricultural waste addition groups was significantly reduced by 22.49%‑45.27% （P<0.05）. Among them， the group Mix had the best effect of sand rot and biotransformation， the least greenhouse gas emission， the better biomass production and carbon and nitrogen fixation ability， which was suitable for the green and efficient treatment of feces in laying hens.Keywords：black soldier fly;chicken manure;agricultural waste;biotransformation;gas emission reduction69|19|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To review the progress of research on carbon emissions from livestock industry in China， literature review method is employed in this study. The “connotation characteristics - research progress - prospective revelation” of livestock carbon emissions is taken as the logical main line. Based on the analysis of the connotative characteristics of carbon emissions in the livestock industry， this study summarizes current research progress and subsequently derives prospective implications for future studies. The results show that： 1） Livestock industry carbon emissions exhibit unique features in terms of sources， quantities and spatial-temporal distribution patterns. 2） Research progress on livestock carbon emissions can be summarized into five main areas， which are quantification of livestock carbon emissions， characteristics of their spatial-temporal evolution， environmental efficiency under carbon emission constraints， influencing factors， and mitigation measures. 3） Future research could be further expanded in three directions including standardizing accounting practices for livestock industry carbon emissions， focusing on the adoption behavior of pollution reduction and carbon mitigation technologies by livestock farmers， and comprehensively considering both the carbon sink function of grasslands and carbon emissions from the livestock industry.Keywords：livestock industry;carbon emissions;connotative characteristics;research progress;prospective implications78|27|4<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：The increase in of livestock and poultry farming scale has led to a geometric increase in the concentrated discharge of livestock and poultry manure， and timely treatment of livestock and poultry manure has become a key issue in solving agricultural non-point source pollution. With the rapid development of the animal husbandry industry， traditional composting methods can no longer meet the demands for livestock and poultry manure treatment giving rise to large-scale and rapid processing technologies and equipment. This study was based on the China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， from which 2 663 relevant articles were retrieved and analyzed. The application status and development trends of relevant equipment were discussed from four aspects： solid-liquid separation equipment， anaerobic fermentation equipment， aerobic composting equipment， and fertilization equipment. The results indicate that： 1） The treatment of solid manure primarily relied on aerobic composting， mostly using windrow treatment， which was less mechanized and environmentally friendly. 2） The treatment of liquid manure mainly involved anaerobic fermentation for field application， with black membrane biogas digesters being widely used in livestock farms in China. However， the poor utilization of anaerobic fermentation by-products limited the application of reactor equipment. 3） The marketization of fertilization equipment was relatively low， mostly consisting of traditional manure spreaders， and there was a lack of precision fertilization equipment. Currently， the resource utilization of livestock and poultry manure in China faces issued such as outdated facilities， lack of equipment， and poor integration. Key limitations to manure field application include poor compost quality， strong odor， and high labor costs. Finally， this study proposed countermeasures such as upgrading composting facilities on farms and developing precision fertilization machinery. The future development direction of equipment for the resource utilization of livestock and poultry manure includes replacing imported equipment with domestically produced equipment， improving equipment stability and operational efficiency and advancing towards high-end markets.Keywords：livestock and poultry manure;large-scale farms;equipment;current status and developing trends77|50|6<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：The four coastal provinces （regions） in South China are important regions for the development of modern agricultural economy. However， this region has large population and limited land， relatively high pressure on grain production， especially the rice production concentrated areas are faced with the challenge of reducing the double-cropping rice planting area. In order to effectively improve grain production capacity and construct a new high-quality production system， based on statistical data from four southern provinces （regions） including Fujian， Guangdong， Hainan， and Guangxi， this study analyzed the current situation and main problems of rice production in four provinces （regions）， and elaborated the current status， main advantages and development potential of ratooning rice in the region. The