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- Abstract：To understand the chromosome constitution of thermo-sensitive male sterile wheat line KTM3315A and to its male sterility characteristics,T1BL.1RS translocation chromosome was identified by molecular markers and A-PAGE.The cytological characteristics and type of pollen abortion were observed by staining of pollen grains by aceto carmine,DAPI and I2-KI.The activities of protective enzymes (POD,SOD,CAT) in anther of KTM3315A were determined at different development stages(tetrad stage,early uninucleate stage,late uninucleate stage,binucleate stage,trinucleate stage).Molecular marker electrophoresis results showed that KTM3315A could be amplified bands in the marker of wheat chromosome 1BS,but not amplified bands in the marker of chromosome 1RS in rye.KTM3315A did not have the same bands in ω region as rye in A-PAGE electrophoresis.Therefore,KTM3315A was non-1B/1R K type thermo-sensitive male sterile wheat line.Its pollens was not fully dyed by I2-KI at trinucleate stage under sterile conditions,which proved pollens were abortive and the type of pollen abortion was stainable abortion.The activity of their protective enzymes was different in both sterile and fertile conditions.POD,SOD and CAT activity showed significant differences at late uninucleate stage,suggesting that male sterility was associated with activities of protective enzymes in active oxygen metabolism.KTM3315A abortion mainly occurred at late uninucleate stage.Keywords：thermo-sensitive male sterile;Aegilops kotschyi;A-PAGE;molecular marker;active oxygen species5|11|4<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Two foxtail millet cultivars,Jingu 45 and Jingu 42,were selected as research materials in this study.Millet seedlings were exposed to PEG-6000 stress treatment.We detected MDA content in seedlings at different treatment time in order to evaluate their drought resistance.In addition, SiZFP182 genes were isolated from cDNAs from these two cultivars and their sequences were blasted and analyzed.The expression pattern of SiZFP182 in millet seedlings after PEG treatment was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR.The results showed that Jingu 45 had a stronger drought resistance than Jingu 42.Five single nucleotide sequence differences were discovered between these two cultivars,which resulting in encoded protein differences.The expression level of SiZFP182 genes in two cultivars were increased followed by decreasing under drought stress treatment within 24 h.During 6 to 12 h treatment period,the expression level of SiZFP182 in Jingu 45 was higher than that in Jingu 42.The above results indicated that differences in drought resistance between Jingu 45 and Jingu 42 might be related to sequence variation and expression difference of SiZFP182 under drought stress.Keywords：foxtail millet;C2H2-type zinc-finger proteins;SiZFP182;drought resistance3|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Based on the historical meteorological data and phenology data from the meteorological stations and agricultural meteorological experimental stations,this paper studied growing degree days (GDD),killing degree days (KDD),precipitation amount and its climatic trend rate of the seasons at vegetative growth phase,vegetative and reproductive growth phase,reproductive growth phase and whole growth period of winter wheat during 1961 and 2010 in North China Plain.The results showed that GDD among different provinces at whole growth period of winter wheat was not significantly different,but it is significantly different at other growth phases in North China Plain (P<0.05).All the climatic trend rate of GDD was positive value,and the high value of climatic trend rate of GDD was distributed in the area of the east part of Shandong (Laiyang,Yantai,etc.) and the south part of Henan (Xinyang,Gushi,etc.).The KDD among different provinces at different growing periods of winter wheat was not significantly different in North China Plain;the climate trend of KDD was increased at vegetative growth phase,but at other growth phases it was some increased and some decreased.At reproductive growth phase and whole growth period of winter wheat,KDD was increased in the area of northeast and southwest of North China Plain,were decreased in other areas.Over the past few decades,the precipitation during different growth periods of winter wheat decreased from south to north in North China Plain.However,the amount precipitation was increased at vegetative growth phase in all areas,decreased at vegetative and reproductive growth phase in area of east part of Shandong and also decreased at reproductive growth phase in south part of Henan.In conclusion,in the recently fifty years,the risk of extreme high-temperature of winter wheat in west Hebei (Baoding,Shijiazhuang,etc.) was higher;the risk of extreme high-temperature of winter wheat in northeast of Shandong and southwest of Henan was higher in the future.Most area of North China Plain has decreasing trend of drought risk,however,the drought risk has increased trend in east of Shandong (Weifang,Laiyang,etc.) at vegetative and reproductive growth phase,South of Henan (Nanyang,Gushi,etc.) at reproductive growth phase.Keywords：North China Plain;winter wheat;growth period;growing degree days;killing degree days;rainfall;spatiotemporal change2|9|13<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Seasonal drought frequently occurred at maize sowing stage due to unevenly distributed precipitation in China,which limited seed emergence and seedling growth severely.Irrigation after sowing played an important role on maize seedling developments,and the corresponding irrigation amounts shall be determined to ensure plant establishment.Therefore,a pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse condition to clarify a proper irrigation amount after sowing under drought stress.Seven treatments were designed:sufficient water supply,light drought stress with 0,15,22.5 mm water after sowing and medium drought stress with 0,15,22.5 mm water after sowing.The results showed: root development and growth were inhibited as soil moisture decreased.Simultaneously,emergence rate,leaf area,shoot and root dry matter accumulation decreased with an increase of root-shoot ratio due to drought stress;Supplemental irrigation after sowing is one of the effectively agronomic measures to release drought stress,which significantly increased emergence rate,shortened emergence time and promoted root growth.Compared with no irrigation after sowing,root number,root layer number,root length,root surface area and root volume were all significant increased after irrigation;Irrigation after sowing had more significant effect under medium drought stress than under light drought stress.In addition,higher amount of irrigation water led to stronger recover effect.Irrigating 22.5 mm water after sowing relieved drought stress and promoted root establishment when soil moisture was between 50%-65% of the field capacity.Keywords：maize;root;growth;sowing stage;drought;irrigation