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- Abstract：A field experiment using maize variety Zhengdan 958 was conducted to study the effect of ethephon (0 and 180 g/hm2) and nitrogen rate (0,150,225 and 300 kg/hm2) on morphological and chemical traits and breaking resistance of basal internode of maize.The results showed that ethephon significantly increased the basal internode maximum diameter,minimum diameter,dry weight per unit internode length and breaking resistance,but remarkably decreased the length and dry weight of basal internode.With the increasing of nitrogen rate,the maximum diameter,minimum diameter,dry weight,dry weight per unit internode length and breaking resistance of basal internode were increased accordingly.There was no significant difference between N225 and N300 treatment.Ethephon and N could increase nitrogen concentration of basal internode at different stages.Ethephong decreased the cellulose and lignin concentrations of basal internode at mature stage.And the hemicellulose,cellulose and lignin concentrations of basal internode were decreased with the increasing of N rate.There were significant effect of ethephon nitrogen combination for basal inernode diameter,length,dry weight and dry weight per unit internode length in 2012,for nitrogen,hemicelluloses and cellulose concentrations at mature in 2011 and 2012.Through correlation analysis,breaking resistance was significantly positively correlated with maximum diameter,minimum diameter,dry weight per unit internode length and nitrogen concentration.However,it was negatively correlated with internode length,cellulose and lignin concentrations.These results suggested that application of 225 kg/hm2 nitrogen combined with 180 kg/hm2 ethephon at elongation stage can create a thick,short and strong basal internode which contributed to improving lodging resistance of maize.Keywords：ethephon;nitrogen;maize;internode characteristic;breaking resistance7|8|9<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The plant distribution within the field determined the canopy characters and light interception of canopy,which directly related to photosynthesis capacity and affect the grain yield of summer maize in the end.A 2-year field trial was conducted at Wuqiao Experimental Station of China Agricultural University in Hebei Province to clarify the effect of canopy character on light interception and yield formation of summer maize.The experiment was a split-plot design with planting density as main factor and row spacing as minor factor.Two planting densities were 75 000 and 90 000 plant/hm2 respectively.Under each planting density,three row spacing were set up as uniform row spacing of 60 cm,un-even row spacing of 80 cm+40 cm,and un-even row spacing of 60 cm+45 cm.Light distribution,leaf photosynthesis of whole plant,and yield were measured.The results indicated that:1) light interception at upper canopy layer was significantly increased with the increase of planting density.Moreover,light interception of whole canopy was less in un-even row spacing of 80 cm+40 cm with an increment of transmittance,while light interception from 14th to 17th leaf was greater in uneven row spacing of 60 cm+45 cm as compared with uniform row spacing; 2) SPAD value,Fv/Fm,and Pn of single leaf in whole plant were decreased except top leaf and ear leaf.In addition,all these parameters decreased with the increase of planting density,specifically for lower leaf positions.Generally,whole plant photosynthesis under uneven row spacing of 60 cm+45 cm was the greatest,while that under uniform row spacing of 60 cm was the least;3) Grain yield slightly increased with the increase of planting density.Grain yield increased significantly under uneven row spacing of 60 cm+45 cm as compared to uniform row spacing of 60 cm under both plant densities.In conclusion,uneven row spacing of 60 cm+45 cm is suitable for improving yield at high plant density,as a consequence of reasonable light distribution and interception by canopy.Keywords：summer maize;light intensity;light distribution;chlorophyll fluorescence;photosynthetic rate8|8|17<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To investigate the effect of drought stress on the yield formation and water use in different drought tolerance cultivars of winter wheat,three cultivars,JM47 (strong drought resistance),YZ4110 (weak drought resistance) and AK58 (moderate drought resistance),were planted under rain-proof shelter conditions in 2012-2013 and 2013-2014.In the trial,three moisture treatments,including persistent drought from jointing to maturity (W1),drought from anthesis to maturity (W2) and suitable water supply from jointing to maturity (W3) were conducted on the basis of seeding at sufficient soil moisture for overwintering security.The results indicated that there were no significant differences in the grain yield and water use efficiency among different cultivars when the water supply was suitable.However,its grain yield was decreased significantly under drought stress conditions,and the order of decreasing level was JM47Keywords：winter wheat;cultivars;yield formation;water use efficiency;drought tolerance7|10|11<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Field experiment was conducted to study the safety and photosynthetic physiological mechanism of herbicides on Zhangza Gu 10 by spraying different doses of Tribenuron-methyl and Monosulfuron.The photosynthetic indices were analyzed in 5,15,25 days after treamment.Results showed that after spraying two kinds of herbicides,photosynthetic pigment content,the photosynthetic rate (Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),stomatal limitation value (Ls),PSII maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm),potential photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (Fv/Fo),PSII effective quantum yield(Y(Ⅱ)),electron transport rate (ETR) and photochemical quenching (qP) were all decreased.Intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) displayed remarkable dose-response.With the development of plant,all index were restored and phytotoxicity situation of millet recovered to some extent.It suggested that the non-stomatal limitation caused by herbicide may be the main reason for the decline of photosynthetic rate,which leaded to reduce the activity of PSⅡ reaction center,PSⅡ activity and photosynthetic electron transport.With the increase of herbicides,the yield tended to increase at first and then decreased.Tribenuron-methyl significantly affected the yield components and Monosulfuron grain