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Effects of different hormone ratios and varied light qualities on rooting of apple rootstock woody stem cuttings AI Introduction
Abstract：To investigate the effects of different hormone ratios and treatment with red and blue light on the rooting of woody stem cuttings and the rooting mechanism， apple rootstock woody stems were used as the materials， and the cuttings were treated with different ratios of hormones and treatment with red and blue light to determine the physiological indexes such as the content of soluble sugar， soluble starch and soluble protein. Transcriptome sequencing was carried out on the 4th day after the cuttings were taken. Go enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway analysis were performed on differentially expressed genes. qRT-PCR was used to quantitatively analyze and verify gene expression levels. The results showed that： 1） Among all treatments， 3 000 mg/L naphthalene acetic acid （NAA） significantly increased the rooting rate of apple woody stem cuttings （P<0.05）. Compared with the red light treatment， the red and blue light treatment and blue light treatment significantly increased the rooting rate of apple rootstock woody stem cuttings（P<0.05）. The number of root tips and total root length of cuttings were significantly higher in the blue light treatment than in the other treatments. 2） The soluble sugar content of cuttings increased significantly on the 8th day after NAA treatment（P<0.05）. The soluble starch content declined on the 4th day， but was significantly higher than CK on the 16th day（P<0.05）. The soluble protein content was lower than CK on the 4th day， and increased significantly on the 16th day（P<0.05）. 3） Transcriptome sequencing obtained 9 KEGG pathways and 1 543 differentially expressed genes related to rooting， and further screened 5 genes from 2 gene families， SAURs and BAMs closely related to the rooting process. Among them， MdSAUR51， MdSAUR50 and MdSAUR12 were associated with growth hormone signalling response； MdBAM2 and MdBAM1 may regulate starch accumulation in cuttings by inhibiting starch hydrolysis， thereby affecting adventitious root formation. This study provides a scientific basis for improving the efficiency of factory nursery and subsequent rooting mechanism research.Keywords：auxin;seedling propagation;hardwood cutting;rooting physiological mechanism;rooting-related genes462|110|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02Screening study of apple nutritional quality indexes AI Introduction
Abstract：In order to solve the problem of the lack of fruit nutrition quality grading index， six apple varieties， Xinjiang Aksu red Fuji， Shandong Qixia red Fuji and Shaanxi Luochuan red Fuji， New Zealand Envy， New Zealand Rockit and Daning Qincui were taken as study materials. One-way analysis of variance （ANOVA） and calculation of the coefficient of variation of nutritional quality indexes were used to analyze the differences in the contents of sugar， acid， pectin， dietary fiber， vitamin C， minerals， proanthocyanidins， total anthocyanins， total phenols and total flavonoids in apples. The bivariate correlation analysis， principal fraction analysis and cluster analysis were used to screen the dimensionality reduction of the above 11 characteristic nutritional quality indicators. The results showed that： 1） There were great differences in the taste， color and nutrients among the six apple varieties， especially the contents of vitamin C， proanthocyanidins and total anthocyanins， and the coefficients of variation reached 64.39%， 51.84% and 48.93%， respectively. 2） The nutritional indexes of apples were correlated and classifiable， and the contribution rate of the first four types of factors obtained after the dimension reduction of 11 nutritional indicators to the nutritional quality of apples was 99.795%， which could reflect the original index of 99.795%. 3） One core index was identified from each of the four types of factors， namely total phenols （factor weight 0.941）， water-soluble sugar （factor weight 0.926）， vitamin C （factor weight 0.836） and total minerals （factor weight 0.16）， which could be used as apple nutrition quality grading indicators. In conclusion， the method of screening characteristic nutritional quality indexes of fruits is feasible in the quality grading of fruits.Keywords：apple;nutritional quality;quality grading;index screening127|28|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02Screening study of apple nutritional quality indexes AI Introduction
Abstract：In order to solve the problem of the lack of fruit nutrition quality grading index， six apple varieties， Xinjiang Aksu red Fuji， Shandong Qixia red Fuji and Shaanxi Luochuan red Fuji， New Zealand Envy， New Zealand Rockit and Daning Qincui were taken as study materials. One-way analysis of variance （ANOVA） and calculation of the coefficient of variation of nutritional quality indexes were used to analyze the differences in the contents of sugar， acid， pectin， dietary fiber， vitamin C， minerals， proanthocyanidins， total anthocyanins， total phenols and total flavonoids in apples. The bivariate correlation analysis， principal fraction analysis and cluster analysis were used to screen the dimensionality reduction of the above 11 characteristic nutritional quality indicators. The results showed that： 1） There were great differences in the taste， color and nutrients among the six apple varieties， especially the contents of vitamin C， proanthocyanidins and total anthocyanins， and the coefficients of variation reached 64.39%， 51.84% and 48.93%， respectively. 2） The nutritional indexes of apples were correlated and classifiable， and the contribution rate of the first four types of factors obtained after the dimension reduction of 11 nutritional indicators to the nutritional quality of apples was 99.795%， which could reflect the original index of 99.795%. 3） One core index was identified from each of the four types of factors， namely total phenols （factor weight 0.941）， water-soluble sugar （factor weight 0.926）， vitamin C （factor weight 0.836） and total minerals （factor weight 0.16）， which could be used as apple nutrition quality grading indicators. In conclusion， the method of screening characteristic nutritional quality indexes of fruits is feasible in the quality grading of fruits.Keywords：apple;nutritional quality;quality grading;index screening9|17|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02Effects of soil nutrients on the quality of ‘Fuji’ apple: Based on a survey of apple orchards in 6 counties in 3 provinces AI Introduction