after sowing7|8|7<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Northeast Farming Region of China is our main production area of spring wheat.Climate changes have significant impact on spring wheat production in this region.Based on observed daily meteorological data in 1961—2010 of 58 normal meteorological codes in the Northeast Farming Region of China,crop evapotranspiration (ETc),evapotranspiration of applied water (ETaw) and irrigation demand index (IDI) of spring wheat were calculated by Simulation of Evapotranspiration of Applied Water (SIMETAW).The result showed that the temperature significantly increased while precipitation,solar radiation and evapotranspiration(ETo) decreased from 1961—2010.Spring wheat ETc and ETaw decreased from 1961—2010.Its distribution was gradually increased from east to west.The decrease of spring wheat ETc concentrated mainly in Songliao region and the south of Xing'anling region.The change trend of eastern region was not obvious.The decrease of ETaw concentrated mainly in Songliao and Xing'anling region while a slight increase in Sanjiang plain region and a small change in Changbai mountain area.Keywords：spring wheat;Northeast Farming Region;climate change;temperature;precipitation;solar radiation;crop evapotranspiration (ETc);evapotranspiration of applied water(ETaw)19|9|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Foxtail millet industrialization has developed rapidly in recent years.Its planting area kept expanding year by year in China due to high economic profit.However,the allelochemicals exuded by foxtail millet plant can inhibit the growth of itself continuous cropping lead to both yield and quality losses severely.To investigate the effects of foxtail millet water extracts on seed germination and growth of winter wheat, extracts from different varieties,parts and concentrations were used to treat winter wheat seeds and seedlings with completely randomized experiment design.The result showed that the growth of root and bud were significantly inhibited by the extracts foxtail millet,the higher the concentration of extracts the shorter the length of root and bud of winter seedlings.The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Y(II) of wheat seedling treated with foxtail millet stem and leaf water extract displayed similar trend.Ten and fifty times diluted extracted to a high actual photochemical high quantum yield Y(II).The photosynthetic electron transport rate (ETR) was increased at first and then decreased with the reducing of extract concentration.The optical system II maximum photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) and the SOD and POD activity were just opposite.The foxtail millet stems water extract displayed greater allelopathy function than that of leaf,represented by indexes of these three parameters.These results above suggested that the residual allelochemicals of foxtail millet straw could promote the growth of wheat at an appropriate concentration.Keywords：foxtail millet;allelopathic effect;water extract;chlorophyll fluorescence;enzyme activity8|15|6<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：To investigate physiological regulation effect on plant drought tolerance by treating sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) seeds with polyethylene glycol (PEG).The sorghum hybrid (cv.Liao waxy No.6) seeds were pretreated with PEG 8000 solution (20% concentration) for 48 h at 18℃ before sowing in soil.To simulate drought environment,seedlings were provided with 100 (CK),85,70,55 and 40 percentage water supply respectively.Seed germination rate,leaf and root relative water content,chlorophyll content,root activity,antioxidant systems,osmotic adjustment system and root anatomical structure were all investigated.Results showed that:1) PEG pretreatment promoted seed germination,improved seed emergence and viable rate under soil drought condition;2) When water supply was under 70% (Soil water content,SWC-70),both chlorophyll degradation and root activity were decreased;3) Antioxidant system and osmotic adjustment system changed prominently after PEG treatment.POD and O2- were two critical factors for antioxidant system.Soluble sugar and membrane permeability were important factors in osmotic regulation to improve seedling drought tolerance;4) The number and volume of xylem and phloem played important role in plant adapting to drought.Appropriate PEG treatment of sorghum seeds could improve drought tolerance at seeding phase.Keywords：sorghum;seed;polyethylene glycol;water deficit;physiology regulation19|14|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Nutrient uptake and utilization play an important role in yield advantage of intercropping,however,effects of nutrient and utilization on yield advantage of new intercropping systems are rarely explored in Northwest China,a field experiment was carried out to investigate effects of nutrient uptake and utilization on yield advantage of maize/potato,maize/rapeseed,soybean/potato,soybean/rapeseed and potato/rapeseed in Northwest China.The results showed that maize/potato,maize/rapeseed,soybean/potato and soybean/rapeseed intercropping systems had yield advantages with a land equivalent ratio (LER)>1,and economic benefits was higher than those in the corresponding sole cropping systems,potato/rapeseed intercropping systems had a yield disadvantage with a land equivalent ratio (LER)<1.Nitrogen (N),phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) uptake of maize/potato,maize/rapeseed,soybean/potato and soybean/rapeseed intercropping systems was increased by 10%-41%,8%-21% and 11%-34% compared to the weighted means of corresponding sole cropping systems.In contrast,potato/rapeseed intercropping systems decreased N,P and K uptake by 35%,42% and 63%,compared with corresponding weighted mean of sole cropping systems.N,P and K utilization efficiency by maize/rapeseed and soybean/ rapeseed intercropping systems were 10%-21%、5%-7% and 15%-17% higher than the weighted means of sole cropping systems.N and K utilization efficiency in intercropping systems of maize/potato was 3% and 4% lower than those in the corresponding sole cropping systems.P utilization efficiency in maize/potato intercropping was 21% higher than that in the corresponding sole cropping systems.The N,P and K utilization efficiency in soybean/potato intercropping systems was reduced by 15%、3% and 14%,compared to the weighted means of the sole cropping systems.N and P utilization efficiency in potato/rapeseed intercropping was 18% and 4% lower than that in the corresponding sole cropping systems.K utilization efficiency in maize/potato intercropping was 20% higher than that in the corresponding sole cropping systems.Not all intercropping systems have yield advantage,and yield advantage of intercropping was mainly attributed to enhanced nutrient uptake efficiency.Keywords：nutrient uptake;nutrient utilization;yield advantage;intercropping;niche differentiation9|13|17<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Characteristic of growth and physiology of