affected the weight per ear and 1 000 grain weight significantly.Compared with the control,the appropriate dose of Tribenuron methyl and Monosulfuron Zhangza Gu 10 to be applied on Zhangza Gu 10 are 225 g/hm2 and 450 g/hm2 respectively and the latter is safer than the former.Keywords：millet grain;herbicides;photosynthetic characteristic;yield component6|8|11<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to explore the mechanism of drip irrigation affecting soybean flowers and pods,four different quantities of drip irrigation,W1 (975 m3/hm2,900 m3/hm2), W2 (1 575 m3/hm2,1 725 m3/hm2),W3 (2 175 m3/hm2,2 550 m3/hm2) and W4 (2 755 m3/hm2,3 375 m3/hm2),were tested on 0-40 cm soil,new 27 soybeans to investigate their influences on soil moisture content,soybean bloom,pod and yield.The results showed:The increase of drip irrigation can improve the moisture content of 0-40 cm soil,but the improvement is limited;Under W4 treatment,soybean flowering stage was prolonged 2 d,flower stich was increased 1 stem,the number of node was increased up to 10-15 apparently compare with W1,the number of flowers per plant and total number of flowers per unit area increased 9.9%-35.5%,17.0%-30.9%respectively,the rate of into pod speed on lower is slower than W1,bore pod stage was prolonged 1-5 d,the number of pod increased 10-15.The number of pod per plant,total cavity number per plant area,yield increased 15.9%-37.3%,21.0%-26.3% and 27.6%-78.0% respectively compared to W1.The important reason of increased irrigation amount resulting in increased yield is due to increasement of the number of flowers and pods.The largest amount of irrigation for spring soybean is at the end of maturity,which are four times of the amount irrigated inthe whole growth stage,With was 600-750 m3/hm2 for each irrigation,total amount of drip irrigation water 2 550-2 775 kg/hm2 can obtain production above 5 388.3-6 404.7 kg/hm2,the total number of flowers 3 000.4- 3 042.0/hm2 and the total number of cavities 2 436.5-2 978.8/hm2 at Yining,Xinjiang.Keywords：spring soybean;amount of drip irrigation water;super-high-yield;flowers and pods3|8|3<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to clarify whether grafting can improve the salt tolerance of cotton or not,11 conton materials were used for salt tolerance identification at seed germination stage and seedling stage.Subordinate function was adapted to evaluate their salt tolerance.The result showed that the113-5 cultivar from the southwest of China had the best resistance performance,while the upland cotton (Bt cotton) J-1 displayed lowest resistance but has the higher yield.Contton material 113-5 and J-1 were used as root stocks and scions for each other taking the seeding as controls.The results showed that the strength ranking order of salt resistance is the seedling of 113-5 >graft nursery plant of J-1/113-5(scion/stock) >anti-graft nursery plant of 113-5/J-1 >the seedling of J-1.The result indicated that grafting can obviously improve the ability of salt tolerance of grafted seeding when root stock has stronger salt resistance was used.Keywords：cotton;grafting;stress of NaCl3|7|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Previous studies found that bZIP (basic-leucine zipper) transcription factor family were proved to play an important role in regulation of plant growth and development.In the present study,a novel bZIP transcription factor designated as GhbZIP1,was isolated from Dong A anther by RACE (Rapid amplification of the cDNA ends) and hi-TAIL PCR. GhbZIP1 contained a 471 bp ORF (Open reading frame) which encoded a novel bZIP1 protein with 156 amino acids residues.The bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that it contained a bZIP transcription factor basic domain signature and a leucine zipper motif,which was conserved with Arabidopsis thaliana bZIP1 protein.Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that the transcript level of GhbZIP1 was notably high in fertile strains anther while low in the sterile in different stages (Early microspore mononuclear stage,microspore mononuclear stage,dual-core stage and pollen formation stage).On the basis of these results,we proposed that GhbZIP1 gene may be involved in the genetic male sterility.Keywords：Gossypium hirsutum;bZIP tr;anscription factor;gene expression1|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Real-time PCR was developed to determine the copy number of exogenous HPT gene in transgenic potato by using SYBR Green I as fluorescent dye.A conserved potato housekeeping gene Patatin was used as an internal control,the standard curves of the cycle threshold (CT) relative to the log of each initial template copy of Patatin and HPT were obtained.The copy number of T-DNA of transgenic potato was calculated according to the method of Pfaffl.And the influence of exogenous gene copy number on plant height and tuber yield of potato was analyzed.The results showed:The coefficients of Patatin and HPT were 0.996,0.995 and 0.990,respectively.Among the twenty three putative transgenic lines,twelve had one copy,six had two copies,and the remaining had multi copies.The method of estimating copy number of exogenous gene by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was characterized as convenient,speed and low cost when compared with Southern blot.And there was a correlation between copy number and agronomic traits of potato.Keywords：potato;real-time PCR;copy number;agronomic traits10|11|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To explore the reasons of self-compatibility of Xinjiang peach and reveal its relationship with peach.Four Xinjiang cultivars were used in this study.According to the conserved domain of S-RNase genes in style and SFB genes in pollen,we designed primers to identify their S-genotypes using DNA as templates.S-RNase genes and SFB genes of four cultivars were cloned by full-length primers.After sequence alignment by DNAMAN software,we identified S-genotypes of the four cultivars.They were ‘Hetian Huang Rou’ S2S2m,‘Kashgar 1’ S1S2,‘Kashgar 4’ S2S2 and ‘Huang Li Guang’ S1S2 respectively.The results showed that:The 602th base guanine (G) of S2m-RNase gene was replaced by adenine(A) resulting in cysteine into tyrosine; SFB1m of S1 haplotype encoded truncated SFB1m due to a 155 bp insertion after the 978th base.Translation of SFB2m of S2 and S2m haplotypes were stopped at the 525th base due to a 5 bp insertion after the 492th base.Tissue-specific RT-PCR analysis showed that the S-RNase genes of four cultivars had style tissue-specific expression,whereas