Abstract：To study the effects of different soil nutrients on the quality of ‘Fuji’ apples， seven quality indicators of ‘Fuji’ apple and six indicators of soil nutrient factors in orchards were selected and measured by taking ‘Fuji’ apples and soils from 46 mature orchards in Shandong， Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces as study materials. The correlation analysis， partial least squares and multiple linear regression were used to screen the most important soil nutrient factors affecting the quality of ‘Fuji’ apples and establish a regression equation between soil nutrient factors and the quality of ‘Fuji’ apples. The results showed that： 1） Soil alkaline dissolved nitrogen content was significantly and positively correlated with coloring area， soluble solids content and acid-fixing ratio； Effective phosphorus content was significantly and positively correlated with fruit firmness and acid-fixing ratio； effective iron content was significantly and positively correlated with coloring area， soluble solids content， acid-fixing ratio and fruit shape index； pH was significantly and negatively correlated with coloring area， soluble solids and acid-fixing ratio， and highly and significantly correlated with titratable acid content. significant positive correlation with titratable acid content. 2） The soil nutrient factors affecting apple quality （in descending order of impact） are as follows： Single fruit quality， pH and available calcium； Fruit shape index， available iron and pH； Coloring area， available iron， pH and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen； Fruit firmness， available phosphorus， available potassium and pH； Soluble solid content， available iron， pH and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen； Titratable acid content， pH， available iron and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen； Effects of solid acid ratio， pH， available iron and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen. On this basis， the regression equation of ‘Fuji’ apple quality was established， and the positive and negative effects on fruit quality and the degree of influence could be obtained according to the regression coefficient of soil nutrient factors.Keywords：‘Fuji’ apple;fruit quality;soil nutrients;pH;partial least squares regression56|22|3<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02The impact of irrigation decisions based on moisture sensor on the growth, yield and quality of strawberries cultivated in substrate AI Introduction
Abstract：In order to investigate the effects of different irrigation decisions on strawberry growth， yield and quality， four treatments were set according to the position of moisture sensor and the method of irrigation stop based on water sensor， which were used for irrigation management in the middle and late stage of strawberry substrate cultivation. T1， T2 and T3 processed moisture sensors located at distances of 0、0 cm，7.5、0 cm，and 0、10 cm from the plant and substrate surface， respectively. The field water capacity of matrix and the monitoring value of moisture sensor were used to calculate the irrigation amount. The position of the moisture sensor in T4 treatment was the same as that of T1. The irrigation stop was triggered directly by the moisture sensor monitoring value. The photosynthetic characteristics， water use efficiency and yield of strawberries under different treatments were determined. The results showed that the total irrigation quantity of the four treatments showed the order of T4>T2>T3>T1， and T2 and T4 treatments respectively improved the photosynthesis and water use efficiency of strawberry leaves in the middle and later stages of cultivations. The single fruit weight in T2 treatment was the highest， with a single plant yield of 107.8 g， significantly increasing by 36.8%， 18.1% and 10.1% compared with other treatments（P<0.05）. The fruit hardness and soluble sugar content in T2 treatment were the highest， and significantly higher than other three treatments during the middle cultivation stage（P<0.05）. During storage， the decay rate was the lowest and the decay rate was the slowest in T2 treatment . On the 7th day， the decay rate in T2 treatment decreased by 25.0%， 14.2% and 7.7%， respectively， compared with T1， T3 and T4 treatments. In summary， the moisture sensor layout distance is 7.5 cm from the plant， 0 cm from the substrate surface and the decision to stop irrigation based on the field water holding capacity of the substrate and the monitoring values values of the moisture sensors（T2） are more conductive to increasing strawberry yield and quality， and are suitable for irrigation management in the middle and later stages of strawberry substrate cultivation.Keywords：moisture sensor;irrigation decision;strawberry;yield;quality64|29|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02- Abstract：In order to solve the problem of early damage of ripe strawberries during picking and transport， which is difficult to detect quickly， and to safeguard the commercial value and food safety of strawberries， this study proposes a new method based on hyperspectral imaging technology， which combines the band ratio and the improved watershed segmentation algorithm， to realize non-destructive detection of early damage of strawberries. Principal component cluster analysis was conducted across three spectral ranges： Vis-NIR （480.19~1 015.63 nm）， Vis （480.19~780.0 nm）， and NIR （780.0~1 015.63 nm）. Characteristic wavelengths were identified using principal component loading maps. Subsequently， corresponding principal component and band ratio images were generated. The segmentation of strawberry damage regions was performed using an improved watershed segmentation algorithm. The results indicate that： 1） Strawberries with different damage areas can be effectively differentiated in the Vis-NIR and NIR spectral ranges， along the PC1 direction. 2） Among the band ratio images， the Q758.64/1 015.63 band ratio image exhibits the best performance in enhancing damage contrast， making it the most suitable for subsequent analysis. 3） The improved watershed segmentation algorithm outperforms the traditional watershed and improved Otsu methods， achieving an overall detection accuracy of 95.5%， demonstrating its reliability and effectiveness in detecting early strawberry damage. In conclusion， the integration of hyperspectral imaging technology with the improved watershed segmentation algorithm is a viable approach for the rapid， nondestructive detection of early strawberry damage， offering theoretical and technical support for ensuring strawberry quality and food safety.Keywords：hyperspectral imaging;damage detection;band ratio;improved watershed segmentation algorithm;strawberry52|24|4<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02
Grey correlation analysis and comprehensive evaluation of the yield per plant and main agronomic characters of 15 cherry tomato varieties AI Introduction
Abstract：Aims of this study were to enrich cherry tomato varieties in the cold area of Taihang Mountain， improve farmers’ planting efficiency and meet consumers’ demand for cherry tomato in summer. Fruit characters of 15 introduced cherry tomato varieties in Taihang Mountain of Pingshan County were measured， and the variability， correlation and grey correlation of main agronomic characters were analyzed. The results showed that the largest coefficient of variation among the main agronomic characters of the 15 cherry tomatoes was single fruit weight， followed by the grains number per spike， and the smallest coefficient of variation was soluble solid content. There are different degrees of correlation among the traits， and the majority of the traits displayed significant or extremely significant correlation； Each trait had different degree of correlation with yield per plant. The correlation between yield per plant and yield-related characters was ranked from high to low as follows： Longitudinal diameter， average fruit weight， transverse diameter of fruit， leaf width， internode length， average panicle number stem size， leaf length， soluble solid content and leaf number. The results of comprehensive evaluation showed that the cherry tomato varieties “Lvfeicui”， “Zitao No. 2” and “Zhongying No. 8” performed well and were suitable for planting and popularizing in the cool area of Taihang Mountain. In conclusion， it is feasible to comprehensively evaluate 11 characters of 15 cherry tomato varieties by grey correlation method. This study can provide reference for the selection of excellent varieties and breeding target of cherry tomato in the cold area of Taihang Mountain， and has important production significance for the popularization of crop tomato planting over summer.Keywords：Taihang Mountain;cherry tomato;grey correlation;comprehensive assessment74|34|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02Construction and pathogenicity tests of one infectious clone of Grapevine Pinot gris virus AI Introduction
