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Apparent quality evaluation of several fresh corn varieties planted in Erhai River basin AI Introduction
Abstract：In Yunnan Province， there are some problems， such as variety confusion and quality difference in the actual production of fresh corn. In order to select the high-quality fresh corn varieties suitable for planting in Erhai Lake basin， 34 indexes including appearance， edible quality， commodity value and basic nutritional quality were used to study the planting suitability and quality performance of 14 fresh corn varieties in Yunnan Province.The results showed that：1） Under the same natural environment and agronomic conditions， the 14 fresh corn varieties had great differences in appearance， edible， commodity and nutrition qualities. 2） Nongkainuo 336， the best white waxy corn variety， was bright and uniform. The appearance score of Nongkainuo 336 was 26.83， the tasting score was 54.19， the water content was 69.7%， and the soluble solid content was 15.75%. 3） Among the 4 pigmented waxy corn varieties， the appearance score of the winning variety Zhongcainuo 518 was 24.50.Its ear length was 19.6 cm， ear barren tip was 0.36 cm， and appearance and commodity quality were relatively good. 4） The tasting score of Ruijiatian No. 4 was 57.29， the proportion of embryo was 2.98%， and the content of soluble solid was 15.08%. The quality of Ruijiatian No. 4 was better than that of Changtian 100. 5） Nongkenuo 336 was the best sweet-waxy corn variety with appearance score of 26.33， tasting score of 48.57， hardness of 8.27×105 Pa after cooking， ear weight of 258 g.Keywords：fresh corn;quality evaluation;appearance;edible quality;commerciality39|33|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Cloning of the immunophilins gene family and analysis of its expression pattern under abiotic stress conditions AI Introduction
Abstract：To explore the function of the immunophilins gene family in rice （Oryza sativa L. japonica Nipponbare） under abiotic stress conditions， the immunophilins gene family members in rice were identified by bioinformatics techniques， followed by cloning， tissue and abiotic stress expression analysis. The results showed that there are 30 OsFKBPs and 29 OsCYPs immunophilins family genes in rice genome. The 30 OsFKBPs were mainly clustered into three large subgroups. The 29 OsCYPs were mainly clustered into four large subgroups. The coding sequences of OsFKBPs and OsCYPs genes were obtained through PCR amplification， and the sequence information was consistent with the predicted in the database. Expression analysis revealed that OsFKBPs and OsCYPs genes exhibited distinct expression patterns in various tissues and developmental stages of rice， with certain genes showing tissue-specific expression. The expression of OsFKBP19 remained consistent across different tissues and developmental stages. OsCYP29 exhibited the highest expression in leaf sheath， while OsCYP57 showed the highest expression in roots. Quantitative PCR results revealed that the expression of the OsCYP37 gene in rice leaves was induced and continuously increased after 4 h of high light intensity stress， but displayed no significant changes under osmotic stress and salt stress. The expression of OsFKBP19 in rice leaves continued to increase after 4 h of high light intensity and osmotic stress， but fluctuated under salt stress. Taken together， OsFKBPs and OsCYPs play important roles in the regulation of high light intensity， osmotic stress and salt stress responses in rice.Keywords：rice;immunophilins;gene family;abiotic stress;expression profile43|19|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Effects of different ecological environments on the nutritional quality and starch characteristics of foxtail millet AI Introduction
Abstract：To clarify the influence of different ecological environments on the nutritional composition and starch characteristics of foxtail millet in the summer-sowing region of North China， nine foxtail millet varieties were selected as materials， and the changes of nutrient content and their effects on starch characteristics were studied at three different ecological environments in Chaoyang， Liaoning Province， Jinan， Shandong Province and Sanya， Hainan Province. The results indicated that there were significant differences in the nutrient content among varieties， environments and interactions. The crude protein content was the highest in Chaoyang， followed by Jinan and Sanya， showing an increasing trend with the increasing of latitude. The order of crude fat content from large to small was Sanya >Jinan >Chaoyang， showing a trend of decreasing with the increasing of latitude. The total starch content was the highest in Jinan， and the variation with latitude was not obvious. The order of amylose content from large to small was Sanya >Jinan >Chaoyang， showing a decreasing trend with the increase of latitude； The ratio of amylopectin to amylose was the highest in Chaoyang， and the trend was opposite to amylose. The carotenoid content was the highest in Jinan， which was significantly different compared with the other two sites. The 7 characteristic values of starch RVA spectrum were significantly affected by the planting environment. The influence of variety， location and variety interaction on peak time was not significant. The viscosity， final viscosity and subtractive value of thermo plasma were Sanya > Jinan > Chaoyang， showing a decreasing trend with the increase of latitude. The disintegration value and peak viscosity were the highest in Jinan of Shandong Province. The planting environment and variety displayed significant effects on the nutrient content and the characteristic value of starch RVA spectrum of millet. The cultivation environment significantly influenced the content of protein， fat， starch and carotenoid in foxtail millet. High latitude was beneficial to the accumulation of protein， while fat content decreased with the increase of latitude. In conclusion， the nutritional quality and starch characteristics of foxtail millet are greatly influenced by environmental effects. Therefore， according to the different characteristics of nutrition and taste quality of foxtail millet at different latitudes， the optimal variety suitable for planting in specific areas can be selected， and the producing areas of each high-quality varieties can be easily identified.Keywords：foxtail millet;nutrient composition;RVA spectrum;latitude33|18|5<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Research progress on the regulatory mechanisms of follicle morphogenesis and development in mammals AI Introduction
