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- Abstract：Progeny screening and character mutation research are important circle and terminal purpose for transgenic technology.Mutant library with drought resistance could be obtained by transformation of Ac/Ds to upland rice HD297.Seeds were treated with antibiotic G418 for 126 Ac HD297 transgenic lines from T2 to T5 generationally and finally 64 homozygous lines and 23 heterozygous lines were obtained, totally 87 transgenic cases with 94 different lines.Variation characters of 11 agronomic traits related to rice yield were analyzed by ANOVA, correlation analysis, PCA and hierarchical cluster analysis.Results were as follows:1) Compared to wild type HD297, most agronomic traits of Ac lines had a wide variation.2) There were complex correlation among different traits especially synergistic effect between plant height, spikelets, seed set and 1 000-grain weight which was favorable covariation for rice yield improvement.3) 6 principle components revealed most information of 11 traits, and PC1 and PC2 covered 50% of the accumulative contribution rate.The data showed excellent lines should be selected from higher plants with more spikelets, larger seed set, larger seed length width ratio but fewer tillers, smaller seed width and seed thickness.4) Ac lines were divided into six types based on cluster analysis, Type 4 and Type 1 had better yield potential from which two particularly outstanding lines were selected.Above all, this study can provide theoretical and practical references of germplasm innovation for transgenic rice breeding.Keywords：upland rice;Ac;transgenic lines;progeny screening;agronomic traits;variation3|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Bogatka, a Polish elite wheat cultivar, is highly resistance to powdery mildew in Beijing.In order to clarify the genetics basis of the resistance, a BC1 segregating population was acquired from Xuezao/Bogatka//Xuezao, and was inoculated with Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici(Bgt) isolate E09.Results demonstrated that the powdery mildew resistance of Bogatka was conferred by a dominant gene, temporally designated MlBogatka.Bulked segregant analysis was used to detect the molecular markers linked to MlBogatka.Two polymorphic SSR markers (Xgwm501, Xwmc332) and one STS marker STSBCD135 on chromosome 2BL were linked to the resistance gene.A genetic map of MlBogatka was established with these markers.Based on the map location and the existence of the Pm6 specific STS marker, we speculated that this gene was likely to be Pm6 or other gene which was closely linked to Pm6 locus.This result provides valuable information for the utilization of Bogatka in wheat powdery mildew resistance breeding program.Keywords：common wheat;genetic analysis;Bogatka;powdery mildew resistance gene;molecular mapping0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Tobacco Black Shank is a kind of worldwide-occurred tobacco diseases, caused by Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae (Breda de Haan) TucKer , and widely distributed in the tobacco-planting areas of China.Tobacco-growing areas in Henan province are always heavily threatened and severely impaired by this pathogen, a deeper understanding of the population genetic structure of Tobacco Black Shank is very important for effective prevention and controlling of this disease.In this study, 32 strains from Henan tobacco-growing areas had been collected in 2011, and 160 corresponding DNA fragments had been cloned, and sequenced for 4 nuclear genes (including rDNA ITS, β-tubulin, Ras and Gpi) and 1 mitochondrial gene(Cox1).The results indicated that there was a high similarity between these 5 gene DNA sequences of this pathogen and corresponding reference DNA sequences, which were from 83% to 100%, the average genotype diversity index M=1.422 7.Population evolution phylogenetic tree was established by using combined sequences of all 5 genes, revealing that 32 isolated strains from 14 counties of Henan could be divided into 2 clear clusters, including 15 different combined genotypes with genotype diversity index=2.35, reflecting the variation and high genetic diversity in Phytophthora parasitica var.nicotianae (Breda de Haan) TucKer.Among them, two most prevalent combined genotypes included 8 strains(c genotype) and 6 strains(e genotype), respectively.However, the total level of genetic differentiation between these genotypes was low, genetic distance between clusters was merely 0.000 5, demonstrating that Henan strains might belong to same effective population.On the other hand, genetic differentiation (relationship) of these strains had no obvious correlation with geographic origin, indicating that there existed frequently interflow among Henan Tobacco Black Shank sub-populations, and no clear sub-group differentiation had been formed.Because the cost of next generation sequencing technique continues to decrease, the analysis of combined genotype reported in this study can be more widely applied to massive and dynamic detection of Tobacco Black Shank and the breeding of tobaccos with resistance to this fungus and rational arrangement of varieties.Keywords：Tobacco Black Shank;genetic diversity;phylogenic evolution;nuclear gene;mitochondrial gene;sequence analysis0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to reveal the roles of isoflavone reductase-like (IRL) in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and physiological functions in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), full-length cDNA and gDNA of 2 members of tobacco IRL (NtIRL) gene family were cloned from cultivar Longlihonghua, and molecular identifications such as bioinformatic analysis, Southern hybridization and RT-PCR were performed.NtIRL1 gene was 1 946 bp with full-length cDNA of 1 257 bp, while NtIRL2 gene was 2 089 bp with full-length cDNA of 1 261 bp.Both NtIRL1 and NtIRL2 proteins were of 310 amino acids, with MW of 34.652 and 34.650 ku and pI of 5.58 and 5.78 respectively.They might experience posttranslational phosphorylation.Without signal peptide, they were predicted to be located in the cytoplasm, but they might have association with plasma membrane via transmembrane domains.They both had a AdoHycase (cl09931) conserved domain at K8-G88 and a NmrA (pfam05368) domain at I9-T239, with typical conservative motifs and active residues of PIP-type