Abstract：To explore the pathogenicity of Grapevine Pinot gris virus （GPGV） on grapes， grapevine cultivar Shine Muscat plant infected with GPGV Shandong isolate （GPGV-SD） was taken as the study material. RT-PCR was used to amplify the complete genome sequence of GPGV-SD and an infectious cDNA clone of the virus was then constructed. The pathogenicity of GPGV-SD on Nicotiana benthamiana and grapevine plants were also analyzed. The results indicated that： The genome of GPGV-SD was 7 274 nucleotides in length excluding the poly（A） tail， which shared 74.00% to 96.90% nucleotide sequence similarity with that of the previous reported isolates of GPGV. GPGV-SD could systemically infect N. benthamiana plants and the virus was detected in the first systemically infected and upper leaves at about 5 to 8 days after inoculation. In addition， the symptoms of chlorotic blotches and spots were observed in systemically infected leaves of N. benthamiana plants at about 3 weeks after inoculation. GPGV-SD was also able to systemically infect grapevine plants via vacuum-agroinfiltration method， and the inoculation of the ‘Marselan’ and ‘Red Globe’ grapevine plants with GPGV-SD did not induce obvious symptoms. In conclusion， this study can broaden our knowledge on the pathogenicity of GPGV-SD， and the infectious cDNA clone of GPGV-SD is a power tool for studying the interactions between grapevine viruses and hosts.Keywords：Grapevine Pinot gris virus;infectious clone;pathogenicity;Nicotiana benthamiana;Vitis vinifera68|27|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02Effects of different nutrient concentrations on the growth, photosynthesis and nutritional quality of rape sprouts cultivated in a plant factory AI Introduction
Abstract：In order to explore the effects of different nutrient solution concentrations on the growth and nutritional quality of rapessedd spouts， the standard Yamazaki nutrient solution（CK） was set to 0.5 times（T0.5），1 time （CK）， 1.5 times （T1.5）， 2 times （T2）， and 2.5 times （T2.5） under the condition that the environmental conditions were the same. The results indicate that： 1） With the increase of nutrient solution concentration， the growth， biomass， and moisture content of rape sprouts showed an upward trend， and the growth was the best under T2.5 treatment， and the contents of the Chlorophyll a， Chlorophyll b， and Chlorophyll （a+b） under T2.5 treatment were significantly higher than those under CK（P<0.05）， which increased by 9.0%， 7.4%， and 8.6%， respectively. 2） The vitamin C content of each treatment was the highest under T1.5 treatment， which was 5.9% higher than that under CK. The crude protein was the highest funder T2.5 treatment， which was 14.9% higher than that under CK； T2.5 treatment promoted the absorption of nitrogen， potassium， calcium， and magnesium， while reduced the absorption of manganese. 3） The total content of glucosinolates was T0.5>T2.0>CK>T1.5>T2.5， and 10 glycoside components were detected in each treatment， and T0.5 treatment significantly increased the content of PRO （Progoitrin）， SIN （Sinigrin）， NAP （Gluconapin）， GBN （Glucobrassicanapin）， and 4OH （4-Hydroxyglucobrassicin） in aliphatic sulfur glycosides and sulfur glycoside components（P<0.05）； T2.5 treatment significantly increased the content of indole glucosides（P<0.05）. In conclusion， T2.5 treatment can be recommended as a suitable nutrient solution concentration for improving growth and quality of rape sprouts in current experiment.Keywords：sprout seedlings;facility cultivation;nutrient solution ratio;Glucosinolates43|31|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02- Abstract：Toxocariasis caused by the species of Toxocara is a global disease with significant threats to human and animal health， and the embryonated egg is the main source of infection for the occurrence and prevalence of this zoonotic disease. To study the morphological changes of Toxocara eggs， an intelligent color microscopic image recognition system was used to track and record the complete developmental processes of eggs from three common Toxocara species including Toxocara canis， Toxocara cati and Toxocara vitulorum within a continuous 21-day egg culture in vitro. The results showed that： 1）The complete development of eggs from either T. canis or T. vitulorum was divided into 12 development stages including one-cell， two-cell， three-cell， four-cell， early-morula stage， late-morula stage， blastula， gastrula， pre-L1 （the first-stage larva）， L1， pre-L2 （the second-stage larva） and L2 stages； in contrast， T. cati eggs was divided into 13 developmental stages because of the presence of the five-cell stage. 2）Comparative observations revealed that Toxocara eggs started with cleavage and entered the two-to-five cell stages after 24-hour culture， followed by the morula， blastula and gastrula stages after 3 day to 5 day culture. Further， 2.2% T. cati egg developed into the L1 stage on the 6th day and 2.1% T. cati egg developed into the infective L2 stage on the 7th day. Correspondingly， 22.5% T. canis eggs developed into the L1 stage on the 7th day and 10.7% T. canis eggs developed into infective L2 stage on the 8th day； 1.85% T. vitulorum eggs developed into the L1 stage on the 6th day and 0.9% T. vitulorum eggs developed into the infective L2 stage on the 9th day， thus it was notable that the T. cati egg had the fastest development rate among Toxocara species. These results updated the basic knowledge on developmental morphology of Toxocara eggs in vitro.Keywords：Toxocara spp.;zoonotic diseases;eggs;developmental morphology54|20|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02
Expression of ASP4 gene in Ancylostoma ceylanicum and immunprotective effect analysis of recombinant protien AI Introduction
Abstract：To clone the ASP4 gene fromAncylostoma ceylanicum（Ace-ASP4） and evaluate the immune protective effect induced by its reconbinant protein in mice， the ASP4 gene sequence was firstly amplified， and the amino acid sequence of its enconded protein was subjected to bioinformatics analysis. The recombinat protein was then expressed in prokaryotic cells to immunize mice. The proliferatin abilitily of mouse spleen lymphocyte proliferation ability and serum IgG， IgG1 and IgG2a antibody levels were detected using CCK-8 and indirect ELISA methods， respectively. In addition， the levels of IFN-γ， IL-2， IL-4 and IL-10 in the serum of mice after the first immunization were also detected. Finally， after three immunizations， the L3 larvae were orally infected at 500 larvae per mouse 48 h later. The number of larvae in the lungs， gastrointestinal tract， and muscles were counted 48 h post-infection， and the reduction rate was calculated to evaluate its immunoprotective effect. The results showed that： 1） The ORF of Ace-ASP4 gene was 750 bp long， encoding 249 amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis showed that Ace-ASP4 encoded a hydrophilic protein with a signal peptide sequence and no transmembrane structure， and its three-dimensional structure model had a good quality with a GMQE value of 0.9. 