Abstract：The morphogenesis and development of embryonic hair follicle during embryonic stage is a crucial stage that determines the number of hair follicles， type and quality of hair follicles. Exploring the important genes in this stage is one of the important tasks for breeders. In recent years， there has been some research progress in the identification of important genes related to hair follicle development. However， due to the complex structure of the hair follicle， the variety of cellular composition and rapid cell differentiation， researchers have made slow progress in the establishment of a complete hair follicle cell line， the mining of the main gene， and the determination of the function of the gene. Therefore， understanding the basic structure of the hair follicle， its developmental process， and the signaling pathways/genes that play important roles in this process is the key to solving the above problems. In this paper， the morphological structure of the mammalian hair follicle and its developmental process during embryogenesis （taking mice as an example） were systematically introduced， and the key signaling pathways related to hair follicle morphogenesis and development as well as the important genetic factors that have been identified so far were summarized. The results showed that： 1）Embryonic dermal fibroblasts and epithelial cells can further differentiate into various types of hair follicle cells， so timely induction/inhibition of their differentiation is the key to successful construction of cell populations. 2） During the regulation of hair follicle genesis and development， different signaling pathways in the same signaling pathway have different degrees of bias， such as the Wnt signaling pathway being biased toward the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway， the Edar signaling pathway is biased toward the Eda-A1/Edar/Edaradd signaling pathway， and the TGF-β/BMP signaling pathway is biased toward the Smads-dependent signaling pathway. 3） Multiple signaling pathways and genetic factors jointly regulate the morphogenesis and development of hair follicles. Wnt and Edar signaling pathways are indispensable for the normal formation of hair follicle placode， while TGF-β signaling pathway is one of the key signaling pathways in the differentiation of various hair follicle cells and the downward growth of hair follicles. In conclusion， a comprehensive comprehension of the process and mechanism of mammalian hair follicle development is an important basis for further exploration of key genes related to hair follicle development， which can provide a crucial theoretical foundation for enhancing the production performance of hairy economic animals.Keywords：follicle;morphogenesis and development;signaling pathway;non-coding RNA33|23|4<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08The pathogenicity of the intestinal cell-adapted porcine deltacoronavirus to piglets AI Introduction
Abstract：To analyze the pathogenicity of the Porcine deltacoronavirus （PDCoV） adapted to intestinal cells in piglets， the IPEC-J2 cells were infected with PDCoV which was isolated from ST cells for adaptability testing. The PDCoV antigen was detected by indirect immunofluorescent assay（IFA）， and then the virus growth curve was plotted. Finally， the pathogenicity of PDCoV adapted to IPEC-J2 cells in piglets was analyzed. The results showed that：1） PDCoV isolated from ST cells could infect IPEC-J2 cells with CPEs and PDCoV antigen could be detected within the cells. PDCoV reached its proliferation peak at 48 hours after infecting IPEC-J2 cells. 2） PDCoV adapted to IPEC-J2 had intestinal pathogenicity in piglets， causing significant diarrhea symptoms and even death. Obvious intestinal histopathologic lesions were observed， and histopathological examination revealed lesions in intestinal epithelial cells and villi， and the antigen was localized in the intestinal epithelial cells by immunohistochemistry. 3） Gut immune cytokine analysis revealed that the type I interferon expression was upregulated after PDCoV infection in piglets. Both Th1 and Th2 type intestinal cell immune responses were activated simultaneously， inducing the production of immune cytokines in infected piglets to exert antiviral effects. Taken together， PDCoV isolated from ST cells， has strong adaptability to IPEC-J2 cells， and exhibits strong intestinal pathogenicity in piglets. The study lays the foundation for further research on the pathogenic mechanism and antiviral immunity of PDCoV.Keywords：Porcine deltacoronavirus （PDCoV）;IPEC-J2 cell;piglet;immunity;pathogenesis23|17|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Analysis of genetic parameters for body size and weight traits in Angus cattle at 18 months of age AI Introduction
Abstract：The study was to analyze the effects of different animal models on the estimation of genetic parameters of growth traits in Angus cattle at 18 months of age in Ningxia， and to screen out the best animal models for estimating genetic parameters of growth traits. In this study， six animal models were distinguished using the inclusion or exclusion of maternal genetic effects， maternal permanent environmental effects and the presence or absence of covariance between maternal and direct genetic effects， and the genetic parameters of 18-month-old growth traits in Angus cattle were estimated using the constrained maximum likelihood method （AI-REML） with the help of the DMU_AI module of DMU software. The best animal model for genetic parameter estimation was determined using the Akaike Information Criterion （AIC） and Likelihood Ratio Test （LRT）. The results showed that： 1） Model 4 was the best model for estimating body weight （BW）， crucifixion height （CH） and shin circumference （SC） in Angus cows at 18 months of age， and the direct heritability of the above three traits estimated by this model was 0.42， 0.29 and 0.22， respectively. Maternal heritability was 0.11， 0.14 and 0.05， respectively， and total heritability was 0.23， 0.12 and 0.11， respectively. 2） Model 6 was the best model for estimating body height （BH）， body length （BL） and chest circumference （CC） in 18-month-old Angus cows， and the estimated direct heritability for these traits was 0.42， 0.29 and 0.22， respectively， and the estimated direct heritability for the above three traits was 0.11， 0.14 and 0.05， respectively. The estimated direct heritability of these traits was 0.48， 0.48 and 0.64， the maternal heritability was 0.02， 0.12 and 0.08， and the total heritability was 0.33， 0.18 and 0.34， respectively. In summary， considering the covariance and maternal effects between direct genetic effects and maternal genetic effects， and maternal effects allows for more accurate and unbiased prediction of the target trait. This study provides a theoretical basis for accelerating genetic progress in Angus cattle.Keywords：Angus cattle;genetic parameters;body size and weight;model comparison20|15|5<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Preliminary preparation of African horse sickness virus VP7 protein ELISA positive serum standard AI Introduction