SFB genes were only expressed in pollen.Yeast two-hybrid experiments showed that SFB1m and SFB2m mutant interacted with S1-RNase,S2-RNase and S2m-RNase,respectively.In conclusion,S genes were the same with peach (Prunus persica L.) cultivars,and then self-compatibility might be associated with mutations of S-RNase and SFB.The mutations of S genes in Xinjiang peach were consistent with the mutations identified in peach.The study further illustrated that the evolutionary relationship between Xingjiang peach and peach (Prunus persica L.) was close.2|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to find out the specific pear aroma resources,discover the compositions and contents of their fruit aroma,and study the metabolism and the regulation mechanism of the fragrance substance in pear fruit,analysis of fruit aroma components of 7 Pyrus ussuriensis cultivars were carried out by GC-MS firstly.P.ussuriensis ‘Nanguo’ was then excavated as a specific test material for rich in fruit aroma.The full sequence of α -Farnesene synthase gene (PuFS),which is related to the biosynthesis of special aromatic compounds in ‘Nanguo’ pear was cloned by RACE,and the expression patterns of PuFS gene in different developmental stages and different organs were analyzed by RT-PCR.The results showed that:Aldehydes were the main floral components of pear ‘Rong xiang’,‘Long xiang’,‘Xiang shui’ and ‘Wan xiang’ .Esters were the main floral components of pear ‘Nan guo’,‘Da nan guo’ and ‘Han xiang’;High level of α- farnesene was also detected in pear ‘Nan guo’,while it waslow or undetectable in other pear cultivars.It might be the main reason why ‘Nanguo’ pear's aroma is very rich;We also found that the expression level of PuFS gene was gradually declined with fruit ripening in pear pericarp of pear ‘Nan guo’ and it reached the highest level in green stage,started to dropduring commercial stage,and then decreased rapidly in ripe stage.The expression levels of PuFS gene in pear sarcocarp of three developmental stages are all low and having no obvious difference.To summarize,the expression level of PuFS gene in green stage was higher than in the other two stages,and its level in the pericarp was significantly higher than in the sarcocarp.1|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To investigate the role of GA3 on grape flowering,"Fenghou" grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) was treated with GA3 in the stage of bud break and pre-bloom,respectively.Its effects on flowering-time were investigated.The results indicated that the flowering of ‘Fenghou’ grapevine,treated with 35 mg/L GA3 10 days before bloom was promoted,exhibited looser panicle of the inflorescence and longer pedicel.In addition,both the size and number of pedicel cells were increased after GA3 treatment compared to the control,which suggested that GA3 improved the pedicel elongation by enhancing the cell division and expansion.The development of female gametophyte,meanwhile,was notably faster compared to the control after GA3 treatment.The expression of VvFT,VvSOC,VvFUL and VvAP1 genes were consistently higher than in the control at 4 days before flowering,although the expression of VvFLC gene did not change significantly.The results showed that GA3 activated flowering in grapevine by promoting the development of female gametophyte and expression level of genes (VvFT、VvSOC、VvFUL、 VvAP1 ) that accelerate grape flowering before bloom.3|8|10<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To identify the mutual relationship between temperature and photoperiod during the bud dormancy induction in strawberry(Fragaria × ananassa),Growth of newly unfolded leaves and the relative expression of genes related temperature and photoperiod responses were analyzed under the conditions of 18 ℃/8 h、15 ℃/16 h、15 ℃/8 h、12 ℃/16 h and 26 ℃/16 h.And Light intensity is 200 μ mol/(m2·s).Time interval of new leaf emergence between two neighboring leaves was increased by low temperature and short photoperiod obviously,and the growth of leaf was inhibited Pseudo-dormancy was effectively induced at 15 ℃/8 h or 12 ℃/16 h.The expressions of FaPHYA and FaPHYB were activated in short day under the condition of 15 ℃,then regulating the auxin signaling via FaPIF4.The response to short day length is delayed under higher temperature.In 12 ℃,the induction of dormancy did not correlate to photoperiod response in strawberry.Low temperature and short photoperiod are the environmental factors in the dormancy induction of strawberry.Temperature is more important than photoperiod in bud dormancy induction of strawberry.Keywords：Fragaria × ananassa;bud dormancy;photoperiod;temperature1|9|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To investigate the transcription characterization of chitinase in strawberry and their responses to biotic and abiotic stress factors in fruit,expression pattern of FaChi1-FaChi4 during fruit development and in various organs and their responses to biotic and abiotic stress factors in fruit of strawberry ‘Albion’ were investigated by RT-PCR.Results showed that:1) FaChi4 expressed mainly in the fruit,with two peaks at turning stage and red ripening stage and its expression level was apparently higher than that of FaChi1- FaChi3 .In addition,FaChi1 expressed mainly in nutritive organs and was highest in the leaf; FaChi2 expressed mainly in the leaf; FaChi3 expressed at a relative lower level in each organ.2) FaChi1-FaChi4 in the fruit was up-regulated under drought stress and inoculation with Botrytis cinerea. FaChi2 and FaChi4 were induced after treatment with exogenous abscisic acid.The above results indicated that transcription of FaChi1-FaChi4 had different patterns during fruit development and was organ-specific,among which, FaChi4 was the main gene during fruit development; FaChi1-FaChi4 played a certain regulation role in the responses to biotic and abiotic stresses in fruit.Keywords：strawberry;FaChi1-FaChi4;transcription characterization;drought stress;exogenous abscisic acid;Botrytis cinerea1|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Micro-Tom tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was used as material in this study.The SlMYB12 RNAi expression vector was constructed,and introduced into tomato via Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated method.PCR results showed that the gene was integrated in tomato.The transgenic lines exhibited dwarf phenotype,smaller fruits and advanced mature period.The results of qRT-PCR showed that the expression of flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes SlCHS、SlF3H、SlF3'H were decreased in transgenic lines,while the expression of SlCHI gene was increased.These results provided an important basis for further study of SlMYB family genes function.Keywords：tomato;flavonoid;SlMYB12;RNA interference;qRT-PCR1|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：NAC are plant-specific transcription factors with multiple biological functions which play important roles in growth and development,stress and hormonal regulation of plant.To study the expression of NAC transcription factor genes under abiotic stress,a full length cDNA of BoNAC2 was isolated from Brassica oleracea of ‘zhonggan 11’.Sequence analysis showed that the full-length of cDNA sequence was 1 002 bp which encoded a 333-amino-acid polypeptide and had the typical characteristics of NAC family.Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that NAC gene belonged to the SEUN5 subfamily and was closely related to BnNAC gene of Brassica napus L.Subcellular localization assay indicated that BoNAC2 was located in nucleus.Quantitative RT-PCR results showed that the expression of BoNAC2 was induced by PEG and NaCl.2|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To study the mechanism of abiotic stress resistance,expression variation of BoCesA gene was studied after drought stress treatment.Homology-based cloning was used to amplify the gene.Sequence structure was analyzed by using bioinformatics softwares.To investigate the intracellular localization of the protein,GFP sequence was fused downstream to the BoCesA gene and the fusion gene BoCesA::GFP was transferred into onion epidermal cells by biolistic method.Real-time PCR analysis revealed that the expression of BoCesA gene was significantly increase under stress.The coding region of the gene is 2 721 bp,encoding 906 amino acids.And it contains Zinc-binding domain,high specific areas and eight transmembrane domains.Subcellular location analysis indicates that the BoCesA gene is located in the cytoplasmic membrane.Real-time PCR analysis showed that the amount of gene expression in leaves is higher than those in stems and roots.The expression of BoCesA gene responds to and is affected by drought stress.Keywords：cabbage;cellulose synthase gene;intracellular localization;sequence analysis;real time-PCR1|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to foresee and realize the risk of invasion of Solanum rostratum, We collected the relevant data published at national and international journals and by combining the @RISK software and the Monte Carlo stochastic simulation method,we built potential economic loss assessment model of the maize industry of China caused by buffalobur (S.rostratum) on direct economic losses and the cost of prevention and control.The results showed that the total economic loss was estimated to be 2.937-35.083×108 yuan,and the loss rat was estimated to be 0.83%-8.92%.Keywords：Solanum rostratum;maize;@RISK;economic losses;pest risk analysis (PRA)2|8|9<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to confirm the direct economic losses caused by Ageratina adenophora on peanut industry in China,In this study,we collected and analyzed data from articles.By combining the @RISK software and the stochastic simulation method,the model of the potential economic impact on peanut industry caused by A.adenophora was built,the direct economic losses and the cost of prevention and control caused by A.adenophora in China were estimated.The results showed that the estimated total economic cost was 4.649-58.239 billion Yuan and the potential loss rate of peanut industry was estimated to be 11.25%-59.19%.Keywords：Ageratina adenophora;peanut;@RISK;economic losses;forecast;pest risk analysis2|8|5<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To study the influence of different factors on the physical stability of emulsion oil in water and verify the feasibility of analyzing and predicting the physical stability of emulsion oil in water by Turbiscan Lab analyzer,the physical stability of metolachlor emulsion in water under different factors such as the dosages of emulsifier,the pH value of the system and the electrolyte ions were investigated by using Turbiscan Lab analyzer combined with the results from acceleration test [(54±2) ℃,14 d].The results showed that:the emulsion stability was the best when the dosage of the emulsifier SCP (polyethylene glycol 2,4,6-tristyrylphenyl ether phosphate triethanolamine salt) was 6.0% (mass fraction);the emulsion stability were destroyed under strong acid or alkali conditions, while it could obtain better stability under pH=9; The decrease of the emulsion stability was caused by the double electrical layer compression at the oil-water interface by Mg2+,and the greater the concentration of Mg2+ was,the more unstable the emulsion was.Turbiscan Lab analyzer is based on the multiple light scattering technique,which could be used to accurately determine the change of the floating oil layer,sedimentation and droplets diameter without destroying the sample.It can not only shorten the test cycle,but also analyze the mechanisms of the instability phenomenon.Keywords：Turbiscan Lab analyzer;metolachlor;emulsion in water (EW);electrolyte ion;physical stability1|8|5<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To choose locations for fungicides efficacy trials,the occurrence areas of 8 main rice diseases in 31 planting areas of China in 2011—2013 were analyzed.Diseases severity in these 31 areas were divided into four grades based on the occurrence areas,and the best locations for fungicides field efficacy trials were selected using GIS software.The results showed that Heilongjiang,Hunan and Jiangxi were the main rice planting areas.Although the major kinds of diseases were prevalent differently in planting areas because of the diversity of ecological conditions,rice sheath blight,rice blast and rice false smut were the most serious diseases overall.The locations that suitable for different fungicides efficacy trials vary widely:For rice sheath blight,the best provinces were Hunan,Jiangxi,Jiangsu,Hubei;for rice blast,the provinces were Heilongjiang,Hunan,Jiangxi,Guangxi;for rice false smut,the provinces were Hunan,Hubei,Jiangxi,Anhui.The research provided scientific basis for fungicides registration on selecting which provinces to do field efficacy trials as well as the rice diseases integrated management.Keywords：rice diseases;fungicides efficacy;field experiments;locations for fungicides application;GIS software2|9|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Experiment