2） The molecular weight of Ace-ASP4 protein was 27 ku， and it could be expressed both in the supernatant and precipitate， but mainly enriched in the formed of inclusion bodies in the precipitate and had good immunoreactivity. 3） The Ace-ASP4 recombinant protein can induce significant increase of IgG， IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies in immunized mice and promote the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes in immunized mice （P<0.001）. Compared with the PBS control group， levels of IFN-γ， IL-2， IL-4 and IL-10 in mice immunized with Ace-ASP4 recombinant protein on the 35th day after the first immunization were significantly increased （P<0.05）. 4） After challenge， compared with mice immunized with PBS， mice immunized with 50 μg/mL of recombinant protein achieved a 52% reduction rate in the lungs， a 46% reduction rate in the gastrointestinal tract， and a 61% reduction rate in the muscles. In conclusion， Ace-ASP4 protein was successfully expressed， and can induce strong immune response in immunized mice， which lays a foundation for further study of the biological function of ASP4 gene and provides reference data for the development of A.ceylanicum vaccine.Keywords：Ancylostoma ceylanicum;ASP4 gene;prokaryotic expression;immune protection effect39|19|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02Research progress of Brucella epitope vaccine and considerations in the study of canine brucellosis vaccine AI Introduction
Abstract：This study provides a systematic review and analysis of research advancements in Brucella epitope vaccines over the past 40 years， summarizes recent progress in Brucella immune antigen screening， proposes optimization strategies for epitope vaccine development， provides immune evaluation methods for multi-epitope vaccines， and examines the potential application of epitope vaccines for canine brucellosis. The findings indicate that： 1） The outer membrane proteins of Brucella serve as pivotal candidate antigens in the design of vaccines， capable of eliciting a robust immune response in the host. The development of epitope vaccines centers on the identification of B-cell and T-cell epitopes that can effectively activate the host's immune system. 2） The assessment of the immunological impact of multi-epitope vaccines for Brucella is a complex and multifaceted scientific endeavor， involving the utilization of diverse biotechnological techniques to evaluate both humoral and cellular immune responses， while also taking into account factors such as vaccine stability， immunogenicity， and safety. 3） Due to the potential threat of Brucella canis to human health， there is an urgent need for the development of effective vaccines targeting canine brucellosis epitopes. Despite the broad potential application of these vaccines due to their specificity and safety， they are hindered by technical challenges including MHC molecule polymorphism， vaccine stability， and delivery systems. To address these obstacles， it is imperative to enhance fundamental research， refine epitope identification methods， and innovate new adjuvants and delivery systems. This review offers a scholarly foundation for the advancement of Brucella vaccines that are both safer and more efficacious， thereby enhancing protection for the health of humans and canines， as well as promoting public health safety.Keywords：Brucella;immunogenic antigen;antigenic epitope;epitope screening;epitope vaccine56|24|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02The role of chemokine receptor CXCR3 in rabies virus infection AI Introduction
Abstract：In order to analyze the role of CXC chemokine receptor 3（CXCR3） in rabies virus （RABV） infection，RABV virulent strain CVS-11 and attenuated strain HEP-Flury were intranasally infected mice， and the transcription levels of ligands of CXCR3 in the brains of RABV-infected mice collected at different time points were detected by real-time quantitative PCR（qPCR）， and the protein expression level of CXCR3 was detected by western blot. In addition， C57BL/6 mice and CXCR3-/- mice were infected with RABV street strain GD-SH-01， virulent strain CVS-11 and attenuated strain HEP-Flury， respectively， and the RABV neutralizing antibody in the peripheral blood and clinical manifestations of each group of mice were monitored. At the same time， the transcription levels of some cluster of differentiation （CD） macromolecules， cytokines and RABV genome were detected by qPCR. The results showed as follows： 1） Infection with virulent strain CVS-11 could extremely significantly increase the transcription levels of CXCL9， CXCL10 and CXCL11 in brain tissue of mice （P<0.000 1）. 2） Compared with the virulent strain CVS-11， infection with attenuated strain HEP-Flury could significantly increase the expression level of CXCR3 in brain tissue of mice（P<0.000 1）. 3） CXCR3 knockout had no significant effects on the production of RABV neutralizing antibody， survival， body weight change and clinical symptoms of mice （P>0.05）， but the viral load in the brain tissue of mice on the 9th day after HEP-Flury infection was significantly increased （P<0.05）. 4） CXCR3 knockout significantly regulated the transcription levels of some cytokines such as CD4， IL-2 and IL-6 in brain tissue of RABV-infected mice（P<0.01）， but had no significant influence on the transcription levels of CD8， IFN-γ and IgG κ-L chain （P>0.05）. In conclusion， CXCR3 had effect on the resistance to RABV infection by regulating immune response in brain tissue of mice， namely the expression of CD4， IL-2 and IL-6， but might not play a decisive role. This study lays the foundation for the prevention and treatment to rabies.Keywords：rabies virus;CXC chemokine receptor 3;pathogenesis39|25|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02- Abstract：In order to develop the artificial infection technology of ticks to explore the symbiotic mechanism and transmission mechanism between ticks and pathogens， taking Haemaphysalis longicornis as an example， the adult ticks were divided into three groups： feeding mice through capillary tubes， feeding mice with biofilms after body surface bites， and biting mice until sucking enough blood. The control group was mice bitten until sucking enough blood. The weight， gestation period and fecundity of engorged ticks were statistically analyzed. And the survival rate， blood-saturation rate and egg-laying rate of ticks under the three methods were compared. Finally， the capillary-tube feeding and the biological skin membrane-based feeding techniques for adult ticks were established. At the same time， the preliminary application of two feeding methods of ticks in the evaluation of tick-borne of Babesia gibsoni has been completed. The results showed that： 1） There was no significant difference in the body weight， gestation period and egg-laying weight of engorged ticks after capillary-tube feeding followed by mouse surface bites compared with the ticks in control group （P＞0.05）， but the full blood rate was lower than that of the biological skin membrane-based feeding and mouse feeding groups. 2） The biological skin membrane-based feeding group was slightly inferior to the control group in terms of egg-laying rate and egg-laying weight （P＜0.05）， but there was no significant difference in the body weight and gestation period compared with the control group （P＞0.05）， the feeding survival rate was also consistent with that of the control group. 3） B.gibsoni could invade the ovary and enter the offspring eggs in the early and late stages of blood-sucking of adult ticks. In summary， this study established two feeding methods for long horned tick capillaries and mouse biofilms， and preliminarily applied them to the study of tick-transmission of B.gibsoni. The two artificial feeding methods provide a technical platform for exploring the interaction between tick-borne pathogens and vector ticks. It also provides a technical platform for the development of tick-killing vaccine and drug screening.Keywords：Haemaphysalis longicornis;artificial feeding technique;tick-borne disease;Babesia gibsoni32|18|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02