Abstract：The study aimed to prepare a positive serum standard of VP7 protein for the ELISA of the African horse sickness virus， a horse without antibodies against common equine diseases was selected as the target animal， and VP7 protein expressed by the prokaryotic expression system of Escherichia coli was used as the immunogen. The immunogen was mixed with MONTANIDE ISA35 adjuvant in equal volume and emulsified， and then the horse was immunized once every 2 weeks for a total of 3 immunizations， and serum was collected to detect the serum antibody titer by ELISA. When the serum potency was highest， a large amount of blood was collected to isolate the serum and verify its sterility， and the high valence serum was lyophilized.The specificity， sterility， uniformity and stability of the serum were tested according to the methods in the Veterinary Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. The results showed that： 1） Antibodies against African horse sickness could be detected in the immunized horse in the third week after immunization. 2） The specificity results showed that antibodies against equine influenza virus， equine herpesvirus type I， equine herpesvirus type II， equine herpesvirus type IV， equine arteritis virus， equine infectious anemia virus， equine streptococcus， equine Salmonella abortus， Burkholderia pseudomallei， Babesia caballi and Theileria equi were all negative. The prepared standard serum had a clean background and no common equine pathogenic antibodies. 3）There was no growth of stray organisms on the case peptone agar medium， tryptic soy peptone liquid medium and thioglycolate liquid medium， indicating that the prepared serum was free from microbial contamination such as bacteria and fungi. 4）The stability test results showed that the prepared serum can be stably stored for 2 months at 4， 25 and 37 ℃ and for 6 months at -20 and -80 ℃ .In conclusion， this study successfully prepared positive serum standard of VP7 protein for the ELISA of the African horse sickness virus， which laid a theoretical foundation for related research on African horse sickness.Keywords：African horse sickness;positive serum;ELISA;standard samples19|14|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Visualization analysis of research hotspot on canine and feline gut microbiota based on the Web of Science database AI Introduction
Abstract：To comprehensively and objectively analyze the development and hotspot of research on canine and feline gut microbiota， this study used bibliometric methods to search for articles on canine and feline gut microbiota in the Web of Science core database over the past 20 years. The software Citespace， VOSviewer and Microsoft Excel were used to analyze the number of articles， publication time， publishing countries and institutions， authors， journals， literature co-citation frequency， and keywords. The results showed that：1） A total of 413 papers on canine and feline gut microbiota were published in the past 20 years， and the number of publications showed an increasing trend year by year. 2） Texas A&M University in the United States is the insititution with the most publications， forming the academic community with Suchodolski and Swanson as the core members. PLOS ONE was the journal with the highest number of publications. 3）The research hotspot can be divided into four main aspects： the impact of food components on canine and feline gut microbiota， the impact of probiotics on canine and feline gut microbiota， the correlation between diseases and disturbances in canine and feline gut microbiota， and the correlation between obesity and canine and feline gut microbiota. How food supplements can improve canine and feline health by regulating gut microbiota is a focus of future research. In conclusion， research on canine and feline gut microbiota has gradually garnered attention in recent years， providing important scientific references for improving the health status and quality of life.Keywords：canine;feline;gut microbiota;bibliometrics;research hotspot17|15|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Effect of mixing ratio of legume forage and whole plant maize on feeding value of mixed silage AI Introduction
Abstract：The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of different mixing ratios of legume forage and whole plant maize on the improvement of mixed silage feeding value. In this study， two legume grasses （'Fendoumulv 2' and Dolichos lablab） were used as the main factors， and the mixing ratio of legume forage and whole plant maize as control group （90% whole plant maize +10% legume forage； 80% whole plant maize+20% leguminous forage； 70% whole plant maize +30% leguminous forage； 100% legume grass） as a secondary factor， 100% whole plant maize silage （CK），with a total of 9 mixed storage treatments and 3 replicates The nutritional quality， fermentation quality， rumen fermentation parameters， in vitro dry matter degradation rate and gas production of mixed silage were determined after fermentation. The results showed that： 1） In terms of nutritional quality， the dry matter of 100% 'Fendoumulv 2' silage was the lowest in all treatments ， and the contents of acid detergent fiber， neutral detergent fiber and crude protein were the highest in all treatments. The crude fat of Dolichos lablab silage was significantly higher than that of 'Fendoumulv 2'（P<0.05）. The NDF， ADF and CP of 100% whole plant maize silage were the lowest in all treatments and its EE was the highest in all treatments. 2） In terms of fermentation quality， the pH and ammonia nitrogen of 100% 'Fendoumulv 2' silage were significantly higher than those of other treatments（P<0.05）.The acetic acid of 100% Dolichos lablab silage was the lowest in all treatments. The pH and AN of 100% whole plant maize silage were significantly lower than those of other proportions（P<0.05）， and its AA was significantly higher than that of other treatments（P<0.05）. 3） In terms of rumen fermentation parameters， the AN， AA， propionic acid and dry matter degradation rate in body in rumen fermentation of 90% whole plant maize+10% 'Fendoumulv 2' were the highest in all treatments. The dry matter degradation rate of Dolichos lablab mixed silage was significantly higher than that of 'Fendoumulv 2'. The pH of 100% leguminous forage mixed silage was the highest in all treatments in rumen fermentation（P<0.05）， and its acetic acid and dry matter the degradation rate in body were the lowest in all treatments. 4） In terms of dry matter degradation rate and gas production of vitro， since 48 h， the dry matter degradation rate in vitro of 70% whole plant maize +30% 'Fendoumulv 2' mixed silage has been higher than that of other treatments（P<0.05）. The gas production in vitro of 'Fendoumulv 2' mixed silage was higher than that of Dolichos lablab mixed silage. Increasing the mixing ratio of leguminous forage can significantly reduce the gas production at 72 h（P<0.05） . In conclusion， compared with whole plant maize silage， a certain proportion of mixed silage is more beneficial to improve the nutritional quality of mixed silage， improve the fermentation quality of mixed silage， promote the digestion and absorption of mixed silage， and reduce the greenhouse effect of animal husbandry. The mixing model of 70% whole plant maize +30% 'Fendoumulv 2' is recommended， which can provide data support for the next step to promote the mixing technology and belt rotation technology of plant maize-legume forage in the sickle curvature area in northwest of Shanxi Province.Keywords：legume green manure;whole plant maize;ensiling;nutritional value;fermentation characteristics18|16|4<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Design and experiment of a combined planter for soybean and corn compound planting in Northwest arid area AI Introduction