stress tolerance of soybean and maize intercropped in mature rubber plantation with paired row planting system (RPPRPS) were investigated by observing indicators of illumination and measuring biomass and physiological responses in stress tolerance.Results showed that duration of illumination in RPPRPS was only 18%-36% of open field.Content of chlorophyll,height and stem thickness of soybean and maize plants were affected to a certain degree.Yield of intercropped soybean was significantly reduced,which was 60.2% of monocultured soybean (P<0.05).There was no harvests of maize in intercropping treatment.The crop yield and biomass of plants adjacent to rubber tree were lower than those grew in the middle belt of wide row.Only 77.0%-81.8% of yield could be harvest in the middle belt for soybean compared to those in monocultured treatment.Despite the fact that the content of Pro in intercropped soybean was influenced significantly (P<0.05),there was no significant difference in physiology of soybean and maize plants during stress tolerance between treatments (P<0.05).In conclusion,the growth of soybean and maize rather than physiology of plant stress tolerance could be significantly affected in RPPRPS compared to monocultured treatments.Soybean was more suitable than maize to be planted as intercrop in RPPRPS,and considerable yield could be obtained in the middle belt.Keywords：mature rubber plantation;rubber plantation with paired row planting system;productivity;physiology of stress tolerance19|15|5<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to improve water use efficiency and crop output value,promote the popularization and application of super absorbent polymer.The objective of this study was conducted to study the influences of super absorbent polymer on water use efficiency and crops output value.The experiment was conducted with watermelon,potato and maize as test crops in arid and semi-arid regions.Meanwhile,spring wheat,maize,sunflower and tomato as test crops in arid region.Different crops no applied super absorbent polymer as control in different regions.The water use efficiency,water output efficiency,crop yields and crop output value of different crops had been monitored and had been analyzed in different regions.The results showed that watermelon had the highest output value;however,potato had highest value adding rate and highest water saving effects in arid and semi-arid region.Meanwhile,sunflower had the highest output value;but maize had highest value adding rate and highest water output efficiency in arid region.Potato and watermelon should be the preference crops for popularization and application super absorbent polymer in arid and semi-arid regions,and sunflower and maize should be the preference crops in arid regions.Keywords：super absorbent polymer;arid and semi-arid regions;arid region;crops;water use efficiency;output value12|14|6<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Field experiment was designed to study the effect of applying selenium on the soil of oat on yield selenium content and quality of oat.The results showed that: 1) Add selenium to the soil could significantly improve the total selenium content of oat.2) When the selenium content was 10-80 mg/kg,the height and yield of oat compared with the control group had increased.When the selenium content was 40 mg/kg,the height and yield of oat reaches a minimum value,the height could reach 125.3 cm,the yield could reach 7.51 kg.Then with the increase in concentration of selenium in soil the height and yield of oat compared with the control group had reduced. 3)In grain filling stage when the selenium content was 10-80 mg/kg,the crude protein of stem and grain was higher than control group content, and crude fiber in stems and seeds lower than the control.When applying a gradient of more than 80 mg/kg crude protein and fiber content of oats than the control group had no significant change.Crude protein and fiber content of oats in mature group were same with filling stage.4)Distribution of selenium in oat was alkali-soluble fraction> salting soluble> Tris-HCL soluble> water soluble> acid soluble.Keywords：selenium;oat;quality;selenium form20|15|6<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：The impact of inoculation with bacterial communities (Bacillus sp.,Bacillus megaterium,Pseudomonas alcaligene and Azospirinum brasilense) in rhizospheric soil of wheat was assessed by constructing a 16S rRNA gene clone library,conducting amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA),using coverage value (C) and Margalef richness index (R) as evaluated index.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that a total of eight bacterial groups including Acidobacteria,Proteobacteria (including α-, β-, δ-, γ-Proteobacteria),Planctomycetes,Firmicutes,Nitrospirae,Bacteroidetes,Verrucomicrobia and Gemmatimonadetes were existed in both inoculated soil and control soil.The dominant bacterias were Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria in both soil samples.Bacterias belong to Chloroflexi,yanophyta,Aquificae and Nitrospirae excluding Fusobacteria were found in the inoculated treatment.Bacterias belong to Pseudomonas were increased from 1.59% to 21.28%,and bacterias belonging to Bacillus were increased from 0 to 3.05%,while bacterias belong to Azospirillum were not detected in both samples.Diversity analysis showed that soil bacterial Shannon index and Margalef richness index were promoted after inoculation.In conclusion,the inoculation significantly affected the composition of bacterial communities in wheat rhizosphere soil.Keywords：bacterial agents;rhizosphere soil;community composition;16S rRNA genes;amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis20|19|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
Improved effect of humic acid, earthworm protein fertilizer and vermicompost on coastal saline soils
Abstract：In order to improve saline-alkali soil properties and ensure crop growth and development a pot experiment was conducted by using maize as the materials.This study aims to improving saline land by regulating chemical properties with additonal humic acid and applying biological characteristics including vermicompost and earthworm protein fertilizer in soil,The results showed that:Compared to the application of chemical fertilizers,three treatments in this experiment were respectively and differentially improved the absorption of nutrients and the biomass of maize seedlings in both aboveground and underground level.All three treatments showed lower activity of soil urease and alkaline phosphatase in the compound soil.The biomass of maize in the underground level was increased by 24.2% in soil added with humic acid and 18.2% in soil applied with vermicompost (P<0.05).Alkaline and pH were dropped by 9.5%,1.1% (P<0.05) respectively.Adding earthworm protein fertilizer into soil swelled the content of soil available nutrient;the content of soil CEC in the vermicompost-treated soil slightly increased by 3.2% with a decreasing trend of the total salt;the organic matters