Identification of the genetic locus associated with maize bract traits through diverse models of genome-wide association study AI Introduction
Abstract：In order to explore the significant associated locus and candidate genes of maize bract traits， 205 maize inbred lines were selected and 5 bract traits were measured under 4 environments. Three single-locus GWAS models （GLM， MLM and SUPER） and three multi-locus GWAS models （BLINK， FarmCPU and MLMM） were used for genome-wide association analysis， and haplotype analysis and candidate gene mining were performed for the significant association locus detected. The results showed that the coefficient of variation of bract traits was 11.64% to 51.62%， and the generalized heritability was 79.45% to 84.52%. A total of 332 significant associated SNPs were detected by six models， among which the SUPER model detected the most and the MLM model detected the least. A total of 44 significant SNPs were detected by two or more models， and the phenotypic variation explained by a single SNP was 0.01% to 3.20%， among which 6 SNPs were the co-locus of bract number and mass. It was found that three haplotypes were significantly correlated with the number of bracts at Chr5_65909914 by haplotype analysis， and their distribution frequencies were 81.50%， 17.00% and 1.50%， respectively. A total of 14 candidate genes related to bract traits were mined， among which 5 genes were highly expressed in ear primordium 2-4 mm and mature leaves.Keywords：maize;bract traits;genome-wide association study;haplotype;candidate gene45|23|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02Effects of fertilization on the amino acid composition of foxtail millet and nutrition evaluation AI Introduction
Abstract：In order to explore the effects of different combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the amino acid content and nutritional value of foxtail millet， a randomized block experiment design was used in this study， and different treatments were set. The treatments were the conventional nitrogen reduction of 120 （N1）， 180 kg/hm2 （N2）， conventional nitrogen application of 240 （N3）， 360 kg/hm2 （N4）， biological organic fertilizer （A） and fermented mealworm excrements （B） including 2 levels of 3 750 （A1， B1） and 7 500 kg/hm2 （A2， B2）， respectively， and the treatments of nitrogen reduction combined with organic fertilizer （N1A1， N1A2， N2A1， N2A2 and N1B1， N1B2， N2B1， N2B2）. No fertilization was taken as the control （CK）. The content of 17 amino acids in millet of each treatment was measured， and the changing characteristics of composition and content of millet amino acid were analyzed by amino acid ratio coefficient method and multivariate statistical method. The nutritional value was evaluated through the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization （FAO/WHO） amino acid standards. The results showed that the treatments of nitrogen reduction combined with organic fertilizer significantly improved the composition of millet amino acid and significantly increased the content of essential amino acids （EAA）， and its closeness to the whole egg protein standard proposed by FAO/WHO was between 0.823 and 0.834. Compared with CK， the content of fresh and sweet amino acids in millet of the N2A2 treatment increased by 6.47% and 32.7%， respectively. Compared with conventional nitrogen application N4， the increasing range of EAA content in the treatments of nitrogen reduction combined organic fertilizer （N1A1， N1A2， N1B1， N1B2， N2A1， N2A2， N2B1， N2B2） was from 13.79% to 22.41%， with a closeness increase of 3.51% to 5.01%. EAA/TAA and EAA/NEAA were close to 0.400 and 0.600， respectively. In summary， the application of organic fertilizer significantly increased the millet amino acid content， thereby enhanced the nutritional value of millet. Among them， the treatment of 180 kg/hm2 of urea + 7 500 kg/ hm2 of biological organic fertilizer or fermented yellow mealworm manure （N2A2， N2B2） had the best effect.Keywords：foxtail millet;fertilization;amino acid ratio coefficient method;multivariate statistical method;nutritional evaluation31|21|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02Study on the abundance-deficiency index of buckwheat soil K and appropriate K application rates in China AI Introduction
Abstract：In order to establish a recommended fertilization system based on the abundance-deficiency index of buckwheat soil K，CNKI articles related to buckwheat K fertilization in China since 2001-2023， and the data of soil available K （SAK） and soil total K （STK）， as well as the yield for K application treatment and without K fertilizer treatments （KFT） were extracted. Using the method of integrating scattered experimental data， two regression equations were established between the relative yield （RY） of buckwheat without KFT and the content of SAK and STK in China. The improvement plan for soil nutrient abundance-deficiency grading was adopted to classify the content of SAK and STK. Using the new application formula based on the methods of nutrient balance and projected yield minus soil fertility yield， the AKAR for buckwheat in different soil fertility levels under different target yields （TY） and fertilizer use efficiency （FUE） was calculated. The results showed that the RY of buckwheat without KFT and the content of SAK and STK in China are as follows： y＝14.008ln（x）+23.513 and y＝14.445ln（x）+45.649， respectively. The ADI of SAK for buckwheat in China for the 1st to 6th level were ≥236， ≥116-236， ≥57-116， ≥28-57， ≥14-28 and ＜14 mg/kg， respectively. The ADI of STK for buckwheat in China for the 1st to 6th level were ≥44， ≥22-44， ≥11-22， ≥6-11， ≥3-6 and <3 g/kg， respectively. When the TY of buckwheat was 0.90-3.75 t/hm2， the FUE of K was 40%-60%， and the soil K abundance-deficiency level （ADL） was from 1st to 6th， the AKAR for ADL from 1st to 6th were 0， 7-42， 14-84， 20-127， 27-169 and 34-211 kg/hm2， respectively. The AKAR for FUE of K as 60%， 55%， 50%， 45% and 40% are 0-141， 0-153， 0-169， 0-188 and 0-211 kg/hm2， respectively. The AKAR for target yields of 0.90， 1.50， 2.25， 3.00 and 3.75 t/hm2 are 0-51， 0-84， 0-127， 0-169 and 0-211 kg/hm2， respectively.Keywords：buckwheat;soil testing and fertilizer recommendation;soil available K;soil total K;abundance-deficiency index;fertilizer application rate32|23|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02Quantification method for the individual water intake of fattening pigs based on drinking behavior parameters AI Introduction