was conducted to study the effect of bupleurum extract (BE) on nutrient apparent digestibility and rumen fermentation parameters in heat-stressed Holstein dairy cows.Forty-eight cows were randomly assigned to one of four groups (n=12) based on DIM,milk yied and parity.Bupleurum extract was supplied into daily basal diet at 0,0.5,2.5 and 5 g/kg (Dry matter basis).The experiment lasted for 9 weeks in hot summer.The results showed:There were no effects on pH,the content of ammonia nitrogen,acetate/propionate,the concentrations of propionate,isobutyrate,butyrate,isovalerate and valerate,the diet apparent digestibility among different treatments (P>0.05);supplemental BE at 0.5 g/kg increased bacterial protein content (P<0.05) compared with 2.5 or 5 g/kg BE (P<0.05) andsupplemental BE at 5g/kg could decrease the concentrations of acetate and total volatile fatty acids,which reduced rumen fermentation.In conclusion,bupleurum extract recommended the additive dosage of BE should not be more than 5 g/kg.Keywords：dairy cows;bupleurum extract;heat stress;apparent digestibility;rumen fermentation3|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：This study was to investigate the effect of inbreeding depression on juvenile body weight in Rugao Yellow Chickens and estimate the heritability for body weight at 105 days-old.Data was collected from Rugao Yellow Chickens for four generations from year 2011 to 2014 And body weights from 7 550 juvenile fowls were collected.Non-105 day-old body weights were standardized to 105 day-old body weights.Inbreeding parameters,such as individual inbreeding coefficients (Fi),individual inbreeding coefficients gain (ΔFi),average relatedness coefficient (AR),and average Fi and ΔFi by generation,were evaluated with Endog software.The variance components were dissected with AIREML algorithm.The effects of inbreeding depression,batches and dam age were considered during evaluation of heritability.Direct and maternal genetic variances were considered as random effects.Models were compared using AIC and BIC values.The results suggested:1) Average Fi value for the whole population was 0.44%,and AR value was 1.58%;2) Fi as 3rd order covariates should be embedded in genetic models;3) The heritability for 105 days-old body weight of Rugao Yellow chickens was 0.45±0.03,which was moderate heritability trait.Fi should be embedded in estimation on genetic parameters for body weight.Keywords：Rugao Yellow Chicken;heritability;inbreeding coefficient;body weight;pedigree2|7|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary NDF level on reproductive performance,serum biochemical indices and hormone levels of gestating rabbits,and to discuss the appropriate requirements of NDF.100 Multiparous female New Zealand rabbits which had similar body weight,parity and breeding time were randomly divided into 5 treatments of 20 rabbits each.They were fed with different NDF levels in each diet (24%,27%,30%,33% and 36%,respectively).The results showed:Dietary NDF levels had no significant influence on total litter size and nascent individual weight (P>0.05) of gestating rabbits,but its live litter size,total litter weight and litter live weight at birth which were the highest in 30% NDF group were affected significantly (P<0.05).Protein and glucose content in serum of 30% NDF group and triglyceride content of 24% NDF group were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those in 36% NDF group.The concentrations of urea nitrogen and cholesterol were not affected (P>0.05) by dietary NDF levels.The serum levels of IGF-1,E2,P4 and PRL tended to rise then drop with the increase of dietary NDF levels,and they were significant higher (P<0.05) in 30% NDF group than in 24% and 36% NDF groups.According to the results obtained above,we concluded that the appropriate dietary NDF level for gestating rabbits was 30%.Keywords：gestating rabbits;reproductive performance;serum biochemical indices;serum hormones3|8|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to investigate the quantity and distribution of major microbial groups of xiaopohu wetlands in qinghai lake basin,quantity of bacteria,fungi and actinomycetes were studied at five kinds of habitats by the way of pour plate method.The results indicated that the quantity of soil microorganism within 0-30 cm soil layer was most in Kobresia Meadow and least in sandland.Bacterium was the majority of the total soil microbe in different soil habitats and layers,followed by actinomycetes and fungi.The quantity of soil microbe was jointly affected by vegetation,soil physicochemical properties,water content and,etc.Principal component analysis indicated that among soil physicochemical properties,the order of direct influence on the total quantity of soil microorganism were as follows:total carbon > moisture > total normalization > Conductivity > pH value,and total carbon,water content and total nitrogen in soil were three main factors determining the quantity of soil microbe.Correlation analysis indicated that soil microbe was significantly correlated to physicochemical properties but not linearly related.Satisfy curvilinear relationship Y=A1X1p+A2X2q+ A3X3t+…+B.Keywords：Qinghai Lake Basin;soil microbe;quantity;combined effected3|8|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To investigate the effect of different growth period and deficit level of regulated deficit irrigation on the fruit yield of Hetao muskmelon,as well as the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the soil water and salt,a field drip irrigation experiment was conducted,imposing 20%,30%,40% deficit level in the vine stretching stage and fruit setting stage,respectively.The results showed that T1's fluctuation of soil moisture content over time was the most dramatic and the average range of deficit irrigation treatments in the vine stretching and fruit setting stage was lower than T1 by 48.5% and 80%,respectively.The trend of each treatment's soil profile salinity over time were growing,compared with the value before growth season,the growth range of salinity after growth season in T1 was 0.026 ds/m,while that in deficit irrigation treatments varied from 0.073 ds/m to 0.098 ds/m.The yield of deficit irrigation treatments in the vine stretching stage and fruit setting stage was lower than T1 by 16.0% and 20.5%,but there were no significant differences between the yields of deficit irrigation treatments in two growth stages.The average irrigation water use efficiency of deficit irrigation treatments in the vine stretching stage