proteins.Their predicted secondary structures were dominated by α-helices and extended strands.Their tertiary structures had typical features of PIP enzymes with a central catalytic cleft.BLAST and phylogenetic analysis further proved that NtIRL family belonged to PIP large family, with nearer relationship to IFR than to PCBER and PLR.Southern blot hybridization also verified that in tobacco genome there were only 2 IRL genes.Semi-quantitative RT-PCR results indicated that both NtIRL1 and NtIRL2 were dominantly expressed in roots, while above-ground organs had very weak or no expression of them.3|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To improve seed yield and quality of tobacco, maturity, vigor and germination of Bena-1 harvested from different branches in 2012 and 2013, and antioxidation and respiratory enzymes of which were studied in 2012.The results showed that the ratio of mature capsules on Mid 2 and Top 3 branches were significantly higher than that of Low 2 branches(P<0.05).The radicle length, kernels and liquid conductivity of seeds at the Mid 2 branches were significantly higher than that from Low 2 branches(P<0.05).There were no significant differences in the germination potential and germination rate, SOD, POD, CAT and NA+K+-ATP enzyme activities among branches (P>0.05).Ca++Mg++-ATP enzyme activity of seeds from Mid 2 branches was significantly higher than that of Top 3 and Low 2 branches (P<0.05).The Ratio of mature capsules on Mid 2 and Top 3 branches was higher than that of Low 2 branches, and the seed vigor was Mid 2 > Top 3 > Low 2, so that when breeding seeds, more capsules should be retained on Mid 2 branches and less capsules on Low 2 branches.Keywords：tobacco;branches;capsule maturity;seed vigor;germination;enzyme activity1|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To study the method of building a reasonable population structure in winter wheat production, field experiments were designed to obtain different wheat populations in winter wheat growing seasons from 2009 to 2011, 2012 to 2013.The relationship between winter wheat yield and population dynamic change characteristics was analyzed, and design method of winter wheat population parameters was established.The grain yield of winter wheat was closely related to characteristic parameters such as dry matter maximum accumulation rate, inflection points in the curve for dry matter accumulation rate in grain filling stage and leaf area index (LAI) character parameters.Paired-sample t-test was used to validate the model established, and no significant difference was observed between the simulated and observed values.In the process of parameter design, the constraint conditions were constituted by the reasonable scope of dry matter accumulation and LAI in different growing periods, parameters range and yield formation model.The method is flexible and can quantitatively describe the dynamic process of population growth.It can provide a theoretical guidance for the population building in production management.Keywords：winter wheat;population parameters;yield;design method2|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：This paper is concerned on the quantitative relationship between plant nitrogen content (PNC), plant nitrogen accumulation (PNA), and NDVI, RVI of GreeSeeker in rice.Three field experiments with different rice varieties and nitrogen levels were carried out during different years.The time-course measurements included NDVI, RVI and plant weights and nitrogen contents during the experimental period. The result showed that PNC could be estimated with the vegetation indice of the active sensor at each period.The PNA could be well estimated phase by phase as well.It could be concluded that nitrogen parameters in rice can be monitored directly by NDVI and RVI, which might supply with a technical support for nitrogen fertilizer management.Keywords：rice;GreenSeeker;plant nitrogen content;plant nitrogen accumulation;NDVI;RVI0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The Field Spec 3.0 spectrometer and Greenseeker were used to measure spectral reflectance and NDVI respectively in maize leaf under different nitrogen rates.The NDVI was drew and optimized.The model was established for inverting the nitrogen content in maize leaf and then the inversion accuracy was verified.The purpose was to understand the feasibility of inverting nitrogen content of maize leaf at bell stage with the optimized NDVI value based on the high spectrum.The results showed that there was significant positive correlation between the optimized NDVI and measured NDVI and the nitrogen content of maize leaf (r=0.913 2*, 0.949 8*).The inversion accuracy of the optimized NDVI to the nitrogen content of maize leaf reached to a significant level (r=0.908 1*), and was higher than the measured NDVI.The optimized NDVI might determine the nitrogen content of maize leaf by speed measurement of group, and provide new technology support to nitrogen nutrition diagnosis for maize, which had important practical role.Keywords：high spectrum;NDVI;maize;nitrogen nutrition0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The objective of this study was to clarify the growth characteristics of the maize root .Root box experiments were conducted to collect root distribution data.Moreover, influences of difference N-fertilizer treatment and different plant type on root growth were analyzed with WinRhizo software.The results showed that the maize roots composed of the roots of diameter ≤1.00 mm, between 1 and 2 mm and >2 mm.At the condition of pot cultrue, the length percent was over 80%, and area percent over 50%, and volume percent was over 20% in total root of the adventitious root and the first branch of roots(diameter ≤1.00 mm) which was the main area of root absorption of water and fertilizer.Different N fertilization strategies had different effects on maize roots.Base fertilizer increase had impact on maize root number and root total length and increased the roots (0-20 cm level) number and total biomass, and increased all the geometric parameters of the roots(diameter ≤1.00 mm).It was beneficial to improve the water and fertilizer uptake efficiency.Conversely, base fertilizer increase had impact on all the geometric parameters and total biomass of the roots(diameter >2.00 mm).It was beneficial to promote the root downward growth and increase the root robust