Abstract：In response to the shortage of soybean and corn compound planting equipment and low mechanization level in the Northwest arid area， a soybean and corn compound planting combined seeder was designed. This machine is composed of one rotary tillage device， one ridging device， one soil covering device， one fertilization device， one frame， and one seeding device. It can achieve multiple operational processes such as rotary tillage， ridging， fertilization， double film mulching， compaction， and seeding. The key components of the seeder are designed and analyzed， the soil covering process using a discrete element model is simulated， and the uniformity of the soil covering on the membrane edge during the soil covering process is analyzed； The sowing performance of soybean and corn sowing devices was simulated using DEM-MBD coupling， and the uniformity of sowing of soybean and corn sowing devices are analyzed. The simulation results show that： 1） The number of soil particles falling onto the ridge surface due to jumping and scattering is≤1.3%； 2） The seeding device exerts a squeezing force of ≤10 N on soybean and corn seeds， and the resistance of soil particles to duckbill is ≤ 50 N. The field test results showed that the qualified rate， missed rate， and replant rate of the corn sowing device were 95.63%， 1.65%， and 2.72%， respectively， while the qualified rate， missed rate， and replant rate of the soybean sowing device were 91.24%， 0%， and 8.76%， respectively. In conclusion， the unit operates stably during the operation period and has good operational effects， which meet the requirements of soybean corn strip composite sowing.Keywords：soybean and corn compound planting;cropping pattern;soil covering device;seed metering device;DEM-MBD coupling31|19|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Thermal environment simulation in a double‐film large‐span greenhouse based on CFD model AI Introduction
Abstract：To investigate the influence of multi-layer coverage on the typical seasonal thermal performance of large-span greenhouse， a double-film large-span greenhouse model was constructed based on computational fluid dynamics （CFD） model. The distribution law of the internal heat environment in the greenhouse under two extreme environments of no wind in summer and wind in winter was investigated and were then compared and analyzed with the thermal environment distribution of a single-film greenhouse. The results show that： The constructed CFD model accurately represents the temperature distribution inside the double-film large-span greenhouse， with an average relative error of 1.53% and a root mean square error of 0.75. During summer conditions， the double-film large-span greenhouse shows higher temperature accumulation in the buffer area， leading to an average temperature of about 1 °C higher than that of the single-film greenhouse. Moreover， during winter conditions， the double-film large-span greenhouse achieves a larger winter difference inside and outside， with an average temperature 5.1 °C to 10.6 °C higher than that of the single-film greenhouse. To sum up， the double-film large-span greenhouse is more suitable for the climatic environment of the Shouguang area.Keywords：double-film large-span greenhouse;CFD model;thermal environment simulation;winter insulation performance14|14|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Maximum cross‐sectional diameter detection method based on the orientation of apples AI Introduction
Abstract：To enhance the postharvest sorting precision of moving apples， a method for detecting the maximum cross-section diameter was devised based on the orientation of the apples.The RGB images of apples in various positions were captured and their orientations on the conveyor were acquired. Image distortion correction was performed using Zhang’s calibration method， and apple areas were isolated through color segmentation and morphological processing. The center of the apple peduncle/calyx region was determined using the gradient change of the R channel component， and apple orientation was assessed based on symmetry. The maximum diameter perpendicular to the orientation was then calculated as the maximum cross-sectional diameter. To address the projection distortion resulting from the increased camera projection angle， a projection correction equation was formulated to rectify the detection outcomes. The results reveal that： 1） Diameter detection was conducted on 720 images of 60 apples （Fuji and Yellow Marshal each have 30）. Single image detection accuracy， defined within ±5 mm， was employed as the criterion. The proposed projection correction algorithm significantly increased the accuracy from 65.3% to 95.3%. 2） The diameter detection results of 12 images per apple were averaged to determine the final fruit diameter， which achieved a 100% accuracy rate. Notably， the 86.7% of Fuji and 93.3% of Yellow Marshal exhibited a detection diameter within ±2 mm with root mean square errors of 1.5 mm and 1.1 mm， respectively. Overall， the method proposed in this study accurately detects the diameter of apple fruits. It can offer valuable technical support for apple size grading and be used as a pertinent reference for sorting near-spherical fruits and vegetables.Keywords：apple postharvest sorting;apple orientation;maximum cross-sectional diameter;projection correction14|16|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08- Abstract：The construction and optimization of landscape pattern is the basis to ensure the quality of regional landscape ecology. Dengkou County， as a typical area along the yellow desert oasis zone， it is of great significance to carry out the identification of ecological corridors and nodes and the optimization of landscape pattern in order to prevent land desertification and promote the sustainable development of ecology. Taking Dengkou as the study area， this study analyzed the spatial and temporal evolution of landscape types from 2005 to 2020. Then the ecological corridors and ecological nodes were identified by combining the minimum cumulative resistance （MCR） model， circuit theory and hydrological analysis method. In junction with gravity model and landscape connectivity index， the importance of ecological corridors and ecological nodes were judged as well. Finally， the landscape pattern of Dengkou desert oasis area was constructed and optimization suggestions were put forward based on the above methodology. The results showed that： 1） The area of arable land was largest and continued to expand from 2005 to 2020. The grassland showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing， while the woodland continued to decrease in the study period in Dengkou. 