Abstract：To address the issues of low accuracy and limited feature inputs in traditional methods of predicting individual water intake of pigs， swine drinking behavior parameters including the number of drinking actions， drinking duration， water temperature， age， and weight were taken as input features. This study constructed both single-factor and multi-factor regression prediction models based on linear regression， K-nearest neighbors regression， random forest regression， support vector regression， extreme gradient boosting， and back propagation neural networks. The fattening pig drinking water data are preprocessed with Z-Score standardization to explore methods of quantifying individual water intake. The results show that： 1） Compared to other machine learning regression model predictions， the linear regression model better reveals the linear correlation between drinking duration and water intake， although its simulation accuracy is limited. 2） Compared to models with a single feature input， models with multiple feature inputs include more influencing factors and are more accurate in predicting water intake， and the machine learning regression models are more effective in capturing the nonlinear relationships between drinking behavior parameters and water intake. 3） The back propagation neural network shows significant advantages in model fit and simulation accuracy， making it more suitable for quantifying individual water intake in fattening pigs. In an intelligent farming environment， complete feedback data based on water intake can be used to create a daily evaluation index database for each pig， providing key data for further analysis of pig health.Keywords：machine learning;fattening pigs;behavioral parameters;grid search;individual water quantification36|21|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02- Abstract：Aiming at the problem of the buckling collapse of plastic greenhouse under wind load， the harmonic superposition method and numerical simulation method are applied to analyze the dynamic response of two types of greenhouses commonly used at present. The results show that： 1） The power spectrum of the fluctuating wind speed simulated by the program fits well with the corresponding target spectrum， and the simulation results are accurate； 2） Under dynamic wind load， the peak displacement and stress of the two types of plastic greenhouse structures are 1.42 to 2.86 times of those from the static wind load， so the dynamic wind effect cannot be ignored； 3） Under the action of dynamic wind load， increasing the structural stiffness of plastic greenhouses reduces the lateral displacement of greenhouses. However， when the wind load value is too large， it is recommended to set the inclined struts to improve the wind resistance of the structure； 4） Using the proposed dynamic failure criterion of plastic greenhouses with the maximum horizontal displacement of the structure as the index， the damage grades of two types of plastic greenhouses are confirmed.Keywords：plastic greenhouse;numerical simulation;wind-induced vibration response;instability criterion;time history curve32|20|3<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02
Design and experimental study of film lifting device of roll type surface residual film recovery machine AI Introduction
Abstract：Aiming at the problem that the residual film on the tillage layer of cotton fields in Xinjiang is mixed and bonded with the soil and root stubble， resulting in a low recovery rate of the residual film on the tillage layer， a rotary tillage film-throwing soil mixture is proposed in this study. The elastic teeth of the new device rotate in the forward direction to pick up the film and rotates in the opposite direction to recover film residue from the plow layer after unloading. Parameter calculation of the key operating components of the film lifting device was performed. and a lifting and throwing performance test of the film lifting device was conducted to analyze the lifting and throwing performance of the film lifting device for residual film at different soil depths. The forward speed of the machine tool and rotation speed of the cutter shaft were taken as test factors. The film forming rate and breakage of the residual film were used as evaluation indicators. A 2-factor and 3-level orthogonal test was conducted. Design-Expert 13.0 software was used to analyze the test results to obtain the optimal working parameter combination of the film forming device， and a field verification test was conducted. The results show that： Based on the sliding cutting principle， the sharpening angle of the front cutting edge of film forming knife is 25°， the bending angle is 73°， the bending radius is 30 mm， and the end sliding cutting angle of the side cutting edge is 58°. The lifting height of the residual film in different soil depths is different， and it can be reliably thrown to the film picking height. The film lifting rate for the residual film in the soil layer 0-150 mm depth is 92.3%. When the forward speed of the machine is 4.5 km/h， the cutter shaft speed is 213.75 r/min， the residual film forming rate is 90.21%， and the residual film fragmentation is 6.03 mg per block. The error from the theoretical optimal value does not exceed 1 percentage point and 1 mg per block， respectively. The film forming device has an obvious film forming effect on the residual film in the soil layer with the depth of 0-150 mm and the degree of fragmentation is within this range can be used for mechanized picking operations， which meets the operation requirements.Keywords：residual film of tillage layer;film raising device;residual film recovery machine;performance test45|26|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02- Abstract：To address the issue of high machine harvesting losses during soybean harvest in Heilongjiang， a study was conducted using questionnaire surveys， Tobit model evaluations， and field experiments to analyze the correlation， influencing factors， and optimal operating parameters of machinery in the harvest process. The results showed that： 1） The forward speed， type of machinery， and threshing parameters had high significant positive impacts on the machine harvesting loss while the driver training and operating time had significant negative impact. 2） There was a quadratic function relationship between the loss rate and operating date and time. The loss rate and crushing rate increased with higher forward speeds. As the rotate speed of the roller increased， the total loss rate gradually increased， and the crushing rate initially decreased and then increased. With the increasing of threshing gap， the loss rate initially decreased and then increased， while the crushing rate gradually decreased. 3） When the forward speed was 4.5 km/h， the rotate speed of the roller was 560 r/min， and the threshing gap was 28 mm， the loss rate and crushing rate were 1.37% and 1.21%， respectively， resulting in the lower machine harvesting losses. After the adjustment of the operation parameters， the field loss rate and breakage rate were 1.35% and 1.15%， respectively， representing the decreases of 0.43% and 0.24% compared to before the adjustment. Under above combination of parameters， the quality of the mechanical harvesting operation is high.Keywords：soybeans;Tobit model;mechanical harvesting loss;operational parameters42|30|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02
Remote sensing imagery-based villages natural resources and the stability of rural households’ livelihoods AI Introduction