degree.Growth trend had significant difference on maize roots with different canopy-type.The root growth quantity of flat canopy-type was significant more than the compact canopy-type's at early growth stage.The root growth quantity of compact canopy-type was significant more than the flat canopy-type's at late growth stage and the roots growth was more vigorous than the flat canopy-type's.The changes of compact canopy-type root configuration were more beneficial for the maize growth than the flat canopy-type at late stage and raised the output of production.Keywords：maize;root architecture;N-fertilizer treatment;plant type1|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：This experiment aimed to study the effect of low temperature on roots growth of different sugarcane varieties with varied cold resistance in order to provide theoretical references for future relevant researches.The complete roots of the young plants derived from water culture for both cold resistant sugarcane variety GT28 and the cold sensitive sugarcane variety ROC22 were used as the plant materials.The plants of the both varieties were treated with normal room temperature (25 ℃, control) and low temperature (4 ℃), respectively.Various parameters, including root length, root volume, root micro-structure, root vigor activities, malonaldehyde (MDA), contents of proline, soluble sugar, soluble protein, peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured.As the cold stress duration prolonged, the average root length and root volume were decreased by the cold stress compared to the normal temperature, but the decreases were less in GT28 than in ROC22.After 3 days of cold stress, the root micro-structure were getting swelling and deformating, and disorder of cellular structures were observed in the roots of both tested varieties, but the deformation was much more significant in ROC22 than in GT28.Under the prolonged cold stress, the root activity was significantly weakened for both sugarcane varieties, but it was more serious for the variety ROC22.The contents of MDA, proline, soluble sugar, soluble protein, and the activities of POD and SOD in the roots were higher than those in the control and the patten showed a progressive increasing and then decreasing.The contents of soluble sugar and proline and the activities of POD and SOD in cold resistant variety of GT28 were higher than those of cold susceptible variety of ROC22.The present results indicate that cold resistnce/suscepitibility is variety-dependence based on, root growth and metabolism of physiology and biochemistry.Keywords：sugarcane;roots;cold stress0|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to explore the diurnal variation in photosynthesis and midday depression phenomenon of photosynthesis of oil sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in agro-pastoral ecotone, the leaf photosynthetic rate, the transpiration rate and the stomatal conductance of oil sunflower were measured using the LI-6400XT Portable Photosynthesis System during the stage of flower bud from July 24 to July 28, 2013 in Wuchuan Experimental Station of Inner Mongolia.The study results showed that the diurnal variation in the leaf photosynthetic rate of oil sunflower appeared a typical bimodal curve in accompany with the obvious midday depression phenomenon of photosynthesis.In general, there were two peaks in diurnal variation in the leaf photosynthetic rate of oil sunflower with higher value in the morning than that in the afternoon.Light intensity and air temperature had a significant impact on the leaf photosynthetic rate of oil sunflower.The diurnal variations of the leaf stomatal conductance and the leaf transpiration rate also showed bimodal curves with earlier occurrence of the first peaks than the leaf photosynthetic rate.Light intensity, vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and air temperature affected the leaf transpiration rate of oil sunflower significantly, light intensity and VPD affected the leaf stomatal conductance significantly.The intercellular CO2 concentration increased but the stomatal limitation value decreased during the stages of midday depression of photosynthesis.Therefore, the midday depression of photosynthesis of oil sunflower was caused by non-stomatal factors.Keywords：midday depression of photosynthesis;stomatal conductance;stomatal limitation;oil sunflower;agro-pastoral ecotone2|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The secretion and distribution as well as effects on host cells of pectinase and cellulase were studied in germ tubes, haustorium and the host-parasite interface of Cistanche tubulosa by 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method and ultracytochemical localization.It was shown that pectinase and cellulase were secreted from in vitro germ tube and haustorium.The activities of pectinase and cellulase were increased with growth of germ tube and haustorium.In the host-parasite interface, pectinase and cellulase were secreted from invasive cell of haustorium, then distributed to intercellular layer of haustorium-host root interface and host cells.The functions of pectinase and cellulase were to damage host cells connection and structures for the purpose of haustorium invasion.This is the first report that pectinase and cellulase are involve in invasion of C.tubulosa haustorium to the root of Tamarix chinesis.Keywords：Cistanche tubulosa;pectinase;cellulase;cytochemical localization1|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：As a renewable energy sources to replace conventional fossil fuels, biodiesel fuels have been becoming increasingly important to relieve energy resources crisis, developing and utilizing forestry bioenergy resources is one of important approach to solve our nation's shortage of raw materials in biodiesel production.Lindera communis hemsl is a kind of good raw materials to produce biodiesel fuel because it has seeds with a high oil content of 41%-47%.They are widely distributed in southern China, and especially, there are centralized wild species in the southwest.This paper was to introduce the usage of biodiesel fuels in home and aboard, the present situation of studies on L.communis, the prospects of L.communis were analyzed and some recommendations for utilization of L.communis seed oil in china were proposed according to the current disadvantages.1|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：This