was lower than that of T1 by 11.6%,while that in fruit setting stage was higher than T1 by 6.5%.Yield of the deficit irrigation treatment which imposed 30% deficit level (T7) was the highest in three deficit irrigation treatments of fruit setting stage.When compared with T1,the yield reduction range between T7 and the deficit irrigation treatments in the vine stretching stage were similar,but T7's amount of irrigation was lower than T1 by 25.0%,as well as its irrigation water use efficiency was higher than T1 by 9.0%.Therefore,in order to achieve good water-saving effect and high irrigation water use efficiency,T7 was the best choice for plastic film mulching and ridging cultivated Hetao muskmelon under drip irrigation.Keywords：regulated deficit irrigation;drip irrigation;soil water-salt distribution;muskmelon yield;irrigation water use efficiency;Hetao irrigation district6|11|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Aiming to relieve water and land resource shortage and imperfect farmland irrigation and drainage systems in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,we proposed a set of calculation procedure and compiled software on the layout planning and design of integrated open channel irrigation and drainage system,and analyzed the main influence factors and variation regulation of channel parameters.This software was designed based on water balance principle,irrigation and drainage theory,and the irrigation and drainage characteristics in various typical subregions of this region.The results showed that in the soil salinization and alkalinization controlling region or the equally important region for irrigation and drainage,channel spacing increased with the increases of groundwater table depth and the lasting time for subsurface water drainage,but decreased with the increased subsurface water control depth.The channel spacing also increased with soil texture changes from clayey,loamy,and to sandy soil.In the water source supplement region,channel depth and channel bottom width were increased with the increase of designed flow rate,but decreased with the increase of slope gradient of channel bottom.Compared with traditional channel system arrangement,the integrated irrigation and drainage channel system layout in water source supplement region could reduce occupation area by about 55% and engineering earthwork quantity by about 70%.Keywords：irrigation and drainage;groundwater table;flood drainage and waterlogging control;channel system planning;soil salinization and alkalization;simulation calculation2|10|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to discuss sensitive factors affecting agriculture drought resistance of five main grain producing areas in country significantly,this paper firstly conducted the comprehensive evaluation of agriculture drought resistance,and then carried on the sensitivity analysis of the evaluation results from three aspects,including index selection,index weight and index aggregation methods.The analysis results show that the ranking of agriculture drought resistance from strong to weak is:Huang-Huai-Hai Plain > middle Yangtze River and Jianghuai region > Sichuan Basin > Songnen Plain > Sanjiang Plain.The same indicator has influence with different degree on the agriculture drought resistance of different regions.The rate of efficient irrigation and agricultural machinery dynamic coefficient and per capita GDP,each of these three indicators will cause the change of agriculture drought resistance ranking of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,middle Yangtze River and Jianghuai region and Sichuan Basin.However,they have no influence on ranking of Sanjiang Plain and Songnen Plain.Besides,the sensitive factors affecting the agriculture drought resistance in different regions are different.Agricultural aridity degree and rate of efficient irrigation are both the most sensitive factors to agriculture drought resistance in five main grain producing areas,but different regions show different sensitivity to per capita GDP and agricultural machinery dynamic coefficient and other indicators.Compared with the additive aggregation method,the multiplication aggregation method reflects the difference in the levels of indicators more sensitively.And it could distinguish different evaluation objects more sensitively just in this study task.Keywords：agriculture drought resistance;sensitivity analysis;index selection;index weight;index aggregation methods3|8|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To estimate the energy costs and macro-economic values of the environmental impact of chemical fertilizer between summer grain crops (early rice,wheat) and autumn crops (mid-rice,late rice and maize) in 2000,2005 2010 year in China,and its average annual growth rate 2000-2010,this study was designated with the theory of energy analysis and assessment method of disability adjusted life years (DALYs).The result showed that:The environmental cost of chemical fertilizer between summer grain crops and autumn grain crops in 2010 year was 17.1 billion RMB and 32.7 billion RMB,respectively,which account for 0.73% and 1.47% of the add value of agriculture.From time series,there was an increase with years in the environmental cost of chemical fertilizer from 2000 to 2010 in China.The environmental cost of chemical fertilizer use in China's main food crops in 2010 year increase by 4.68 times with that of 2000 year,3.55 times in summer grain crops and 5.53 times in autumn grain crops.In addition,a slight decline was observed in the rate of increase in summer grain crops and no obvious change was observed in the rate of increase in autumn grain crops.From the spatial distribution features:Impact strength of chemical fertilizer use in north China and coastal areas in summer grain crops was greater than that of south China and inland areas;impact strength of chemical fertilizer use in west China and the area of cultivated land that is scaring,was enhanced.Therefore,the increase of crop production was more relies on the large amount of chemical fertilizer usage in the areas of limited cultivated land,and the environmental cost of chemical fertilizer increased accordingly.Keywords：environmental cost;energy;summer grain crop;autumn grain crop3|7|3<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To explore the effect of local planting patterns on rainwater accumulation and utilization efficiency and soil water dynamic change at arid area of Yinshan .This experiment uses the simulated rainfall method to monitor and analysis the