2） A total of 8 important grassland ecological sources were identified in the study area. There were 99 important ecological corridors and 345 important ecological nodes， which were mainly cultivated land and grassland types， and they were located in the middle and southeast of the study area. 3） An area of 159.83 km2 of ecological barrier points and 81.18 km2 of ecological pinch points for key optimization were identified， which were located in the north-western and central regions， respectively. 4） Finally， this study provided suggestions for the landscape pattern optimization in desert oasis area from the aspects of maintaining the south ecological source area and expanding the scale of ecological source areas in the northwest， connecting and optimizing important forest and grassland ecological corridors and ecological nodes， ecological barrier points and ecological pinch points. These conclusions provide important scientific basis for ecological environment planning in desert oasis areas.Keywords：ecological corridor;ecological node;landscape pattern optimization;MCR model;spatial principal component analysis10|15|3<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08
Estimation of subsurface soil moisture in China based on exponential filtering method AI Introduction
Abstract：Microwave remote sensing technology is able to realize the observation of regional-scale surface soil moisture， but the deep soil moisture is more closely related to ecological， hydrological and agricultural fields. How to estimate deep soil moisture from surface soil moisture is still a scientific problem to be solved. This study utilized multi-layer soil moisture data from 2 121 soil moisture observation stations across China（Data do not include those of Hongkong， Macao and Taiwan region. The same below） and investigated the application of the exponential filtering method. Based on 10 cm soil moisture data， the exponential filtering method was applied to estimate soil moisture at depths of 20 cm， 30 cm， 40 cm， and 50 cm， respectively. The results show that： 1） With the increase of soil depth， the estimation accuracy of exponential filtering method gradually decreases. The median values of NSE （Nash efficiency coefficient） are 0.76， 0.54， 0.39 and 0.28 corresponding to the four depths， respectively. The median values of R2 （determination coefficient） are 0.86， 0.73， 0.64 and 0.59， respectively， and the median values of RMSE （Root mean square error） are 0.023， 0.027， 0.028 and 0.028 m3/m3， respectively； 2） It is feasible to estimate subsurface soil moisture from the median value of the calibrated T， especially for shallow soil moisture （such as 20 cm） estimation. Compared with using calibrated T value， NSE difference is less than 0.05 at 93% sites and RMSE difference is less than 0.001 at 82% sites； 3） The better the correlation between surface and subsurface soil moisture， the higher the estimation accuracy of exponential filtering method. The above results suggest that the EF method has good performance in China. Supported by a large number of measured data， T values of 2， 5， 10 and 14 d corresponding to the depths of 20， 30， 40 and 50 cm， respectively， can be used as references in China when using the EF method with 10 cm soil moisture.Keywords：surface soil water content;subsurface soil water content;exponential filter method;China;soil moisture sites14|19|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Research on storage capacity and distribution characteristics of soil microplastics with Danzhou farmland, Hainan AI Introduction
Abstract：To master storage capacity and distribution characteristics of soil microplastics with farmland. Research on soil microplastics in different agricultural planting areas of farmland： a combination of field monitoring and laboratory analysis. And explored the microplastics abundance and distribution of topsoil with different areas and profile soil with different depths. Results revealed that microplastics abundance of topsoil in farmland were ranged from 200.00 ind/kg to 3 900.00 ind/kg， with the mean were 933.33±767.04 ind/kg. Components of soil microplastics were mainly dominated by polyethylene （PE）， its abundance of film-covered land were significantly higher than non-film covered land， which was closely related to crop planting methods of land. And microplastics of the whole topsoil were mainly composed of size range of 0.5~2.0 mm， the majority of film-covered land were white particles， black film， blue film and translucent fiber plastics， while non-film covered land were dominated by translucent fiber plastics. Moreover， number and abundance of microplastics in vertical profile soil decreased significantly with depth of soil layers， especially black and blue film plastics （polyethylene） decreased significantly， with a significant negative correlation （P<0.05）. Abundance proportion of microplastics with smaller particle sizes （<0.5 mm， 0.5~1.0 mm） showed a noticeable increased， indicated a trend towards miniature sizes， and microplastics were more proned to migrate and transform into deeper layers of soil. In conclusion， microplastics abundance in Danzhou farmland of Hainan were generally at a higher level， when compared with domestic and foreign farmland.Keywords：microplastics;farmland;storage capacity;distribution characteristics;Hainan Danzhou21|17|4<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Experimental study on monitoring suspended sediment content in mountainous rivers based on turbidity AI Introduction