study was concerned the effects of five different compost mixtures on pile temperature, total carbon (TOC), germination index (GI) and nematodes corrected mortality (NCM).The initial C/N ratios and moisture contents for all treatments were 25 and 60% respectively, during static aerobic composting with chicken manure and wheat straw.The treatments included no tobacco waste (CK), 1.5% tobacco waste (dry weight ratio) added at the initial stage (A), high temperature stage (B), first compost finished stage (C) and end of compost stage (D).The results showed that adding tobacco waste reduced the pile temperature, restrained the decomposition of the organic material for microorganism, and was not conducive to compost material decomposed rapidly.After 19 days, GI of treatment CK was more than 80% of the standard of compost maturity, while GI values of treatment A, B and C were lower than 80%.After 45 days, GI values of treatment CK, A, B, C and D were 102.6%, 95.6%, 85.8%, 83.4% and 70.4% respectively.The tobacco waste showed certain inhibitory effect on plant growth.The mixture extraction of treatment C and D after 45 day, similar with tobacco waste, caused 100% mortalities of nematodes, while NCMs of mixture extraction of treatment CK, A and B were 44.4%、28.2% and 70.0%.The nematodes suppression effect decreased with composting days.Adding tobacco waste at the first compost finished stage could not only reduce the adverse effect on composting process and plant growth, but also maintained the preferable suppression effecting for root-knot nematode.Keywords：tobacco waste;compost maturity;nematodes;nematodes suppression0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：An investigation on heavy metal content in agricultural producing area, i.e., Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Cr, As, and Zn in the Bincheng district, Shandong province, was conducted using principal component analysis (PCA) for the source investigation of soil heavy metal.Single factor index method and weighted pollutant index method were used to evaluate the soil environment quality.The results showed that, the average content of Pb, Hg, Cd, Cu, Cr, As and Zn in the farmland soil were lower than the environmental quality standard of edible agricultural products, but the total amount of Pb, Cd, Cu and As in some sampling area were higher than the background value of study area, and the ratio was 38.3%、46.8%、42.6% and 14.9% respectively.The coefficient of variation indicated that Hg, Cd and Cu have higher coefficient of variation, which mean these heavy metals in the soil were affected by human activity (e.g., overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, industrial and municipal discharges, animal wastes, sewage irrigation, etc.).Other heavy metals' coefficients of variation were lower than 30%, defined as weak variation.The PCA performed on seven heavy metals, soil nutrient available P and available N identified three principal components, which controlled their variability in agricultural soils.Available P, Hg, Cd, Cr, as were in PC1, were caused by chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer, the unreasonable use of pesticides and sewage irrigation.Heavy metal Pb, Cu, and Zn (PC2) were related to a large number of harmful gas and dust emitted from vehicle and automobile tire wear.Available K was in PC3 could be considered as a natural component, reflecting soil parent material and texture information.The effect of heavy metals in the soils was greatly affected by soil formation, atmospheric deposition, and human activities.These findings provided essential information on the possible sources of heavy metals, which would contribute to the monitoring and assessment process of agricultural soils in worldwide regions.In correlation analysis, anthropogenic metals were significantly correlated.While soil organic matter was comparatively loosely correlated with the soil heavy metals in the study area which confirmed results obtained from PCA.Furthermore, the evaluation of soil environmental quality was conducted and the results suggested that the single factor index of soil heavy metal Hg reached the light pollution levels.The pollutant area occupied 21.3% of whole study area.The other 6 soil heavy metals all in the safe level of soil environmental quality assessment classification standard;the average amount of weighted pollutant index was 0.54, which was lower than 1, means the total situation of the soil environmental quality was in a good condition, and most of the region was in safe level.Since the soil heavy metal Hg in study area present higher coefficient of variation and even higher single factor index, it is necessary to control the automobile tires and exhaust emissions that contains high amount of heavy metals to reduce the accumulation of soil heavy metals.Keywords：soil;heavy metal;principal component analysis;environmental quality;evaluation0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The electric carbon crystal warming board was used for seedlings culture of cucumber in greenhouse in winter, with controls of normal culture (no warming, CK1) and cable warming (setting power was 100 W/m2, C100). The monitored parameters included substrate temperature, power consumption, growth and physiological characteristics of cucumber seedlings warmed by carbon-fiber electric heating boards in greenhouse.The effects of different thermal barriers of carbon-fiber electric heating boards on seedlings culture were investigated with a comparison of the normal culture (no warming, CK2).The results showed that the treatment of 80 W/m2 setting power (P80) of carbon-fiber electric heating boards increased the substrate night temperature and maintained at 18 ℃. The minimum temperature of substrate was 12.1 ℃ higher than that of CK1. The average temperature of substrate was 6.07 ℃ higher than that of C100.The power consumption rate was 36.2 kW·h/m2, 34.4% lower than that of C100. The emergence days of cucumber seedlings were 1.3 d, 4 and 2 days shorter than those of CK1 and C100 respectively. The healthy index was 0.22, 144.4% and 46.7% higher than those of CK1 and C100 rspectively.Compared with the carbon-fiber electric heating boards without a thermal barrier, both daily average temperature of the substrate warmed by the carbon-fiber electric heating boards with polystyrene board and non-woven