Abstract：In order to explore the sustainable development of farmers' livelihoods in mountainous areas and its influencing factors， we relied on the sustainable livelihood framework and combined village natural resource data extracted from high-resolution remote sensing images with rural household survey data. We analyzed the levels of livelihood capital and livelihood stability among rural households in the Wumeng Mountains， measured the degree of coupling and coordination between the two， and explored the factors influencing the degree of coupling and coordination. The findings reveal that： 1） The average level of livelihood capital among rural households is low and its structure is unbalanced， and the livelihood stability overall is at a medium level. While rural households' incomes exhibit a certain degree of diversity， there is also a strong reliance on a single source of income. 2） The overall coupling coordination degree between rural households’ livelihood capital and livelihood stability is low， which is characterized by a harmonious yet lagging development of livelihood capital. 3） The coupling coordination degree between rural households’ livelihood capital and livelihood stability is influenced by multiple factors， and the manifestations of these factors vary significantly under different terrain conditions. Based on this， this study puts forward policy suggestions from three aspects as follows： Optimizing the livelihood capital structure of farmers， strengthening the diversification ability of farmers' livelihood strategies and using remote sensing image technology to strengthen the management of village natural resources.Keywords：remote sensing imagery;livelihood capital;livelihood stability;coupling coordination;Wumeng mountainous region59|21|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02- Abstract：In order to assess the impact of information technology development on the income of migrant workers， based on the China Migrants Dynamic Survey data from 2015 to 2017， the least square method and instrumental variable method were used to conduct an empirical study. The results show that： 1） The development of information technology has significantly increased the income of migrant workers， and this income growth is the comprehensive result of the increase of migrant workers' working hours and the decrease of hourly income. 2） The development of information technology can increase the income of high-skilled migrant workers by reducing working hours and increasing hourly income to a greater extent， increase the income of middle-skilled migrant workers by increasing working hours and slightly increasing hourly income， and increase the income of low-skilled migrant workers by substantially increasing working hours and significantly reducing hourly income. 3） As a result of the differentiation brought about by the development of information technology， the income gap within the “province-industry” of migrant workers eventually widened significantly. Policies need to focus on improving the use of information technology in the workforce and deepening education reforms to meet the challenges posed by new technology applications.Keywords：information technology development;migrant workers;skill;income;income gap49|23|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02
Impact of information mismatch on farmers’ production efficiency: Based on the research of vegetable growers in Shouguang, Shandong Province AI Introduction
Abstract：The aim of this study is to clarify the effect and mechanism of information mismatch on farmers’ production efficiency， and how to weaken the impact of information mismatch on farmers’ production efficiency is discussed. A total of 760 vegetable growers in Shouguang， Shandong Province were taken as samples， and the impact of information mismatch on farmers’ production efficiency was empirically analyzed by using information supply and demand matching model， hierarchical regression model， and simple slope analysis. The results show that：1）The problem of information mismatch is common in rural areas， and it has a significant negative impact on the production efficiency of rural households. The results also passed the endogeneity test and robustness test. 2） Information mismatch indirectly affects farmers’ production efficiency through factor allocation， transaction cost and bargaining power， and the indirect effect is greater than the direct effect. 3） Considering the moderating effects of technology input， government support and social networks， the results show that strong government support and social networks can alleviate the negative impact of information mismatch on farmers' production efficiency. Therefore， it is necessary to give full play to the support and guidance role of the government to eliminate information mismatch， and it is urgent to introduce market forces to establish a diversified information supply platform， optimize the allocation of factors， reduce transaction costs， and improve bargaining power，so as to improve the production efficiency of rural households.Keywords：information mismatch;production efficiency;factor allocation;transaction costs;bargaining power29|24|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02Effects of the digital economy on China’s food system resilience AI Introduction
Abstract：To explore the impact of digital economy on food system resilience and its internal logic and spatial effect， a panel dataset from 2012 to 2022 across Chinese provinces is utilized in this study. A two-way fixed effects model， mediation effect model， and spatial econometric model are employed to empirically examine the direct effects， mechanisms of action， and spatial spillover effects of the digital economy on the resilience of food systems. The results indicate that： The resilience of food systems at the provincial level in China currently exhibits an annual growth trend over time and demonstrates regional heterogeneity in space. The digital economy has significantly contributed to the enhancement of food system resilience levels， with resource allocation playing a mediating role in this process. Moreover， the digital economy exerts a significant positive spatial spillover effect on food system resilience， meaning that it can improve both local and neighboring regions’ resilience of food systems. Based on these findings， policy recommendations include accelerating the construction of digital economy， enhancing the resilience of food system， and optimizing resource allocation are put forward to enhance industry quality and efficiency， and foster collaborative regional development to solidify the foundations of food security.Keywords：food systems resilience;digital economy;resource allocation;mediating effect;spatial spillover effect35|24|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02Study on the developing model of digital bioeconomy AI Introduction