were increased by 4.3%.pH was decreased (P<0.05) by adding humic acid to the soil.The content of soil microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen (P<0.05) significantly increased by adding protein fertilizer or vermicompost.Hence,this study demonstrates that adding humic acid,vermicompost and earthworm protein fertilizer into saline-alkali soil could improve saline soil traits and have positive influence on the growth of crops.Keywords：saline-alkali soil improvement;materials;maize;soil properties42|38|25<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22- Abstract：Microbial community structures in undigested soil and earthworm casts collected after digestion were studied by inoculating earthworms of two different ecological species in two heavy metal contaminated paddy soils. Eisenia fetida (epigeics) and Amynthas robustus (anecics) were inoculated in soils for 10 days under lab condition,and then fresh earthworm casts were sampled by gut purging at 23℃.The microbial community structures in earthworm casts and undigested soil were analyzed by PCR-DGGE and cloning techniques.Higher microbial diversity and Shannon index were found in fresh earthworm casts than in undigested soil (P<0.05).But no significant difference in microbial community structure was found between the casts from different earthworms species.By gel cutting and sequencing and blast comparison,Myroides sp.was found in both earthworm casts in soils contaminated by acid mining drainage.Bacillus sp.and Sphingobacterium sp. were observed in the casts from E.foetida as its unique predominant strains,while Chryseobacterium sp.was only found in the casts from A.robustus.Pseudomonas sp.and Comamonas sp. were found in both earthworm casts in alkaline soil contaminated by waste water from Pb/Zn mine;Acinetobacter sp.was found in the casts from E.foetida;Chryseobacterium sp.and Sphingobacterium sp.were found in the casts from A.robustus as the predominant strains.All the dominant microbial species existed in casts were the bacteria with high tolerance to heavy metal.Earthworm digestion strongly affected bacterial community structure in heavy metal contaminated soils.Microbial diversity was significantly increased by earthworm digestion,but casts from different earthworm species had almost similar microbial communities.The observed dominant bacteria species are more capable of tolerating heavy metal stress.Keywords：polymetals pollution;earthworm;fresh earthworm casts;microbial communities;predominant strains17|21|12<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：The statistical analysis and Redundancy Analysis (RDA) of 101 soil profile samples in cultivated land of Pingluo County were taken to obtain the basic characteristics of the salinity data,the correlation of the elements and the major ions affecting the salinization indicators in each soil layers.Results indicated that: 1) All soil layers were in the salinization state and there was an obvious phenomenon of salt accumulation in surface soil;2) The RDA results showed that the first two axes explained at least 80% of the salinization information.The linear combination of the axes and environmental factors reflected the relationship between the salinization indicators and salt ions well;3) Compared with conventional statistical methods,RDA contains a greater amount of information,also can more intuitive to express the characteristics of soil salinization and the main factors influencing the salinization indicators in the study area.RDA was an effective method for analyzing salinization information.It could provide a scientific basis for evaluation and governance of land salinization and land use management.Keywords：salinization;redundancy analysis;statistical analysis;Pingluo County18|20|9<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to ascertain the properties of adsorption and desorption of lead,mercury,cadmium and arsenic in soil from Tongliao,the behavior of adsorption-desorption of added Hg(Ⅱ),Pb(Ⅱ),Cd(Ⅱ) and As(Ⅴ) in meadow soil,saline alkali soil,aeolian sandy soil and chestnut soil was tested by using batch equilibrium method.And the influenctial factors were also investigated.The result showed:1) Langmuir equation could better fit the adsorption process of Pb(Ⅱ) and Cd(Ⅱ) in four soil,Freundlich equation could better fit the a desorption process of Hg(Ⅱ)and As(Ⅴ) in four tested soil;2) Adsorption capacities of heavy metal ions in 4 tested soil were different.The adsorption capacity of Pb(Ⅱ) was in the order as chestnut soil >saline alkali soil >meadow soil >aeolian sandy soil;Adsorption quantity of Hg(Ⅱ) and Cd(Ⅱ) was ranked as meadow soil >chestnut soil >saline alkali soil >aeolian sandy soil;Adsorption amount of As(Ⅴ) in 4 tested soil was chestnut soil > saline alkali soil >meadow saline soil >aeolian sandy soil.Adsorption quantity of the heavy metal ion in 4 tested soil was Pb(Ⅱ) >Hg(Ⅱ) >Cd(Ⅱ) >As(Ⅴ);(3) Power function could better fit the adsorption capacities and desorption capacities.Desorption quantity of the heavy metal ion in soil was As(Ⅴ)>Cd(Ⅱ)>Pb(Ⅱ)>Hg(Ⅱ).Adsorption quantity of different soil for the same heavy metal ion was different.For Pb(Ⅱ) and Cd(Ⅱ),desorption quantity was aeolian sandy soil > saline alkali soil >chestnut soil >meadow soil;for Hg(Ⅱ),Desorption quantity was aeolian sandy soil > meadow soil > saline alkali soil >chestnut soil;for As(Ⅴ),desorption quantity was sandy soil >saline alkali >meadow soil >chestnut soil and meadow soil.The behavior of adsorption and desorption of four typical soil from Tongliao for four heavy metal was different.Keywords：soil;heavy metal;adsorption;desorption13|19|11<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In this study,effects of various cutting back degree on pruning and photosynthetic characteristics of new shoot leaves were examined by using 5-year-old 'Fuji' apple (Malus Domestica Borkh cv. Fuji).Within the same tree,during dormancy period,the 1-year-old surrounding extended shoots were treated with cutting back in different degree.The pruning responses of branches such as the content of chlorophyll,the morphology of leaves,leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured after treatments.The results showed that:1) Cutting back increased the branching rate,the long branch rate,the content of chlorophyll a,the length,diameter,weight,internode number,length of spring and autumn shoots of extended branches,whereas the germination rate was decreased;2) Cutting back affected the net photosynthetic rates and transpiration rate positively,which probably because cutting back improved the photosynthetic capacity of mesophyll cell;3) The PSⅡ maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm),the PSⅡactual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSⅡ) and the photochemical quenching (qP) increased after cutting back.The more the cutting back degree,the greater the efficiency increase..Hence,the electron transferred faster,and more energy was provided for CO2 assimilation.On the contrary,the non-photochemical reaction (NPQ) decreased along with