fabrics increased by 2.3 and 1.9 ℃ respectively, the power consumption rates decreasing by 22.6% and 21.2% respectively and the healthy indexes of cucumber seedlings increasing by 50.0% and 43.8% respectively.It was thus evident that the carbon-fiber electric heating boards warming was a suitable method for cucumber seedling culture in greenhouse in winter. The appropriate setting power was 80 W/m2.The polystyrene board and non-woven fabrics could be used as the thermal barriers.Keywords：carbon-fiber electric heating board;sunlight greenhouses;cucumber;growth;power consumption0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The concentrations of quercetin, kaempferol, crude flavonoid and polyphenols in the leaves from 111 persimmon germplasmss were determinated.The aim was to study the diversity of flavonoids and polyphenols in leaves of persimmon germplasm.The results indicated that there were abundant diversities in quercetin, kaempferol, crude flavonoid and polyphenols.The different leaves of geographical persimmon had significant amounts of kaempferol, crude flavonoid and polyphenols(P<0.05).However, the significant difference was only detected in the content of kaempferol from the leaves of different persimmon types(P<0.05).The result of cluster analysis showed that persimmon germplasms were divided into four groups.Twenty one germplasms in group Ⅳ had high contents of flavonoids and polyphenols, which could provide precious breeding materials for breeding persimmon germplasm.Keywords：persimmon leaf;flavonoids;polyphenols;diversity4|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：This paper focused on understanding the susceptibility inheritance rule of Alternaria leaf blotch.One strain of A.mali was inoculated on the detached leaves of 1 071 seedlings of M.asiatica'Zisai pearl' × M. domestica'Red Fuji'and then measured the infection rate, disease severity, disease index.Interval mapping of QTL were processed with the phenotypic data, the genetic map of the population and parental genotype data. The 18 QTLs related to the susceptibility of Malus domestica to Alternaria leaf blotch were mapped with both regression algorithm and mixture model algorithm.They were located in LG07 LG08 LG09 LG12 and LG17.The minor QTLs mapped within regression were totally or partially overlapped with those by mixture model.Regression algorithm did not give the major QTLs.However, two major QTLs were mapped with the mixture model algorithm in infection rate and disease severity.There were some similarities and differences between the outcomes of regression algorithm and mixture model algorithm.In general, the mixture model algorithm was more comprehensive and precise than regression algorithm.The genetic control of infection rate was fundamentally same as that of disease index, while disease severity was independent.Keywords：Alternaria mali;leaf defoliation diseases;susceptibility;quantitative trait loci;interval mapping0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to evaluate the resistance of Prunus davidiana (Carr.) Franch to crown gall disease, annual pot seedlings were used as tested materials which were injected artificially with A.rhizogenes Conn and A.tumefaciens Conn.The experiment results indicated that Prunus davidiana (Carr.) Franch was an excellent germplasm resource in terms of the resistance to crown gall disease.70 days later, the maximum tumor diameter of seedlings vaccinated with A.rhizogenes Conn was 20.3 mm, while it was 5.3 mm with A.tumefaciens Conn.According to the resistance evaluation standard to crown gall disease, it lowly resisted to A.rhizogenes Conn with the disease index of 59 and was separated into 6 types, including being immune, highly resistant, moderately resistant, lowly resistant, susceptible and highly susceptible and their corresponding percentages were 20.8%, 5.0%, 12.5%, 11.7%, 20.0% and 30.0% respectively.But it highly resisted to A.tumefaciens Conn with the disease index of 15 and it included 4 types:being immune, highly resistant, moderately resistant and lowly resistant with percentages of 35.0%, 55.8%, 8.4% and 0.8% respectively.1|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to analyze the regulation effect of NANOG, POUV and TWIST2 genes, their expression patterns in chicken whole embryo (E1-E6) and in brain, heart, liver and muscle during chicken embryonic development (E15 and E18) were studied by real time RT-PCR.The results showed that, firstly, the NANOG expression levels for whole E2-E6 and in brain, heart, liver and muscle of E15 and E18 were significantly lower than those of E1 (P<0.01).Secondly, overall, the POUV gene expression patterns gradually reduced from whole E1 to E6 and in brain, liver, heart and muscle of E15 and E18, and their expression levels except E2 were lower than those of E1 (P<0.05 or P<0.01).Finally, for whole E1-E6, the TWIST2 expression levels gradually increased, and peaked at E6 (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and then reduced in brain, liver, heart and muscle of E15 and E18, but they all exceeded those of E1.NANOG, POUV and TWIST2 expression levels showed differences during chicken embryonic development.These results may provide data for chicken breeding and clinical research.Keywords：chicken embryo;NANOG;POUV;TWIST2;gene;gene expression patterns0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：This experiment was conducted to study the differential expression levels of TLR4, TLR5, TLR15 and TLR21 in spleen and cecum in Jining Bairi chicken after the Salmonella typhimurium (S.typhimurium) infection.Thirty-six S.typhimuriu-negative Jining Bairi chickens were randomly divided into 2 groups (a treated group and a control group with 18 chickens in each group) and raised in different isolators.Each chicken in the treated group was orally inoculated with 0.3 mL of inoculum containing approximately 1.23×108 cfu S.typhimurium.Chickens in the control group were mock-inoculated with PBS.Cecum and spleen were collected at day 1, 3 and 7 post inoculation (dpi).Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to detect the expression levels of TLR4, TLR5, TLR15 and TLR21 in spleen and cecum.After the inoculation, the expression levels of TLR4, TLR5, TLR15 and TLR21 in cecum were significantly different (P<0.05) at each time point.The expression levels of TLR21 and TLR4 in spleen were significantly up-regulated (P<0.05) at 1 and 3 dpi, respectively.The expression levels of TLR5 and TLR15 in spleen were not significantly different.Between the two detected tissues, the expression levels of TLR5 in spleen were significantly lower than that in cecum following the S.typhimurium inoculation (P<0.01).However, the expression levels of TLR4, TLR15 and TLR21 in spleen were significantly higher than that in cecum following the S.typhimurium inoculation (P<0.05).The result herein demonstrated that chicken TLRs played different regulatory roles in spleen and cecum in the response to the S. typhimurium infection in Jining Bairi chicken, the expression levels of TLRs showed a temporal variation following the S. typhimurium infection.Keywords：chicken;TLR;Salmonella typhimurium;gene expression0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Brucellosis is an important zoonosis and one of significant causes of reproductive losses in animals.Recently, human and animal brucellosis has showed a high incidence trend in our country which seriously threatened the development of animal husbandry and the human health.Prompt and accurate diagnosis for brucellosis plays a key role in disease control and eradication.This review described the antigenic and serological methods used for the diagnosis of human and animal brucellosis.And also this review indicated that the screening and study of Brucella immunogenic protein antigens will be of great significance to the control and purification of brucellosis.Keywords：brucellosis;diagnosis;bacteriology;serology;molecular methods1|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The effect of frozen storage temperatures (-10, -20 and -30 ℃) on lipids changes of bighead carp fillets during a 16 week storage were investigated in this paper.During the whole storage, the changes in lipid content, free fatty acids (FFA) content, peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content, conjugated dienes (CD) and fluorescence compounds content were measured every two weeks.Results showed that FFA content in all samples increased with the extension of storage time.After 16 weeks of storage, w (FFA) in samples stored at -10 and -20 ℃ were 39.43 and 34.96 g/100 g, respectively, which were significantly (P<0.05) higher than 20.96 g/100 g in samples stored at -30 ℃.Peroxide value, w (TBARS) and conjugated dienes all increased with time and then decreased, peroxide value and w (TBARS) in samples stored at -30 ℃ were marked (P<0.05) lower than that at -10 ℃, while there were no significant difference (P>0.05) in conjugated dienes.The content of fluorescence compounds had a significant difference in samples stored at the three temperatures.Thus, frozen storage at -30 ℃ could inhibit hydrolysis and oxidation of lipids in bighead carp fillets effectively, compared to that at -10 and -20 ℃.Keywords：bighead carp;frozen storage;lipids;hydrolysis;oxidation0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The wireless sensor network (WSN) nodes communicate with each other via wireless signals.The characteristics of 2.4 GHz wireless radio propagation in apple orchards was studied in this paper.Field tests were performed in a common apple orchard in Feicheng city in Shandong province.All the tests were performed along a line of trees, in which direction of the tree line had the most influence on radio propagation.The sender fixed between two chosen trees sent signals at a specific height, and the received signal strength and packet loss rate were measured at 18 points at 6 different heights.Regression analysis results showed that no matter what the sending antenna height hs was, the path loss of 2.4 GHz wireless channel followed a logarithm distance model at each height.The values of R2 were between 0.927 and 0.987.The attenuation index n could be fitted by a quadratic polynomial of the receiving antenna height hr at each hs, and the R2 values were between 0.71 and 0.89.The parameter A and hr had a linear relation at each hs, and the RMSE values were between 0.2 and 1.2.An attenuation model with parameters sending and receiving antenna heights and propagation distance was created.Verification results showed that 94 percent of the R2 were larger than 0.9, and the RMSE values were between 2 and 5.The new model could well estimate the signal loss with different combinations of sending and receiving antenna heights.Keywords：wireless networks;signal attenuation;2.4 GHz wireless channel;apple orchard0|10|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Surveying a farmland before leveling rapidly and accurately can provide solutions for land leveling projects.In order to solve the problems of low accuracy and efficiency in the field measurement, a rapid survey method of farmland terrain was proposed.Firstly, 3D data of discrete points of boundary and internal were collected dynamically using RTK-GNSS.Secondly, a digital elevation model was generated using the method of triangulation with linear interpolation.Finally, the area was calculated with corrected track method, and the method of least squares was used to fit plane equation to calculate the slope and other information.On this basis, an integrated collection terminal and a data processing software were designed and then tested with American FieldLevel Ⅱ system.The results showed that the system worked stably with high positioning accuracy and efficiency.Compared with the results of FieldLevel Ⅱ system, the consolidated relative average error rate of the system was about 8.19%, which could meet the need of terrain surveying for precision field leveling.Keywords：terrain survey;RTK-GNSS;joint positioning;integrated collection terminal;data processing software1|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：This study selected the renewable resources of lignin, poly vinyl alcohol and silica sol as the basic material, with 311 A optimal design, made different base material proportion of PVA-wooden calcium-silica composite for liquid hydromulching.The liquid hydromulching was dried into film using flow extending film forming method.The tensile strength and water vapor permeability of the different base material film were analyzed.Results showed that 1) Polyvinyl alcohol in enhanced the tensile strength of liquid film played a major role.The interaction of polyvinyl alcohol and wooden calcium as well as wooden calcium and silica sol could increase tensile strength, which had