results showed that in the past 20 years， the planting area and yield of rice in the region decreased by 30.46% and 22.56%， respectively. Due to the pressure of rice cultivation income and other factors， the area of double cropping rice constantly reduced， and the "non grain" production of cultivated land intensified. Ratooning rice， as a rice planting system with significant benefits， has been further developed. The average yield of ratooning rice reaches 23.86% to 79.31% of that of the first season rice. With the progress of cultivation technology， the cultivation of ratooning rice is gradually transitioning towards positive scale， mechanization， light simplification， and standardization， showing good potential for increased grain production. Combined with the actual situation of regional grain production， this study also has proposed a new pattern and measures of optimizing “over ton grain” production with main rice + ratooning rice. Its main contents include： 1） implement technological breakthroughs and breed new rice varieties suitable for regenerative cultivation； 2） encourage the development of ratooning rice in suitable regions and expand the machine harvesting area； 3） implement the project of “over ton grain” production with main rice + ratooning rice； 4） promote a new model of green and socialized services throughout ratooning rice production； 5） build a new high quality and green production system by supporting by brand development； 6） build new brands of ratooning rice and increase technological demonstrations and publicity efforts.Keywords：South China;coastal province （regions）;food safety;capacity improvement;ratooning rice;high quality production system64|29|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to make clear the intermittent far-red light irradiation mode improving the water use efficiency （WUE） of rice seedlings， a 694 nm wavelength far red LED light irradiation experiment was conducted on five rice varieties， including Youming 86， Fengliangyou 648， Luhan 639， Jingzhan 1 and Zhendao 18. The root and stem length of rice seedlings and the gas exchange were measured to identify the optimal WUE rice variety. Based on the rice variety with optimal WUE， experiments were conducted with four different wavelengths of far-red LED light irradiation at 836， 720， 755， and 694 nm， respectively. The root and stem length of rice seedlings and gas exchange parameters were measured to determine the optima far-red light wavelength of the optimal WUE rice variety. Using the Box Behnken central combination design principle， with no far-red light irradiation as the control group， a multi factor response surface optimization experiment and simulation were conducted with single far-red light irradiation duration， interruption duration and irradiation period as control factors and WUE as response value. The results showed that Luhan 639 rice variety had the best WUE under far-red light irradiation with a peak wavelength of 755 nm. The optimal intermittent far-red irradiation mode combination for improving the WUE of rice seedlings is as follows： Nineteen minutes of single irradiation， nineteen minutes of intermittent irradiation and the conventional LED irradiation immediately begins after the far-red light irradiation ends. The simulation result of rice seedling WUE under the optimal intermittent irradiation mode is 8.8， and the actual measured WUE of rice seedlings in the validation experiment is 8.6， with a relative error of less than 0.3 compared to the prediction model. The results of the model in this study are reliable.Keywords：rice;water use efficiency;far-red light;response surface method48|20|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To explore the early accurate identification for rice seedlings and barnyard grass， ultra-miniature ground spectrometer was utilized to collect the spectral information within 400 to 920 nm wavelength range from the canopies of rice plants during the two-leaf to four-leaf stages and the simultaneously growing barnyard grass plants. Characteristic wavelengths were selected by using Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling （CARS） combined with chemometrics. Classification Learner Toolbox by MATLAB was employed for species identification to establish the multiple classification and recognition models. The results showed that： The Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis （PLS-DA） model has the best phenotype based on SG smoothing-SG derivation-CARS processing. The model established in this study achieved 100% accuracy in identifying the samples at the two-leaf stage in the calibration set， cross-validation set and external validation set. For samples across the two-leaf to four-leaf stages， the correct recognition rates in the calibration set， cross-validation set and external validation set were 100%， 98% and 99%， respectively. Therefore， the combination of hyperspectral technology chemometrics could achieve rapid， non-destructive and precise identification of rice and barnyard grass at the seedling stage. This model can be applied to precise control and elimination of barnyard grass.Keywords：rice;barnyard grass;hyperspectral;discriminant model;partial least squares discriminant analysis;early classification