moisture content in farmland after rainfall.The results show that:1) Under rainfall of 4 mm,soil water storage is significant higher than CK in clay soil;Under rainfall of 12 mm,Soil water storage is significant higher than CK in sandy loam.Clay soil has same soil water storage with sandy loam,whole plastic-film mulching on ridge> half plastic-film mulching on ridge> whole plastic-film mulching on tillage> half plastic-film mulching on tillage> tillage (CK),in the increment of soil water storage.For example,at 8mm precipitation in clay loam of all treatments,the increment of soil water holding capacity is 6.5 mm in whole plastic-film mulching on ridge treatment,and is 1.76 times higher than CK,in sandy loam soil of all treatments,the increment of soil water holding capacity in whole plastic-film mulching on ridge treatment is 3.2 times higher than CK.2) whole plastic-film mulching on ridge could accumulate above 12 mm rainfall in the top clay soil;it would slightly change soil water stability,and the soil water content would keep stable between 15.0%-16.5%.However,the sandy loam has worse performance in accumulation rainfall aspect.3) After 5 days rainfall,the changing laws of soil moisture of clay soil show downward trend for 0-20 cm soil moisture and get slower on third day after rainfall;first rise and then drop trend for 20-30 cm soil moisture and achieve the top on third day after rainfall;The increase trend for 30-50 cm soil moisture.In addition,the changing laws of soil moisture of sandy loam diplays obvious decrease trend for 0-30 cm soil moisture and first rise and then drop trend for 30-50 cm soil moisture.In conclusion,not only whole plastic-film mulching on ridge has better water harvesting efficiency,but also has better ability to accumulate rainfall in 30-50 cm soil depth layer.Whole plastic-film mulching on ridge could improve the rainfall accumulation efficiency.Hence,it could increase water use efficiency of crop and effectively limited rainfall resources reallocation.Keywords：simulated rainfall method;soil water storage;planting mode;rain collection effect;soil water content2|10|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To study the effect of papermaking wastewater irrigation on simulated reed wetland soil magnesium ion content in Shuangtaihekou Reed Wetland,observation and analysis of magnesium ion content in the soil profile were conducted under different periods and different concentrations of wastewater irrigation's .The results showed that:Under all the treatment conditions,the trend of magnesium ion content in the soil was basically the same with soil depth,which was a "W" shaped distribution.Magnesium ion was most abundant at 5-10 cm soil depth and was lowest at 20-40 cm soil depth.Wastewater irrigation on different growth period in simulated reed wetland,magnesium ion content in the soil was in the order of Maturity> Germination >Leaf stage> Rapid growth> Heading stage.Results from irrigation with different concentrations of wastewater showed that papermaking wastewater irrigation increased magnesium ions content in soil,and the higher the concentration of papermaking wastewater,the greater the cumulative amount of magnesium ions.Keywords：soil;magnesium ion;reed;papermaking wastewater;irrigation2|8|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To solve the problem of rapid quality loss of grass carp fillets during chilled storage,our study was mainly focused on the effects of low concentration of salt (w (NaCl) = 2%) on the quality changes of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fillets including physical,chemical,microbiological,and sensory changes during storage at 4 ℃.Correlations between the main quality indicators and the K,Ki,H,and Fr values,which are all the indicators derived from ATP-compounds,were analyzed to explore which value was most suitable to evaluate the quality changes of grass carp fillets under experimental conditions.The w (total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N),drip loss,whiteness and microbial growth of the fillets treated with 2% salt were lower than those of untreated fillets (P<0.05).Compared to K and H values,the Ki and Fr values were more suitable to evaluate the quality of grass carp fillets (both for raw and prepare fillet) during storage under the experimental conditions.By considering the changes of TVB-N,K value and sensory score comprehensively,it was concluded that treatment with 2% salt extended the shelf life of grass carp from 6 days to 10 days and maintained the quality of fish meat.Keywords：grass carp fillets;low concentration of salt;chilled storage;physicochemical indicators;quality changes1|9|5<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to acknowledge the potential of bacteriocins-producing bacteria,a quorum sensing process regulated by AIP, Lactobacillus paraplantarum L-ZS9 obtained in previous study was adopted as study object, L.plantarum L-Y9 was used as control.L.paraplantarum L-ZS9+AIP, L.paraplantarum L-ZS9 and L.plantarum L-Y9 were used as starter in fermented pork meat sausages mixed with commercial Staphylococcus xylosus. The microbiology,chemical and sensory indexes of fermented sausages with different starters were measured.The results showed that:L-ZS9+AIP as meat starter was better than L-ZS9 (P>0.05) and L-Y9 (P<0.05);when L-ZS9 was used as starter culture,it can better inhibit the growth of Enterobacteria,slow down the increase of MDA and improve product sensory quality.Keywords：Lactobacillus paraplantarum;meat starter;quorum sensing;fermented sausages0|8|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：A method based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and BP neural network was developed to precisely classify noninfectious and infectious spores of the pathogen of marigold black spot(Alternaria tagetica).The micro spore images were segmented before feature analysis by image processing.Three color features (R、G、V),5 shape features (H2、H3、H4、H5、H6) and 3 texture features (R、G、B-components of contrast) were selected for the spot classification.In order to improve the speed and accuracy of recognition,the 11 features was optimized by principal component analysis and then BP neural network based on L-M algorithm was used to classify the spores.It was found that the first and second principal components could reduce BP nural network training time and increase classification accuracy effectively.The average correct classification rate reached 98%.The data proved that the proposed classification method could accurately classify