a positive role in promoting mutual.Liquid film mechanical property would be best when the formula was 54.28-70.36 g of polyvinyl, 6.67-12.83 g of silicon sol and 11.90-41.63 of wood calcium g.2) Silica sol played a major role in decreasing liquid membrane permeability .Wood calcium and silicon sol had positive effect on lowering liquid membrane permeability.Liquid membrane permeability would be lowest when Polyvinyl was 44.55-55.45 g, silicon sol was 10.91-19.09 g, and wood calcium was 43.78-50.62 g .Due to the optimization value was in a range, in practice the ingredient should be determined according to the field requirements.Keywords：liquid hydromulching;material formula;tensile strength;moisture permeability0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：For the high consumption and low utilization rate of power energy in the agricultural irrigation system, according to the characteristics of the pipe irrigation system, the frequency conversion speed regulation technology is introduced into the pump motor's energy-saving control.This paper analyzed the structure and the basic principles of irrigation system which included the inverter asynchronous motors, pumps and pipe network, then constructs the mathematical models of system and simulated in MATLAB/simulink.Simulation results showed that the introduction of frequency conversion devices could make the pump outlet flow or head continuously vary in the interval of 0~1 and improve the energy-saving rate to 56.5%;Closed-loop feedback control with the signals coming from water head or flow of the outlet could achieve control for output frequency of the inverter.Keywords：farming irrigation system;frequency conversion speed regulation;pump motor;simulation case0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To determine the best condition of hydrodynamic lubrication effect of the axial friction pair, and calculate the best tilt angle and the best oil film force of oil wedge structure, the inner endface of floating endplate was divided into three sub regions of the left, the right and the middle.The left and right sub regions had tilted surface with oil wedge structure for forming hydrodynamic lubrication effect, and the middle sub region was parallel surface for reducing axial leakage and supporting coaxiality.From the best condition of oil film force on the left and right regions, the formula for calculating the two tilted angles and oil film forces were derived.Basing on the qualitative analysis of possible fluid flows within the axial gap, it was found that the total oil film force would be significantly improved because of the two oil wedge structures, and it would be increased by 195.4% in an example;the hydrodynamic oil film force on the axial endface of driving gear was relatively small and might be neglected;the total oil film force would get to the largest value when the best convergence rate was used in the outer radius of driven gear;the two oil wedge structures were also advantageous to supply lubrication oil to axis-bearing friction pair and outer ring friction pair of driven gear, and to effectively relieve the trapped oil.Keywords：internal gear pump;the axial friction pair;floating endplate;hydrodynamic lubrication effect;oil film force0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to provide empirical basis for farmland conversion practices in Beijing and then establish and improve the theory and method of compensation of farmland protection, Pinggu district in Beijing was used as an example and implemented partitions based on measuring results of the farmland conversion probability by the logistic regression model firstly.The arrangement subsidy in regional land compensation was selected as reference measurement standard and measured the loss of opportunity of the stakeholders of farmland protection.The measuring results were finally obtained throughout the district from the corrections of different farmland conversion probabilities.The results emerged a reducing trend from the urban center to the exurban zone in all-region space, which corresponded to reality.The differential compensation of farmland protection made up the loss of opportunity of the farmers, strengthened the willingness to protect farmland, coordinated the unfairness of farmland development rights caused by land use planning and land expropriation and met the objective status of regional economic development and construction demand.This study provided the empirical basis for practices of the farmland preservation compensation and enriched theory and methods of farmland preservation compensation research system.0|12|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The sustainable development of vegetable production depends on optimization of resource allocation.The allocation of resource can be reflected through the estimation of production efficiency.This research defined the production efficiency through the comparison of models for production efficiency estimation, which was also the theoretical basis for this research.Based on the theoretical analysis, the empirical analysis was carried out using the data from a survey of the smallholder vegetable farmers in Liaoning province in 2013.Basing on the method that was the combination of three-stage DEA(Data Envelopment Analysis)model and Bootstrapped-DEA model, the impacts of environmental factors and random error on technical efficiency were eliminated by empirical analysis.Conclusions are drawn as follows.1) On the whole, the average Scale Efficiency (SE) score of peasants is rather low, the scale of production is small and the slack rates for all inputs are at high level, which indicate the inferiority in the allocation of resources.2) The increase of the subsidies for purchasing agricultural machinery and tools and the increase of frequency of technical guidance and training as well as the owning of rotary tiller are three factors that can improve the production efficiency of peasants within our sample.3) The increase of labor force that is put into vegetable production, the percentage of family income that comes from vegetable production and the age of the householder are negatively related with the average production efficiency within our sample.Based on the conclusions above, to improve vegetable production efficiency, the subsidies for vegetable production should be increased so as to encourage farmers who have the