and identification52|19|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In response to the problems such as shallowness of land cultivation layer and compaction of deep soil layers in the arid areas of northern Ningxia， the changes of soil nutrients and enzyme activity during the entire growth period of maize under the use of Fenlong cultivation were investigated. Using traditional Fenlong cultivation （with a tillage depth of about 15 cm） as a control （CK）， four treatments were set with a Fenlong depth of 30 cm （FL30）， 40 cm （FL40）， 50 cm （FL50）， and 60 cm （FL60）， respectively. The changes in soil nutrients （alkaline nitrogen， available phosphorus， available potassium， organic matter） and soil enzyme activity （urease， catalase， sucrase， alkaline phosphatase） at different growth stages of maize were monitored under different treatments. The results showed that： The contents of alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen， available phosphorus， and available potassium in the soil under Fenlong cultivation were significantly higher than those of CK. The rate of decline of each nutrient content was significantly lower than that of CK， especially in the deeper soil （20 to 60 cm）， where the average alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen content increased by 16.94 mg/kg， the average available phosphorus content increased by 12.28 mg/kg， the average available potassium content increased by 10.41 mg/kg， and the average organic matter content increased by 6.34 g/kg； The content of soil catalase under Fenlong cultivation was significantly higher than that under CK， with an average increase of 0.69 mg/kg； The effect of Fenlong cultivation on the activity of urease and sucrase in the 20 to 60 cm soil layer was significantly higher than that of CK， with an average increase of 1.17 mg/（g∙d） and 1.27 mg/（g∙d）， respectively. In conclusion， Fenlong cultivation significantly improved the key physical properties and internal environment of soil. The nutrients in the soil after Fenlong cultivation were higher than those in the original soil， and the key enzyme activities in the deep soil were activated. Based on increasing the thickness of the tillage layer and loosening the soil structure， it provided a good ecological environment for crop growth. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application and promotion of Fenlong cultivation in arid areas and the sustainable development of the soil environment.Keywords：Fenlong cultivation;corn;soil nutrients;soil enzyme activity;soil environment56|30|5<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to investigate the effects of nitrogen reduction and humic acid application on the photosynthetic characteristics and yield of island cotton in Xinjiang， island cotton ‘Xin 78’ was used as experimental material. Five treatments were set up， which were no nitrogen （CK）， conventional nitrogen 600 kg/hm2（OF1）， reduced nitrogen 300 kg/hm2（OF2）， reduced nitrogen 300 kg/hm2 + humic acid 150 kg/hm2 （OF3） and humic acid 300 kg/hm2（OF4）， respectively. The effects of different fertilization methods on the leaf area index （LAI）， photosynthetic active radiation （PAR） interception rate， leaf SPAD， net photosynthetic rate （Pn）， transpiration rate （Tr）， stomatal conductance （Gs）， intercellular CO2 concentration （Ci） and yield of island cotton were analyzed. The results showed that： OF3 significantly increased LAI， PAR interception rate and leaf SPAD of Island cotton compared with CK. The LAI of OF3 reached its peak in the blooming period， and was 7.56%， 6.41% and 6.37% higher than CK， OF2 and OF4， respectively， with no significant difference from OF1 （P<0.05）. The population PAR interception rate increased first and then decreased during the whole growth period， and the hammer distance of OF3 at the bolling stage could reach more than 0.9 at 70 cm， and the leaf SPAD of OF3 at full bolling stage was 6.00%， 4.77% and 3.67% higher than CK， OF2 and OF4， respectively （P<0.05）， with no significant difference from OF1. Nitrogen reduction and humic acid application can maintain a higher level of photosynthetic characteristics， increase dry matter accumulation and increase the yield of island cotton. During the whole growth period， Pn， Gs and Tr of OF1 and OF3 island cotton were significantly higher than CK， OF2 and OF4， and there was no significant difference between OF3 and OF1 （P<0.05）. The difference of photosynthetic parameters reached the maximum at the peak of bolling stage. Pn， Gs and Tr of OF1 were 2.62%， 1.75% and 1.51% higher than those of OF3， respectively， and the Ci of OF1 was 4.64% lower than that of OF3. At the same time， OF3 accelerated the dry matter accumulation of island cotton plant into the rapid accumulation period， which was 4 to 13 d earlier than CK， OF1， OF2 and OF4. OF3 increased the yield of island cotton by 6.31% to 20.89%. OF3 obtained the maximum accumulation rate （1.53 g/d） and growth characteristic value （60.67）， which were 25.41% and 2.67% higher than OF1 respectively. In conclusion， the fertilization strategy of 300 kg/hm2 nitrogen and 150 kg/hm2 humic acid （OF3） in Xinjiang island cotton planting can significantly improve LAI and PAR of island cotton， maintain good photosynthetic characteristics and