Abstract：To explore the research status and developing model of digital bioeconomy， promote the transformation and upgrading of bioeconomy and ensure the stable and rapid development of digital bio-economy in China， the emerging and new industrial area of digital bioeconomy as well as its new models were analyzed in this study. The results showed that： The application of digital technologies provided support for the fast development of biological techniques， and the development of biotechnology also provided new application scenarios for digital technology. The combination of these two technologies brought significant changes like the industrial revolution， and innovated economic forms. Therefore， the combination was a necessary and beneficial step towards a new regime. Meanwhile， the convergence of bioeconomy and digital economy derived the digital bioeconomy and developed new industrial areas for bioeconomy. Finally， by taking the digital forestry bioeconomy as a case study， a model of forestry resource managing system and forestry goods designing and producing system based on big data was constructed. In summary， creative solutions and structural adjustment are important for the development of digital bioeconomy. The current problem of insufficient integration and penetration between China’s digital economy and bioeconomy can be solved， and the convergence quality of bioeconomy and digital economy can be improved through technological innovation， transformation and upgrading.Keywords：bioeconomy;digital economy;economy convergence;digital bioeconomy;modeling28|20|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02Impact of digital inclusive finance on the TFP of new agricultural business entities AI Introduction
Abstract：To empirically examine the influence and mechanisms of digital inclusive finance on the total factor productivity （TFP） of new agricultural business entities， this study leverages the 2015 CMES survey data and constructs a Tobit model based on the TFP perspective. The findings indicated that： The progression of digital inclusive finance has propelled the enhancement of TFP among new agricultural business entities； This impact demonstrated heterogeneity， and digital inclusive finance exerted a more pronounced promotional effect on the TFP of new agricultural business entities in the eastern region， particularly those characterized by smaller scale and a higher degree of mechanization. Mechanism analysis discovered that digital inclusive finance principally fostered the augmentation of total factor productivity by alleviating financial constraints on new agricultural business entities and augmenting their innovation capabilities. In conclusion， it is imperative to expand the reach of digital inclusive finance in rural areas， bolster financial security， elevate the quality of financial services for new agricultural business entities， and further propel the modernization transformation of new agricultural operators.Keywords：digital inclusive finance;new agricultural business entities;total factor productivity （TFP）;financing constraints;innovation ability40|16|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02- Abstract：The aims of this study are to scientifically measure the development level of agricultural productivity in counties， optimize the layout of agricultural industry structure， achieve agricultural modernization. Taking 74 hilly and mountainous counties in Fujian Province as an example， from the prospects of agricultural production functions and agricultural value functions， a comprehensive evaluation index system of agricultural productivity in counties including 28 indicators is constructed. The indicators include 5 aspects： production resources and conditions， production levels and capabilities， agricultural structure， output value， and market competitiveness. The entropy weight method is used to determine the comprehensive weight， functional index weight， and characteristic index weight of each indicator. Then， the TOPSIS method is used to evaluate the agricultural comprehensive productivity level， production function index level， and characteristic index level of 74 counties， and on the basis of evaluation. ARCGIS is applied to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of counties. The results showed that： 1） Among the 28 indicator weights， 8 indicators had weights less than 0.01， 18 indicators had weights between 0.01-0.1， and 2 indicators had weights greater than 0.1. The weight contribution is relatively reasonable. In terms of entropy value， most indicators have relatively high entropy values， while 26 indicators have entropy values above 0.9. This indicates that the information content of the indicators is relatively small and the uncertainty is relatively high. 2）In terms of measuring the level of agricultural comprehensive productivity， the number of advantageous counties in southern Fujian is more than northeastern Fujian， and the number of advantageous counties in northwestern Fujian is the least. This indicates that the role of production capacity and other factors in the development of productivity is constantly increasing. 3）In terms of measuring the level of functional indicators， the number of counties with comparative advantages in agricultural production functions in Southern Fujian is equal to the number in Northwestern Fujian， which is more than Northeastern Fujian， which indicates that the northwest part has advantages in resource endowment compared to the southeast part， but Southern Fujian has advantages in production capacity. The number of counties with comparative advantages in agricultural value and function in Northeastern Fujian is greater than Northwestern Fujian， and Northwestern Fujian is greater than Southern Fujian， which indicates that the quantity of products in Northwestern Fujian is more than that in Southern and Northeastern Fujian. Therefore， leveraging resource advantages， building distinctive brands， strengthening investment in science and technology， and increasing financial support are important measures to optimize the layout of productivity.Keywords：agricultural productivity;entropy weighted TOPSIS modeling;hilly and mountainous areas;county;space optimization35|19|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02
- Abstract：In order to promote the sustainable development of agriculture and solve the problem of high application of fertilizers in China， according to the current situation of land fragmentation and focusing on the goal of reducing the application of fertilizers， this study explore the regulation mechanism of land fragmentation and outsourcing agricultural production on fertilizer application reduction based on the theory of farmers’ behavior. A theoretical framework of “land fragmentation-outsourcing agricultural production-fertilizer application reduction” is constructed， and the 875 corn farmers’ research data in the three northeastern provinces are used to test the theoretical framework. The results show that： Land fragmentation inhibits farmers’ fertilizer application reduction； outsourcing agricultural production promotes farmers’ fertilizer application reduction. It plays a moderating role in the process of land fragmentation affecting fertilizer application and able to weaken the impact of land fragmentation. Fertilizer outsourcing and non-fertilizer outsourcing have this effect； The moderating effect of non-fertilizer outsourcing on different farmers is robust， and the moderating effect of fertilizer outsourcing is more significant for farmers with a higher degree of part-time employment and with transferred land. Based on this， this study puts forward the following recommendations： Improving the land transfer system， encouraging farmers to integrate land and continuous production to improve the degree of land fragmentation； encouraging technological innovation， improving the service level of the service main body， and standardizing the standard of fertilizer application； encouraging farmers to adopt advanced science and technology and improving the efficiency of the production of agricultural inputs.Keywords：land fragmentation;outsourcing agricultural production;fertilizer application reduction;fertilization outsourcing;the three provinces of Northeast China38|28|3<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-02