potential for higher yields to invest in vegetable production.In addition, the more important is to guide farmers to allocate their production resource more properly.Keywords：vegetable;production efficiency;data envelopment analysis(DEA);optimization resources allocation0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Based on a consumers' survey achieved with 400 questionnaires in Beijing, consumers' willingness to pay for traceable beef was studied by using the contingent evaluation method.The study mainly focused on analysis of the influencing factors based on a theory of planned behavior and ordered logistic regression model in order to acknowledge the consumers' preference for traceable beef.The results indicated as follows:consumers' cognitive level of traceable food was not high;only 4.75% of the respondents who were imparted with the specific information were not willing to pay the extra price for traceable beef;in addition, only 20.00% of the respondents were willing to pay the extra twenty Yuan at least for tractable beef per kilogram, that was to say, consumers' willingness to pay was not high which was compared with the market price of the tractable beef in Beijing;the obstacle to discrimination, the obstacle to economic power, average monthly purchase quantity of beef and consumers' age all influenced consumers' willingness to pay for the traceable beef significantly.Finally, some suggestions were put forward.Keywords：consumers;traceable beef;willingness to pay;influencing factors;ordered Logistic model2|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：It is increasingly not allowed to ignore the heavy environmental load with a rapid growth in the industry of livestock and poultry breeding.With the time-series data of Zhejiang during 1978-2012, first the bearing capacity of livestock and poultry breeding environment in Zhejiang was evaluated.Then based on the experience of a theory of system science, a model was built to analyze the dynamic coupling of environmental load with economy growth in the industry of livestock and poultry breeding.With this model, the trend of the dynamic coupling of environmental load with economy growth was calculated in the industry of livestock and poultry breeding under "Zero solution" in Zhejiang till 2050.The findings indicated that the dynamic coupling of environmental load with economy growth in the industry of livestock and poultry breeding in Zhejiang was in an antagonism state during 2006-2012, and under "Zero solution", it would be held in the same state till 2050.Through the forecast, the sole inflection point of the inverted U-shaped curve presented in the trend of the dynamic coupling of environmental load with economy growth in the industry of livestock and poultry breeding in Zhejiang, will appear in 2036 with its dynamic coupling number 124.011 7.Keywords：industry of livestock and poultry breeding;environmental load;economy growth;dynamic coupling;Zhejiang0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：This article, choosing 825 rural migrant workers' survey data distributed in 6 counties in Shanxi Province, systematically analyzed the factors that affected the rural migrant worker's re-employment quality and working satisfaction, using SEM model, based on sociological theory.Multielement system's affection on rural migrant worker's re-employment was found and the intermediary role in job searching was discussed.Results showed that:self supports had a positive effect ion on the working quality and satisfaction of the rural migrant worker's re-employment.Service supports from social supports had tremendous influence.Monetary supports and acquaintances supports were also quite important factors, however policy supports played a minor role.Job searching intention played an intermediary role in self supporting, reemployment quality, self satisfaction supporting and working intensity.Keywords：rural migrant workers;self support;social support;re-employment quality;working satisfaction1|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：This paper focused on scientifically and reasonably evaluating the suitability of greenway resources and then providing a theory basis for the planning and construction of greenway network.Delphi method(Delphi)and Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) were combined for seting up a comprehensive and scientific evaluation index system, including three Ⅱ-level index such as resource condition, development and utilization of conditions, and the characteristics of appreciation value, recreation, cultural value, nine Ⅲ level indicators.The empirical study was conducted on the greenway resources of Wannan of Anhui.The results showed that greenway resource assessment values were level 3 or above, indicating that the resource base condition of the film area was good, excellent tourist resources."A primary four"green road layout structure was suggested in this region.Keywords：greenway resources;evaluation;index system;tourism function;Wannan0|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The study aims to understand the current situation, the characteristics and the development of the agricultural aviation plant protection technology innovation.Based on the patent information, in this paper, statistical methods were utilized to study and analyze the agricultural aviation plant protection technology from various perspectives, such as the number of patent applications, the patent structure, the life cycle of patented technology, the patent IPC distribution, patentee distribution and patent citations.The results had shown that the agricultural plant protection technology was rapidly growing across the country as the number of patent applications was steadily increasing.In particular, patents in the area were mostly utility models and invention patents with a primary R & D focus on the IPC subclass B64D, B64C, and etc..Moreover, it was found that the number of competitive core patents had been very limited currently.It suggests that more attention should be focused on improving the quality of patents and strengthening the global layout of patents.In particular, the duplication of research should be prevented and the breadth and depth of patent development should be expanded.Keywords：aviation plant protection;patent information;patented metering;IPC;visualization0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