the cutting back degree due to less heat for consumption.Keywords：apple;cutting back;pruning responses;photosynthetic characteristics;chlorophyll fluorescence12|15|7<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of Pyrus dwarfing-rootstocks varieties on stone cell characteristics of Suli-pear fruit to a theoretical basis for rational utilization of Pyrus dwarfing-rootstocks varietiesin production.Suli-pear/K30/P. betulaefoliabunge,Suli-pear/OH×F51/P betulaefoliabunge,and Suli-pear/P. betulaefoliabunge were used as materials to test the activities of PAL,POD and PPO during fruit development period,and stone cell content,stone cell size ratio in ripe Suli-pear fruits.The data showed that:Among three Pyrusrootstocks,the stone cell content and stone cell size ratio were K3051< P betulaefoliabunge.The PAL,POD and PPO activities displayed a decline trend from 30 to 120 days after full-bloom stage.The PAL activity reached the highest at 30 day after full-bloom,showed significant difference at 60 day,and was maximally reduced at 90 day,as well as POD and PPO activities in Suli-pear fruits of different Pyrus rootstock.According to the correlation analysis,there were positive correlation between final content of stone cells and the enzymes of three tested pear during various stages.Compared with the Suli-pear/P. betulaefoliabunge,Suli-pear/K30/P. betulaefoliabunge,Suli-pear/OH×F51/P betulaefoliabunge can reduce PAL, POD and PPO activity of Suli-pear fruits in early development stage,thus reduced stone cell content and the stone cell size ratio in mature Suli-pear fruits.In conclusion,Pyrus dwarfing-rootstocks K30 and OH×F51 have obvious effect in improving the quality of Suli-pear fruits.Keywords：pyrus dwarfing-rootstocks;suli pear variety;stone cellscontent;stonecells size ratio;PAL;POD;PPO14|12|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to explore the delayed cultivation techniques of grape,two years old Moldova Grapes planted in a semi-underground solar-greenhouse were used as materials to study the comprehensive effects of delayed germination,delayed harvest and tree-hanging storage techniques.The results showed that,the germination stage of Moldova Grape was delayed until early May,berries started coloring on August 20th and got ripening on October 21,and the berry can be remained on the tree until New Year's Day in Yang Yuan county,Hebei province.The harvesting time of delayed culture was 50-120 days later than the open field culture;the time to the market was postponed to late October or until the New Year.In the first 40 days of delayed harvesting period,the berry's weight,size and TSS increased,TA and fitness decreased,berry skin became thin,skin color changed from blue black to dark black,flavor became juicy and sweet and sour flavor disappeared;After 40 days,the TSS still increased,berry size and weight decreased rapidly,TA content did not changed significantly.The delayed culture of grape can make the marketing time of Moldova grapes planted in a solar greenhouse postponed to 50-120 days by using the low spring temperature to delay bud break,in autumn and winter delayed harvest and tree-hanging storage.It can provide high quality and fresh grape for winter picking tourism from November to the New Year's Day.Keywords：Moldova;grape;delayed culture;semi-underground solar-greenhouse;fruit quality10|12|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of high temperature on the quality of flower and phenophases in the pre-blossom and blooming periods by using adult trees and in vitro bouquet branches of Xiangbaixing (Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.).The results indicated that:compared to the control,in the plastic greenhouse,the daily mean temperatures increased by 3.6℃,mean maximum temperatures increased by 12℃ and mean minimum temperatures reduced by 0.5℃;increase in temperature accelerated flower bud development,caused a hastening in flowering time and abnormal flowers emerged.The flower bud of vitro bouquet branches dried-up and shed in the treatment of high temperature(25℃);at higher temperatures,pistils showed short styles and unswelled ovaries.In the same time,the weight,the proportion of perfect flower,the rate of pollen germination and fruit set reduced.Keywords：xiangbaixing;high temperature;pistil;perfect flower;fruit set9|15|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：To protect and utiliz enemies legitimately and choos sampling method scientifically,we conducted research on the spatial relationships of Tetranychus viennensis and Cleoporus variabili with their enemies in "518" nectarine orchard.The range of spatial dependengce (RSDs) of pests and enemies were calculated by the geostatistic methods and the relational grades of RSDs were analyzed by grey relational analysis.The higher the relational grade was,the closer the spatial relationships of pests and enemies were.This study analyzed the spatial relationships of pests and enemies in orchard garden from May 23 to July 17,when the occurring quantities of Tetranychus viennensis and Cleoporus variabili were largest throughout the year.The results showed the top three natural enemies which had close space following relationship with T.viennensis were Harmonia axyridis,Erigonidium graminicola and Theridion octomaculatum and the top three natural enemies which had close space following relationship with C.variabili were E.graminicola,Propylaea japonica and T.octomaculatum.Moreover,Analysis with the method of ecological niche analysis of nectarine canopy in different azimuth showed the top three natural enemies which had close space following relationship with T.viennensis were E.graminicola,H.axyridis and T.octomaculatum and the top three natural enemies which had close space following relationship with C.variabili were E.graminicola,H.axyridis and T.octomaculatum.Keywords：Tetranychus viennensis;Cleoporus variabili;enemy;spatial relationship;geostatistics;grey statistical analysis15|11|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to study the roles of FaGAMYB in floral induction and flower development of strawberry,a MYB transcription factor gene of gibberellic acid (GA) signalling pathway,designated as FaGAMYB was cloned using homology-based cloning and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) from strawberry cv.Camarosa (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.'Camarosa').The open reading frame of FaGAMYB was 1 689 bp,encoding a protein of 562 amino acids.Sequence alignment showed that the FaGAMYB protein contained a highly conserved R2R3 domain.In addition,FaGAMYB also contained three conserved motifs Box1,Box2,and Box3,which are typical structures in the GAMYB family.The FaGAMYB protein was mainly localized in the nucleus of onion epidermal cell. FaGAMYB displayed a constitutive expression pattern,It was highly expressed in reproductive organs including stamen,floral buds,shoot apices and fruits.The expression level of FaGAMYB in the shoot apices was increased under the floral induction conditions,and its expression was up-regulated rapidly