Abstract：Aiming at the problem of lacking real-time monitoring of suspended sediment content in mountainous rivers， the turbidity and suspended sediment content of the rivers were monitored， and the influences of light intensity， velocity， particle size and water sediment content on turbidity were analyzed. A relationship model between turbidity and suspended sediment content was established. The results show that： 1） Light intensity has the greatest influence on turbidity. According to the relationship between the light intensity and turbidity， light intensity （E） is divided into three intervals， E ≤ 6 800 lx， 6 800 lx < E≤ 22 000 lx and E > 22 000 lx. In corresponding to the three intervals， the relationship model between turbidity and suspended sediment content is determined. 2） The flow velocity mainly affects the distribution of sediment particles in the upper layer. The turbidity of the measured area at the flow velocity of 0.16 m/s is greater than that at the flow velocity of 0.018 m/s； 3） When the particle size of the sediment particles is larger than the critical particle size driven by the lifting velocity， it will be deposited at the bottom of the channel. Therefore， the larger the proportion of particles larger than the critical particle size in the sediment gradation， the smaller the suspended sediment content and the smaller the turbidity； 4） The larger the sediment content of the water body， the more suspended sediment carried in the process of water and sediment transport， and the greater the turbidity of the upper water sample in the measured area； 5） Using the three relationship models of turbidity and suspended sediment content determined in this study， the average relative errors of predicted suspended sediment content and actual suspended sediment content are 7.22%， 10.00% and 8.58%， respectively. According to the turbidity measured in different light intensity intervals under natural conditions， the suspended sediment content in the measured area can be obtained. To sum up， since the turbidity can be measured continuously and quickly on site， it is feasible to apply this model to real-time monitoring of suspended sediment concentration in mountainous rivers.Keywords：suspended sediment content;turbidity;monitoring model;model selection15|15|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Study on the suitability evaluation of agricultural land based on restrictive factor method: Taking Shiyang River Basin as study case AI Introduction
Abstract：The evaluation of agricultural land suitability is crucial for adjusting agricultural spatial patterns and formulating land use strategies to meet the national food security requirements and the increasingly diverse food consumption demands of the people. Employing the method of bibliometrics， this study focuses on the natural attributes of land and analyzes the impact factors of agricultural land suitability based on natural geographic conditions such as climate， soil， topography， and hydrology. Twelve indicators were selected to establish the evaluation system for land suitability for cultivated land， garden， woodland and grassland. Based on the restrictive factor method and the 1OAO principle， unsuitable areas are screened. The comprehensive evaluation method was applied to assess the suitability of the suitable areas. Finally， the agricultural land suitability evaluation standards are formed， and verification is carried out using the Shiyang River Basin in 2020 as test area. The results show that： Only 2.69% of the land in the Shiyang River Basin in 2020 is suitable for cultivated land， and 42.96% is not suitable for the development of cultivated land. The suitable area for garden is 17.08%， and the unsuitable area is 19.12%. The suitable area of woodland is 10.27%， and the unsuitable area is 6.17%. There is no unsuitable area for grassland in the study area， and the suitable area is 12.93%. This study verified whether the above evaluation results are reasonable based on the actual situation of land cover in 2020 and agricultural land conversion from 2010 to 2020 in the study area. The results show that only 3.76% of cultivated land is distributed in unsuitable areas for cultivated land， and there is no woodland in unsuitable areas for woodland. The transfer of agricultural land in and out is also mainly distributed in generally suitable areas and suitable areas， which is basically in line with development based on local conditions. Confirmed The rationality and feasibility of the evaluation index system and evaluation standards are confirmed. Therefore， using restrictive factors to carry out suitability evaluation in this study is realistic and can provide support for future agricultural production spatial layout.Keywords：suitability of agricultural land;restrictive factors;agricultural land conversion;Shiyang river basin21|23|3<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Spatio-temporal distribution pattern and its influencing factors of the test points for comprehensive land consolidation in Zhejiang Province AI Introduction
Abstract：The aims of this study are to investigate the spatial distribution pattern and influencing factors of the test points for comprehensive land consolidation in Zhejiang Province and to optimize the layout of the test points for comprehensive land consolidation. Based on the POI data of comprehensive land consolidation test points from 2019 to 2021 in Zhejiang Province， this study comprehensively analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics by using the average nearest neighbor index， standard deviation ellipse， kernel density and grid dimension method. The geographical detector model is then used to reveal the influencing factors of test points for comprehensive land consolidation in Zhejiang Province. The results show that： 1） The test points for comprehensive land consolidation in Zhejiang Province show obvious spatial agglomeration characteristics. In the process of agglomeration， a continuous strengthening trend is displayed. The "three cores" of Jiaxing City， Quzhou City and Taizhou City have changed into a contiguous high-density area with Jiaxing City， Huzhou City and Shaoxing City as the core； 2） The test points for comprehensive land consolidation have the characteristics of unequal probabilities of spatial distribution and complex fractal structure with local clustering around the plains；The center of gravity migrates from south-east to north-west with the movement becoming gradually smaller； 3） The number of policy documents， crop area， GDP per capita， relief degree of land surface and urbanization rate are the main factors influencing the spatial distribution of the test points for comprehensive land consolidation in Zhejiang Province， and the intensity of the influence decreases. The interaction of the factors affecting the test points spatial distribution is greater than the effect of a single factor. In conclusion， this study provides a scientific basis for optimizing the spatial layout of land and deepening the policy of comprehensive land consolidation of Zhejiang Province.Keywords：comprehensive land consolidation;test point;spatial distribution;geographical detector;Zhejiang Province11|14|5<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Impact of pro-environmental awareness on farmers’ household waste classification behavior in the context of environmental regulation AI Introduction