promote the formation of yield， which is conducive to achieving the dual goals of nitrogen reduction and yield improvement.Keywords：island cotton;nitrogen fertilizer;humic acid;photosynthetic characteristics;Xinjiang66|19|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To uncover the spatiotemporal dynamics of soil moisture under various types of degradable film mulching and to further clarify the impact of degradable film mulching on the differences in sunflower yield and water use efficiency， we conducted a systematic analysis by taking sunflower variety Sanrui No. 10 as study object. A total five types of biodegradable films： Xing'an League degradable black film （XAM）， Lanzhou degradable black film （LZ）， Jilin degradable black film （JL）， Suzhou degradable black film （SZ）， and Shanghai degradable black film （SH）， along with a conventional plastic film control （CK）， were encompassed over the years 2022 and 2023. The effects of the treatments on the spatiotemporal dynamics of soil moisture， dry matter accumulation， and water use efficiency throughout the entire growth period of sunflowers were examined. The results indicated that there was no significant difference in soil moisture content between biodegradable films and conventional plastic film during the early growth stage of sunflowers. However， in the middle and late stages， the soil moisture content under conventional film was higher than that under degradable films. The LZ and SH degradable film treatments significantly surpassed the CK in terms of plant dry matter at maturity， and with no significant differences observed among the other treatments. The dry matter accumulation process of sunflowers under different treatments conformed to the Logistic model， with an R2 fitting degree above 0.925 for all. Over the two-year period， the maximum growth rate of dry matter accumulation for CK was consistently lower than that of the degradable film treatments. In 2022， the SH treatment yielded 4，259.29 kg/hm²， which was 13.93% higher than the CK yield. In 2023， the SH treatment produced 4，493.85 kg/hm²， marking a 23.44% increase over CK. The water use efficiency for the JL and SH degradable film treatments was 13.48 and 14.00 kg/（hm²·mm）， respectively， which was 5.69% and 9.17% higher than the CK treatment. Considering yield， water use efficiency， and other factors， the SH and JL fully biodegradable film mulching demonstrated superior performance in both yield and water use efficiency. These findings suggest that the SH and JL degradable films are suitable for promotion in the southern irrigation area of the Yellow River basin in Inner Mongolia. This study provides a theoretical foundation for mitigating the pollution caused by residual films and advancing sustainable agricultural practices.Keywords：sunflower;biodegradable film;dry matter accumulation;yield;water use efficiency51|21|3<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：Determining the optimum sampling numbers （OSN） of heavy metals in soil is the premise and foundation for research of heavy metals in soil. It is one critical issue to achieve credible results when surveying heavy metals in soil and sustainable land use or remediation decisions. In this study， cadmium in farmland soil was taken as the research object. The data of Cd from 17 high-low variant units at different scales were collected by field sampling. The relationships between geometric standard deviation （GSD） and coefficient of variation（CV） were established by statistical and empirical theory. Based on the relationships， the method of determining the OSN of heavy metals in soil with skewed distribution was further derived. The results showed that： Compared with other methods， geometric standard deviation calculated by the method derived from statistical model was more accurate， and the OSN calculated by the proposed statistical model was closer to the exact sampling number； The mean error and relative deviation generated by the proposed statistical model were smaller， and the OSN calculated by the proposed statistical model in the high or low variation units was more accurate. The total calculation process of the proposed statistical model was simpler and faster. This study provides an effective method to determine the OSN of soil heavy metals in the decision unit with known CV.Keywords：soil heavy metals;skewed distribution;coefficient of variation;sampling number;model55|21|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：This study aims to gain insights into the land reclamation baseline information investigation and practices in Wyoming， the premier mining state in the United States， to provide references for inform and enhance the comprehensive investigation of baseline data， supervision and management throughout the entire process， and quality enhancement in China's land reclamation endeavors. Based on the review of laws， rules and regulations， and guidelines of the Wyoming Department of Environmental Land Quality Division， this study explores the institutional basis， depth of content， and investigation methods related to land reclamation baseline information of surface coal mines in Wyoming. Combining with the actual situation in China， this study puts forward the inspiration on how to improve