during the stamen differentiation stage.These results suggest that FaGAMYB might play crucial roles in the floral induction and stamen development of strawberry.Keywords：strawberry;FaGAMYB;floral induction;stamen;gene expression4|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to investigate the effects of different night temperatures (18,23 and 28℃) on the rate and quality of healing of tube grafted pepper,the pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) 'craft' was applied as rootstock and 'Zhongjiao No.6' was applied as scion.The results showed that the process of vascular connection and healing was slower at 18℃ at night than that of 23 and 28℃.Translocation ability of xylem was reduced at 18℃.Moreover,chlorophyll content,dry weight and the layers of callus cells were also decreased,all of above situations resulted in impaired healing quality.The isolation layer was thinner and disappeared sooner at 23 and 28℃ than at 18℃.Vascular was also connected quickly.Grafting survival rate,chlorophyll content and dry weight were all higher.Compared to 28℃ night temperature treatment,quality of healing at 23℃ was better and its translocation ability of xylem on 6 d was enhanced by 37%,connecting force on 12 d was increased by 19%.There were significant differences between 28℃ and 23℃ treatments.Our study provides insight of the situation of 28℃ day temperature,23℃ night temperature is the best night temperature for healing of tube grafted pepper.Keywords：pepper;night temperature;grafting;healing quality2|10|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：This study aimed at finding out the heat-shock-protein LsHsp70-1707 gene's mechanism under high temperature in leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa).The full-length cDNA of LsHsp70-1707 was obtained by homologous cloning and RACE technology.Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to analyze the expression differences of Lactuca sativa in different varieties. LsHsp70-1707 had a cDNA sequence with 2 400 bp in length containing an open reading frame of 2 106 bp,which encodes a deduced 701 amino acids.It was highly homologous with other varieties' HSP70 protein,such as Citrulluslanatus (AAC03416.1),Ipomoea nil (ABZ04081.1),Cucumissativus (CAA52149.1) and Spinaciaoleracea (AAB91471.1).The Real-time PCR results showed that:Under high temperature,the expression of LsHsp70-1707 gene did not have obvious increase and even downregulated along with the increase of processing time in heat sensitive variety,while its expression level was upregulated in heat resistant variety.LsHsp70-1707 gene was cloned in this study,and its expression were different to a certain degree in different cultivars under heat stress.We assume that the gene may be associated with heat resistance of leaf lettuce.0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Heredity of several characters in F1 generation by the six cross combinations among five varieties of cut-flower chrysanthemums were studied.The results showed:The flower time of F1 hybrids lied between parents;different flower colors of parents had different genetic potential,which ranked from highest to lowest was: white >pink >yellow >green and white flower displayed strongest matroclinal heredity character;the mean of hybrid inflorescence diameter,the number of ligulate flower and tubular flower were 85.3%、83.5%、93.6% of their parents respectively,but heterosis in different cross combinations was not the same,and its performance was depended on combinations;the mean of hybrid petal length,pedicel roughness,plant height and stem diameter all showed a trend of decrease.According to breeding objectives,having a significant correlation among different characters could decide the breeding direction of cut-flower chrysanthemums.Keywords：cut-flower chrysanthemums;hybrid;character;heredity3|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：This study was performed on six noctuid species and vein characteristics of the right forewings were adopted to classify moths.Junctions of veins around cell wing from the six noctuid species were selected as landmarks by using software tpsDig2.Procrustes superimposition was applied to remove non-shape variation from the landmark coordinates,and the distance between adjacent vein nodes was calculated as characteristic parameters.And,variance analysis and stepwise discriminant analysis methods were used to study the feasibility,reliability and importance of each characteristic parameter as classification criterions on the six noctuid species.The results showed that seven characters were selected as the classification variables.The contribution of these variables could be ranked as follows:(dis67,dis71) >dis34 >(dis23,dis12) >(dis45,dis56).Accuracies of original and the intersecting discriminant analysis were 99.4% and 99.4% respectively.The results indicated that vein characteristics of moth wings could be used to identify moths.Keywords：noctuid moths;vein;landmark;Procrustes superimposition;identification1|8|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：To study the effects of concentrate to forage ratio in pellet feed on the expression of SREBP-1,FASN,SCD1 and ApoA1 mRNA in different calf tissue.Twelve Holstein bull calves with similar age and weight were divided into 4 groups with 3 calves in each group.Calves in the groups were fed with different concentrate:forage ratios:75:25(Ⅰ),70:30(Ⅱ),65:35(Ⅲ) and 60:40(Ⅳ),respectively.The pre trial period was 14 d and the experimental period was 56 d.The results showed:The expression of related SREBP-1 and ApoA1mRNA in liver,duodenum and rumen of group II was significantly higher than of group Ⅳ.The expression of related FASN mRNA in liver and duodenum of group Ⅰ was significantly higher than that of group Ⅲ,but in rumen and muscle the results obtained were on the contrary.The expression of related SCD1mRNA in liver,duodenum of group Ⅰ and rumen of group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of other groups.In conclusion,the high concentrate to forage ratio could improve fat synthesis of calf.Keywords：Holstein;genetic expression;concentrate to forage ratio;qRT-PCR2|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：The objective of this study was to study the effects of different cysteamine hydrochloride supplementation on milk production and serum biochemical indices of lactating Holstein dairy cows.Forty healthy Holstein lactating cows,which are similar in milk yield,days in lactation and parity,were randomly separated into 5 groups containing with 8 cows in each group.Cysteamine hydrochloride was added to the basal Total mixed ration at doses of 0 (Control),15,30,75 and 150 g/d.The experiment was conducted for 10 weeks period,including 2 weeks for adaptation and 8 weeks for data collection.The results showed that:The Dry matter intake of 150 g/d treatment was significantly lower than 15-75 g/d treatments (P<0.05) in 9-10th week.The milk yield of 15 g/d treatment was significantly higher than the other treatments in 5-6th week (P<0.05),and the milk yield of 75-150 g/d