Abstract：To clarify the subjective influencing factors of farmers’ participation in household waste classification， based on 795 micro survey data of farmers in Gansu Province， an ordered Logit model was constructed within the framework of the “consciousness-context-behavior” model to explore the impact of various dimensions of pro-environmental awareness and their interactive effects on farmers’ household waste classification behavior. The heterogeneous effects of restrictive and guiding regulations in the relationship between “pro-environmental awareness household waste classification behavior” were further analyzed. The results indicate that： 1） In various dimensions of pro-environmental awareness， environmental emotions and environmental knowledge have a significant positive impact on farmers’ participation in household waste classification. 2） The interaction between environmental emotion and environmental knowledge， environmental responsibility and environmental attitude has a significant positive impact on farmers’ participation in household waste classification. 3） Both restrictive and guiding environmental regulations play a regulatory role in the “consciousness behavior” relationship， and the regulatory effect varies depending on the specific path. Pro-environmental awareness and environmental regulations are important factors that affect the household waste classification behavior of farmers. Therefore， it is recommended to innovate the publicity and education methods for rural household waste classification， effectively enhancing farmers’ environmental knowledge and emotions，enrich the forms of promotional activities and fully leverage the “amplifier” role within the various dimensions of stimulating pro-environmental awareness， strengthen the leading role of party members and cadres， and subtly encourage farmers to participate in household waste classification， further optimize environmental regulation policies and promote farmers’ wider and deeper participation in the practice of household waste classification by creating an environment where leniency and strictness are combined.Keywords：farmers’ behavior;garbage classification;consciousness-context-behavior model;pro-environmental awareness;environmental regulations;ordered Logit model;moderating effect13|24|4<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08- Abstract：In order to provide feasible suggestions for stabilizing domestic cotton production and moderately restoring the production capacity of cotton areas in the Yangtze and Yellow River basins， the study explained the behavioral logic of cotton farmers' production decision using elastic changes in factors. The trans-log cost function and seemingly uncorrelated regression were employed to estimate the cost share equation of major inputs in cotton production. On this basis， the demand elasticity for each factor and substitution elasticity were calculated. The results showed that： 1） The demand for labor and chemical fertilizer was lack of elasticity in China's cotton production， while the elasticity of mechanical demand declined and turned from elastic to inelastic. 2） There was a mutual substitution among labor， chemical fertilizer and machinery input， and the substitution between machinery and labor was the strongest and the weakest between fertilizer and labor. 3） When it came to different cotton areas， the machinery demand was always elastic and the elasticity of fertilizer-labor substitution declined during the study period in the Yellow River and Yangtze River basin cotton-growing area. In the northwest cotton-growing area， the machinery demand turned to be inelastic and the fertilizer on the elasticity of substitution for labor increased. Therefore， we suggested that the northwest cotton-growing area need control the price of machinery reasonably， as well as be vigilant about the negative environment externality caused by excessive input of fertilizer. The Yellow River and Yangtze River basin cotton-planting area should focus on the mechanization of cotton production to enhance the supply of technology and machinery suitable for local cotton production and apply the policy instrument effectively to stimulate the demand for machinery.Keywords：cotton production;factor demand;factor substitution;trans-log cost function;regional heterogeneity17|14|3<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08
Analysis on the influencing factors of urban households’ livestock products consumption AI Introduction
Abstract：Based on the survey data of livestock products consumption from 1 010 urban households in Beijing and Hebei Province， using quantile regression method， this study analyzes the key factors affecting the indoor consumption of livestock products of urban households. The results show that： 1） The regional difference of indoor consumption of livestock products of urban households is very significant； 2） The quality and safety events of livestock products significantly affect the indoor consumption of livestock products of urban households. The outbreak of African swine fever not only has direct effect on indoor consumption of meat， but also increase the consumption of eggs and dairy products through substitution effect； 3） Their attention to balanced diet can stimulate urban residents to increase meat and eggs consumption， but has no significant effect on dairy products consumption； 4） The income level has a positive effect on indoor consumption of meat and dairy products of urban households， but has no significant effect on indoor consumption of eggs. The commercial housing loan has no significant effect on the consumption of meat， eggs， and dairy products of urban households； 5） The indoor consumption of meat， eggs and dairy products in high-educated families is moderate， while the household population structure has no significant effect on indoor consumption of dairy products of urban households. In view of all the above， it is suggested that measures should be taken to improve the quality and safety system of livestock products， strengthen balanced diet publicity and pay more attention to market segmentation， so as to promote rational consumption of livestock products by urban households.Keywords：urban households;livestock products consumption;influencing factors;quantile regression19|15|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Digital economy development and rural residents’ well-being: An empirical analysis based on CFPS data AI Introduction