permit baseline information gathering practices resulting in better land use of the Chinese mining land. The results indicate that： The system of gathering baseline information for better reclamation results in Wyoming is well developed， comprising federal laws， state rules and regulations， technical guidelines and supervision mechanism involving multiple stakeholders； The content of the land reclamation baseline information includes assessment of land use， climate conditions， topography， geology， hydrology （surface and groundwater and water rights）， soil， vegetation， wildlife， and historical and cultural data； The requirements of how and what to collect for specific environmental conditions are clearly defined； Field measurements， remote sensing， and Geographic Information Systems （GIS） continue to be the primary methods for data collection and analysis. In conclusion， the land reclamation supervision system throughout the entire process in Wyoming delineates the rights and responsibilities of diverse stakeholders. The state regulations clearly provide detailed requirements of the content and frequency of the baseline data gathering before the beginning of mining. The Baseline data information included in a mining permit establishes a framework and schedule for reclamation processes. A regulatory mechanism characterized by the mining permit， reclamation bonding system， annual reports， and state enforcement procedures through field inspections provide a management system to ensure successful reclamation results. Therefore， on the basis of China’s specific conditions and maintaining its unique characteristics， it is possible to further enhance the details of land reclamation baseline information investigations， clarify the regulatory framework for these investigations， improve dynamic supervision throughout the entire process， and construct a collaborative and shared information mechanism for land reclamation.Keywords：land reclamation;baseline information investigation;supervision of land reclamation;Wyoming49|18|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to reveal the coupling coordination relationship of "production-living-ecological" functions and the spatial-temporal difference of its influencing factors in Guangxi Beibu Gulf Economic Zone， the study constructs the evaluation index system of the national space of "production-living-ecological" functions from 2010 to 2020， and analyzes the function relationship by using the coupling coordination degree model. The spatial-temporal heterogeneity of the factors influencing the functional coordination of "production-living-ecological" is then discussed by using the geographically and temporally weighted regression model. The results show that： 1） The production and living functions of counties in the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone are gradually improved， and the spatial pattern of production and living functions is "high in the middle， east and south， low in the north and west". The ecological function is slightly decreased， and the spatial pattern is opposite to the production and living functions. The high-value areas of production and living functions in Nanning city have diffusion effect， and the high-value areas of production and living functions in Yulin and coastal city are at the polarization stage. 2） The improvement of production and living functions promotes the coupling coordination degree of "production-living-ecological" functions to improve， from basic coordination to moderate coordination， and the functional conflict of "production-living-ecological" is gradually reduced. The basic coordination of the "production-living-ecological" functions in each district and county is the dominant type， the moderate coordination is the diffusion stage， and the high coordination is the initial polarization. 3） Terrain is the basis for the formation of the spatial pattern of the coupling coordination relationship between "production-living-ecological" functions， and per capita GDP is the key factor. Population urbanization， land urbanization， duality of industrial structure， total investment in fixed assets， agricultural labor， total power of agricultural machinery， cultivated land protection intensity and ecological protection intensity have effects on the coupling coordination degree of "production-living-ecological" functions， which are not only related to the stage of regional social and economic development， but also have regional differences. In Guangxi Beibu Gulf Economic Zone， the coupling coordination relationship of "production-living-ecological" functions and its influencing factors are spatial-temporal， and the improvement of production and living functions is the key to functional coordination. The research results can provide reference for the efficient and sustainable utilization of territorial space aiming at the coordinated development of "production-living-ecological" functions.Keywords："production-living-ecological" functions;coupling and coordination;spatial-temporal evolution;geographically and temporally weighted regression model;Guangxi Beibu Gulf Economic Zone97|19|7<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
Science and Technology Backyard and Green Low\-Carbon Column