treatments were lower than 0-30 g/d treatment in 9-10th week (P<0.05).The 4% Fat corrected milk of 15 g/d group was significantly greater than 75-150 g/d treatments in 5-10th week (P<0.05).The feed efficiency of 150 g/d treatment in 5-8th week and 75-150 g/d treatments in 9-10th week were lower than 0-30 g/d treatments (P<0.05).Milk fat and milk total olids percentage of 75 g/d group were higher than control in 1-4th week (P<0.05).Milk urea nitrogen concentration of 15-150 g/d treatments were lower than control in 3-4th week (P<0.05).Serum albumin concentration of 75 g/d was significantly lower than the other treatments in 1-2th week (P<0.05),and it it of 30 g/d group was the highest in 3-4th week of 30 g/d treatment group (P<0.05).Blood urea nitrogen concentration of 75 g/d treatment was higher than control in 9-10th week (P<0.05).In conclusion,the appropriate dosage of adding CSH into Chinese Holston dairy cows's feed is 15-30 g per day.Keywords：cows;cysteamine hydrochloride;lactation performance;serum biochemical indicators1|7|9<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：A lignin-producing Bacillus licheniformis MX5 strain was isolated in previous work.In current study,the response surface methodology was used to optimize fermentation conditions for lignin peroxidase (Lip) production by the strain.Lip activity in fermentation broth was investigated with respect to fermentation temperature,pH and fermentation time.A quadratic polynomial model describing the effects of the fermentation conditions on Lip production was established.The highest Lip production of 103.965 U/L was achieved under the following conditions:fermentation temperature of 37.6℃,pH of 8.76 and fermentation time of 98.32 h.In addition,the established regression model was found to be efficient in predicting Lip production.0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to obtain Bacillus sp.strains producing Iturins for applications in biological control,118 bacterial strains from some vegetable or rhizosphere soil were used in preliminary and secondary screen by the plate confrontation tests and cylinder-plate method. Among them 3 strains,showing strong antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani,Fusarium oxysporum and Pythium aphanidermatum,were analyzed by thin layer chromatography and other methods to detect the ability of the strains to produce Iturins.Finally,the strain K103 was assigned as the target bacterial strain.The organism of interest was identified as a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain,and nominated as B.amyloliquefaciens K103 using biochemical,physiological and 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing.Keywords：Bacillus amyloliquefaciens;identification;lipopeptide;biological control4|12|4<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Milk protein concentrates were treated by dynamic high-pressure microfluidization (DHPM) and DHPM combined with heat treatment (65℃,95℃ for 30 min).Indirect competitive ELISA method was used to determine the antigenicity of α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, α-casein and β-casein in MPC under different conditions.The results showed that the reactions of four antigenic proteins to DHPM and DHPM combined with heat treatment were not identical.The antigenicity of α-lactalbumin、 α-casein and β-casein were significantly lower than DHPM treatment samples and hydrating sample.Keywords：dynamic high-pressure microfluidization;heat treatment;milk protein concentrates;antigenicity1|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to solve the practical problem of nonlinear and high dimensions of sample data,which appeared on forecasting processing-tomato diseases and pests in Xinjiang,the projection pursuit regression model was used in this research.To provide theoretical basis for pest prevention and control,according to sample data of a planting base in Xinjiang,a new method based on projection pursuit regression model of Hermite polynomial and improved state transition algorithm is proposed.The model projects the high-dimensional data into low-dimensional space and uses state transition algorithm combined with orthogonal transformation to get the projection direction and polynomial coefficients.The experimental results showed that the effect error was below 0.2 and the training effect levels predict was exactly right when the model was used to train sample data during 2003-2008;The forecasting accuracy was over 95% when this model was used to predict the data of 2009-2011.The projection pursuit regression model of Hermite polynomial optimized by improved state transition algorithm has high prediction accuracy and reliability.It can effectively solve the practical problems exist in diseases and pests forecasting such as nonlinear and high dimensional data etc.Keywords：projection pursuit regression model;state transition algorithm;orthogonal transformation;diseases and pests prediction;Hermite polynomial4|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：This paper establishes a multi-hierarchy and multi-objective evaluation model combined with weighted entropy method and fuzzy optimization method for the evaluation of heat preservation effect of north wall in Chinese greenhouse.The multi-hierarchy and multi-objective evaluation model acquire the membership degree of the performances of north walls which depends on the Information Entropy to ensure the weights of entropy of evaluating indexes in each hierarchy.The result shows that the average entropy value of evaluation model for 20 greenhouses is 97.0% and the entropy weight of temperature,heat flux,time and cost are 55.1%,19.4%,17% and 8.4% respectively.Consequently,this model takes a high validity by valuing the properties of heat preservation and economic efficiency on 20 kinds of north wall (simulation) in Chinese greenhouse.It offers an innovative and developed approach to assess the comprehensive performance of north wall in Chinese greenhouse and is also expected to be applied on the optimization design of greenhouse wall in the future,which can be incorporated with the greenhouse simulation.Keywords：weighted entropy method;fuzzy optimization method;evaluation model;membership degree;optimization and prediction1|7|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Using Box-Behnken response surface analysis method,vacuum freeze-drying process for Qixia apple was studied.The results showed that slice thickness,vacuum degree and maximum heating temperature were the main factors on the comprehensive indicator of freeze-dried Qixia apple crisps.The slice thickness was considered as the most significant influence on the comprehensive indicator.Quadratic regression model between the comprehensive indicator and 3 factors was established by response surface analysis.The results indicated that the model possessed good forecast reliability and fitness.The response surface analysis results showed that the optimized modified conditions were as follows:slice thickness was 6.00 mm,vacuum degree was 57.64 Pa,and maximum heating