Abstract：In order to clarify the effect and mechanism of digital economy development on rural residents’ well-being， this study empirically analyzes the relationship between digital economy development and rural residents’ well-being on the basis of constructing digital economy development index and rural residents’ well-being index. The results show that： 1） Digital economy can significantly improve rural residents’ well-being by 0.074 units， which is still valid after endogenous processing and a series of robustness tests. 2） Digital economy can enhance rural residents’ well-being by promoting agricultural production efficiency， increasing employment opportunities and facilitating public service provision. 3） The impact of the digital economy on the well-being varies across different groups of rural residents with a greater improvement particularly for rural residents with lower educational attainment and higher ages. Therefore， it is necessary to accelerate the construction of digital infrastructure in rural areas， improve the digital technology application capabilities of vulnerable groups such as middle-aged and elderly individuals and those with lower human capital， and facilitate the integration of various digital services into the rural residents’ daily life. This study provides valuable references for improving rural residents’ well-being.Keywords：digital economy development;rural residents;well-being;agricultural production efficiency;employment opportunities;public service supply13|14|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Measurement of rural digital economy development level and its impact on agricultural productivity growth AI Introduction
Abstract：In order to understand the development of rural digital economy and explore the impact of rural digital economy on the growth of agricultural total factor productivity （ TFP ）. Based on the concept of rural digital economy， this study constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system for the development level of rural digital economy from two dimensions： rural digital infrastructure and rural industrial digitization， entropy method is used to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution and regional differences of the development level of rural digital economy at the provincial level in China from 2011 to 2020，and the impact of rural digital economy on the growth of agricultural TFP is systematically analyzed. The results show that ： 1） The development level of rural digital economy is increasing year by year， but there are obvious differences between regions and the development tends to be unbalanced； 2） The growth of agricultural TFP can be significantly promoted by rural digital economy； 3） The decomposition index of agricultural TFP growth found that the rural digital economy has a significant effect on the efficiency of agricultural technology， and its impact on the growth of agricultural TFP is mainly achieved by improving the efficiency of agricultural technology； 4） The result of impact mechanism analysis displays that the rural digital economy can promote the growth of agricultural TFP by promoting the development of producer services and improving the level of industrialization； 5） Heterogeneity analysis discovers that the higher the level of rural digital economy development and the higher the growth of agricultural TFP， the more obvious the effect of rural digital economy on the growth of agricultural TFP， which led to the gap of agricultural TFP growth between regions. This research can provide scientific basis for the construction of rural digital economy index system， the evaluation of economic impact and the design of high-quality development policy of rural digital economy.Keywords：rural digital economy;agricultural TFP growth;agricultural technological efficiency;agricultural technology progress;rural digital divide;agricultural productive service industry21|15|4<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Understanding how digital technology empowers the high-end transformation of agricultural product processing industry AI Introduction
Abstract：To explore how digital technology empowers the high-end transformation of the agricultural product processing industry， a panel dataset consisting of provincial data and listed companies in the agricultural product processing industry from 2012 to 2021 was utilized to study the comprehensive impact and mechanism of digital technology in the high-end transformation of the agricultural product processing industry. The results indicate that： 1） The role of digital technology in empowering the high-end transformation of agricultural product processing industry is significant. The empowerment effects of digital components， digital infrastructure， and digital network technology decrease in sequence， while the empowerment effects of central， eastern， and western regions decrease in sequence. 2） The digital technology empowers the high-end transformation of agricultural product processing industry by promoting consumption upgrading and reducing corporate financial leverage. 3） The quality of institutions and macroeconomic growth rate plays an important positive regulatory role in the process of digital technology empowering the high-end transformation of agricultural product processing industry. Suggestions of vigorously developing digital technology， optimizing the macroeconomic environment， and increasing support for the application of digital technology in agricultural product processing industry are proposed in the end of this study.Keywords：digital technology;agricultural product processing;high-end;causal mediating effect;threshold14|13|4<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Consumers’ online fresh fruits purchase migration behaviour and its influencing factors AI Introduction
Abstract：In order to explore the influencing factors and mechanism path of consumers’ online fresh fruits purchase migration behaviour， this study analyzed consumers’ online fresh fruits purchase migration behaviour and its influencing factors by constructing a structural equation model based on the PPM theory， and used multiple clusters to analyze the variability of the influencing factors of different consumers’ behaviours. The results show that： 1） Price， information and service dissatisfaction constitute push factors positively affect consumers’ online fresh fruits purchase migration behaviour； The perceived usefulness， search and sense of consumption experience constitute pull factors positively affect migration behaviour； The procedural transfer cost constitutes an anchoring factor that negatively affects migration behaviour. 2） Anchoring factors negatively regulate the effect of push factors on migration behaviour. 3） The effects of the three demographic characteristics of gender， age and education level are more significant in different hypothetical paths. Among them， the groups of female， 30 years old and below and education level college or above are more willing to purchase fresh fruits in online channels. The conclusion achieved in this study enriches the research results of consumer migration behaviour in the field of fresh fruits and provides inspiration for the sustainable development of fresh e-commerce.Keywords：fresh fruit;online purchase migration behaviour;structural equation modelling;PPM model;heterogeneity test15|14|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08