noninfectious and infectious spores of the pathogen of marigold black spot.2|9|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In view of the problems existing in the present domestic potato combine harvester such as the longitudinal size too large,harvester turn not flexible with field operation,the poor performance of passing and stability,Parameter analysis of separating and conveying device of 4U-1400 potato combine harvester was performed.Our study was mainly focused on the theoretical analysis and simulation of the secondary soil potato separation conveyor components and the validation of the simulation results through field harvest tests.The results show that when the height of scraper device is 60 mm or more than 60 mm,conveyor speed is 0.8-1.0 m/s,and the angle of inclination is 36° or less than 36°,the potato can be conveyed stably,at the same time,the conveyor has a low potato injury rate and a better soil separation.The separating-conveying device put the soil potato separation function and large angle tuber conveying function in one set,which make the machine more compact structure.The harvester is suitable for loose soil without harden dry land (tectorial membrane) .In addition,when the land has a high soil moisture or is severely hardened,the harvester still can collect potato to one spot (hydraulic control) or a line.Keywords：potato;separation;convey;simulation3|8|8<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：During rapeseed seedling transplanting by chain-clamp transplanter,the seedlings are easy to go lodging,which reduces the quality of transplanting.To solve this problem,transplanting mechanism of chain-clamp transplanter is analyzed in this paper.Firstly,the structure of chain-clamp type transplanting machine is specified,and the working principles of transplanting components are analyzed.Secondly,Motion characteristics of rapeseed seedlings during planting process are analyzed.According to the analysis,absolute motion trajectory of the clamping part of seedling clamp is cycloid,locus of seedling root part is trochoid,and the upper part is a short cycloid.This suggests that seedlings have displayed forward tendency.Tests show that,for tall seedlings like rapeseed seedlings,the forward tendency reduced the vertical degree and standing rate.In order to find the method to solve this problem,comparative tests of three kinds of circumstances are carried out,which are dropping seedlings in zero speed position,advanced position and lagging position.The results show that chain-clamp dropping seedlings at 5 degrees before zero speed position bring a better vertical degree and standing rate for seedling than in zero speed position,and much better than that in 5 degrees behind zero speed position.Keywords：transplanter;chain-clamp type;mechanism;transplant;seedlings1|7|4<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach was used to compare the efficiency of 5 sectors of rural financial institutions from perspectives of service outreach and development sustainability.The empirical results demonstrate that:The efficiency of the rural mutual cooperative (RMC) sector is better than the rural bank (RB) in respects of outreach and sustainability;the efficiency of the RCC sector is better than the rural commercial bank (RCMB) sector and rural cooperative bank (RCOB) sector in respect of service outreach but worse in respect of development sustainability.In respect of service outreach,the RCC sector remained in the stage of constant returns to scale and the other 4 sectors kept in the stage of increasing returns to scale.Based on the above results,the RMC sector should be paid more attention in the process of incremental reform,the RCC sector's commercial reform should be moved further,and the rural financial deregulation is needed to increase the scale efficiency of rural finance.Keywords：rural financial institutions;sustainability;outreach;commercialisation-oriented reform0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Aiming to promote sustainable development of pig industry,pig farming was adapted as research object to understand and master factors affecting pig farming enterprise's environmental behavior.A model was built to analysis elements influencing pig farming enterprise environmental behavior based on complex environment behavior model.The empirical research was carried on by using binary logistic regression analysis.The results showed that:1)The farming scale fecal pollution's impact on the health of livestock and subsidies satisfaction,and policy regulation had a significant effect on pig farming enterprise behavior;2) Organizational features,the influence of waste on the surrounding environment,green organic products attention,and technical guidance played an important role in promoting the pig farming enterprise to adopt the mixed agro-ecosystem;3) Pig farms' operating income,fecal pollution impact on the health of livestock,understanding of the policy,and government support had a significant effect on promoting certified products developmentin farming enterprise.Keywords：pig farming enterprise;environmental behavior;complex environment behavior model;influence factors0|8|4<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Based on the data of National Cost and Income of Agricultural Products Compilations during 1985-2012,in the view of the output elasticity and substitution elasticity of elements perspective,Translog model was applied into the analysis of the impact of production factor input on rape production as the growth of the labor cost.The results are as follows:Firstly,the endowment structure of rape production inputs has changed profoundly.The agricultural production mode was changing rapidly from the traditional involution growth mode to the labor saving mode,and escaped from the trap of "only growth without development".Secondly,output elasticity of input factors varied widely in China's rape production,while the mechanical inputs played an important role in rapid increase of rapeseed production.Thirdly,there were some substitution effects among elements,especially the obvious substitution effect between machinery inputs and intermediate inputs.In addition,the substitution elasticity value of eastern and central regions of China were always higher than that of western region,which would be caused by the significant differences in regional natural resources and economic conditions.Keywords：rape production;output elasticity;substitution elasticity;substitution effect4|9|6<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