temperature was 59.66℃.Under this condition,the estimated comprehensive indicator of freeze-dried Qixia apple crisps was 1.635 which was consistent with the measured value.The microstructure observation results showed that the freeze-drying conditions had obvious effect on products' quality.After treated by the optimized process,the freeze-dried products had porous and spongy structure.The results showed that vacuum-freezing-dried apple slices could possess better taste and texture under the optimized technological parameters condition.Keywords：Qixia apple;vacuum freeze drying;response surface analysis;microstructure3|8|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Aiming at exploring the laser radar application in environment understanding and navigation of agricultural robot,an algorithm for orchard trunk detection based on improved DBSCAN algorithm is studied in this research.To overcome the defects that DBSCAN algorithm is sensitive to global variables,the algorithm adopts an adaptive density threshold and clustering radius to cluster and integrate data points at different distances.For avoiding false detection when laser radar sweep over the ground,robot dead reckoning model is used to calculate distance of unidentified class in current frame,and then compare with the distance of corresponding class in previous frame to category the unidentified class,finally to exclude the ground interference.The results show:1) The algorithm can exclude noise and identify the trunk points when robot is walking smoothly;2) There is certain extent of missed detection of trees since tree branch or ground interference.The average false detection number was-0.13,and the algorithm is able to distinguish trees out of ground objects.The study can be applied in agricultural robot environment understanding and navigation in orchard.Keywords：agricultural robot;laser radar;trunk detection;data clustering;interference elimination3|8|7<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Refer to the problem that a large amount of labor was consumed in monitoring field crop growth,a system was designed for image acquisition and wireless transmission for barley field.The validation of the system was verified through field tests.The results of correlation analysis showed that within 1 000 meter of transmission distance,the data packet transmitting time was less than 70 ms,the success rate of packet transmission was above 98% by DCT date compression algorithm.Compared with DPCM date compression algorithm under the same transmission distance,DCT date compression algorithm had the advantages of small amount of data,short transmission time and high transmission rate.DCT had a good real-time performance and stability,in addition,with the advantages of small size,low cost and easy installation.Keywords：image acquisition;wireless transmission;Linux;DCT;barley1|9|4<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：From perspectives of retain amount,utilization rate and development quality of farming machinery,this paper built an assessment indicator system and evaluated the status quo of farm machinery of all provinces in China systematically.The results show that:1) The aggregate retain amount of farming machinery is insufficient while part of them is surplus with big regional differences;2) The overall efficiency of farming machinery is low;3) The Chinese agricultural mechanization development quality needs to be improved,as the labor productivities of both agricultural machinery household and all farmers in China are too low.The current achievements are at the cost of large amount of fuel consumption.Keywords：farming machinery structure;assessment;indicator system;optimization0|7|3<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：The vertical price transmission of vegetable in China was analyzed in this paper.The vegetable's wholesale price,vegetable's retail price and the price index of means of agricultural production were taken as object to investigate the transmission relationship with the corresponding variables,such as distribution cost and money supply basing on SVAR model,Granger causality test and impulse response function.The results showed the fluctuations of vegetables' prices were mainly caused by the change in the money supply and fuel price.The price transmission was spreading from intermediate and consumption links to production links and the wholesale price of vegetables was in a dominant position in price transmission.Wholesale and retail price would react immediately and be in same direction with the impact from production input,but the response duration of retail and wholesale price to the impact of production cost was comparatively short.The response behavior of wholesale price and retail price to the shocks were not much difference.Keywords：vegetable;price transmission;SVAR model;granger causality test;impulse response function1|9|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Using literature review and comparison analysis,prodeedings of cultivated land abandoning are stated.Results show that academic approach is mainly focused on the status,formation reason,impacts and management strategies of cultivated land abandoning.However,the definition,effects of corresponding impacts,formation reasson,and factors affecting cultivated land abandoning have not come to an agreement.Meanwhile,some researches inferred the severity of situation on cultivated land abandoning national wide and suggested on reducing,stemming,and eliminating abandoning cultivated land based on the inertia thinking that cultivated land abandoning would definitely threaten food security.In the future,the evaluation system for cultivated land-abandoning needs to be examined and modified.Occurrence regularity and driving mechanism for cultivated land abandoning need to be explored.The influence of cultivated land abandoning needs to be tested.Also,results of cultivated land abandoning should be clarified and governance and management on cultivated land abandoning should be provided according to according to view of classification.Keywords：cultivated land abandoning;governance;literature review3|7|18<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：This article aims to apply American rural tourism experiences to rural tourism development in Beijing.Firstly,the concept of "rural" and its connotation are reviewed.Secondly,the origin and driving forces of rural tourism and summarizes development models of American rural tourism are examined.Finally,based on the existing problems in Beijing rural tourism,we propose some implications to Beijing rural tourism development:maintaining rural landscapes,completing country road identification system,improving service quality awareness,cultivating creative talents and focusing different mechanisms of driving forces of tourism in rural areas and expect these implications to provide some references for rural tourism's sustainable development in Beijing.Keywords：American;Beijing;rural tourism;development model;implication1|8|3<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
