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- Abstract：Recycling use of agricultural organic wastes resources becomes a big challenging task.In this study, five organic wastes including crop straw (CS), pig manure (PM), wine residue(WR), biogas residue(BR) and mushroom residue (MR) were applied in a field test.Mineral fertilizer (CF), none input (CK) and fallow (FL) were used as controls. Soil water-stable aggregates, microaggregate inside macroaggregates (Mm:0.053-0.25 mm), total organic C(TOC) and N were all measured. The results showed that organic wastes enhanced soil macroaggregates (Ma:0.25-8 mm) by 34%, microaggregates (Mi:0.053-0.25 mm) by 8%, Mm by 34, and the mean weight diameter (MWD) by 20% on average compared with CF. The TOC and N were improved by 61% and 45% as well.The PM and WR of the organic wastes had better bu BR lowest impacts.As a whole, organic wastes' incorporation promoted soil aggregation and stabilization, and enhanced TOC and N contents.Keywords：agricultural organic wastes;soil aggregates;TOC;total N5|10|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To investigate the effects of rowing space on the population dry matter accumulation and water utilization of late-sowing winter wheat, three rowing spaces (12 cm (R12), 20 cm (R20), 30 cm (R30)) were designed, and the population dry matter, leaf area index, the water consumption parameter, yield and water use efficiency were analyzed.The results indicated that reducing aptly rowing space to 12 cm under the late-sowing and limited water condition could increase the leaf area index, enhance the population dry matter and the ratio of dry matter post-anthesis.Compared to the R30, the more water of 40-120 cm soil layer under R12 was used, the yield and the water utilization efficiency (19.8-20.4 kg/(hm2·mm)) of R12 population were significantly higher.Reducing aptly rowing space to 12 cm might be an effective measure to increase population yield and water use efficiency in late-sowing winter wheat.Keywords：wheat;rowing space;matter accumulation;water utilization;yield0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to investigate the distribution of phytic acid content and inorganic P content in wheat grain and their relationship with test weight (TW) and 1000-kernel weight (TKW), and then obtain ahint for new cultivars improvement, the grain whole-mills of 92 common wheat cultivars/lines were determined with ferric chloride precipitation and phosphomolybdenum yellow spectrophotometry simultaneously.The results showed that the inorganic P content ranged from 0.42 μg/mg to 1.60 μg/mg (mean 0.84 μg/mg) with variation coefficient 0.24, while the phytic acid content ranged from 17.54 μg/mg to 28.71 μg/mg (mean 23.27 μg/mg) with variation coefficient 0.09.The phytic acid content correlated significantly with TW (r=-0.209 2), but not with TKW.The inorganic P content correlated significantly with TW(r=-0.231 5)and TKW (r=0.255 4).The phytic acid content correlated significantly with the inorganic P content (r=0.479 6).The phytic acid contents could not be indirectly determined by the inorganic P contents as the total P contents ranged from 5.54-9.69 μg/mg among different cultivars/lines.Keywords：wheat;phytic acid content;inorganic P content;correlation1|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to clarify the characteristics of maize leaf-air temperature difference (LATD) and leaf temperature difference (LTD) during diurnal period, and their response to drought stress and the difference among varieties, four gradient soil moisture (adequate water supply, mild stress, moderate stress and severe stress) were provided by independent pool with rainproof shelter, the temperature of functional leaves of five maize hybrids and the environmental light, air temperature and humidity in a day were determined, and the diurnal variation of LATD and LTD at three growing stages and their relationship with environmental factors were studied.The results showed that:1) LATD could be an effective index to measure maize plant moisture status.LATD was stable at the treatment of adequate soil water supply, mostly in the range of -4.0--1.0 ℃.An increasing trend was observed following soil drying in LATD.The difference of LATD was up to 5 ℃ between the treatments of severe stress and adequate water supply, which occurred at 12:00 to 16:00 in a day.2) Diurnal variation of LTD presented a single peak curve and the peak value increased with the drought stress enhancing.3) Under drought stress, LATD was more significantly correlated with photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and free-air temperature (Ta) than relative air humidity (RH) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD).4) In contrast to LATD, there was significant difference in LTD among hybrids, but the performance was different for a hybrid at different determined time or stage.In conclusion, our results indicated that gradient soil drought stress could increase LATD and LTD step-by-step.LATD could reflect the plant water status effectively, but more studies should be carried out for the LTD used as a reliable indicator in selecting drought resistant variety in maize.Keywords：maize;drought stress;hybrid;leaf temperature difference;environmental factors2|10|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to clarify the drought response at different growth stages of spring maize under the specific areas and the climate conditions in North China Plain, so as to provide a reference for the development of a high-yielding and water-saving irrigation system in North China Plain, a field experiment with pots was conducted under rain preventing condition with water controlled throughout the whole growth period.The growth stages of spring maize were divided into seedling, jointing, large bell, heading and filling stages, and set up five different periods of drought correspondingly, which were represented by SD、JD、LD、HD、FD, respectively.The other two treatments were a proper water supply as control(CK) and an adequate water supply(AW) during the whole growth period.The primary research showed the effects on growth process, morphological and physiological changes between different drought treatments.The results showed the sensitivity to water stress during the growth period were heading stage> large bell stage> filling stage> jointing stage.Compared with CK, SD inhibited the growth of their plants severely due to the ongoing severe drought, although its greater increase of leaf area per plant after rehydration, (as a whole the increased leaf area was still minimal) and its photosynthetic rate was the smallest in the filling stage.These indicated that the plant restoring capacity was limited after severe drought in seedling stage.While AW could slow down the aging speed of the blades, the entire growth period extended one day, which suggested that AW could extend corn growing period.The vegetative stages after SD, JD, LD treatments were extended 3, 1, 1 days during the entire growth period respectively, while reproductive stage after HD, FD treatments were both shortened two days.In conclusion, the vegetative growth period under drought could delay the process of growth of spring maize, while reproductive stage was just the opposite, which would accelerate the aging speed and shorten the growth process.Keywords：spring maize;water stress;growth period;morphology;physiology0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer resulte in the lodging of maize, thus limite the potential yield of maize.Plant growth regulator (PGR) can effectively solve the problem of maize lodging.However, previous researches on the interaction between nitrogen and chemical control were lack of deeping study yet in spring maize of cold region.In this study, Zhengdan 958 and Xianyu 335 were used to study the interaction between nitrogen and chemical control in spring maize of cold region.Under different N rates, PGR 30% Hex-ethyl-aqua was applied through foliar at the early jointing stage (seven expanded leaves).Our results showed that plant height, ear height, the angle between the stem and leaf and the length of the 3rd basal internode were increased with the increase of nitrogen application.In addition, the results showed a tendency of increase in the leaf area index (LAI), diameter of internode, carbon content and lignin content following decrease with the increase of nitrogen application.However, the ratio of carbon and nitrogen in internode and strength of breaking-resistance were decreased with the increase of nitrogen application.Medium application of nitrogen (180 kg/hm2) could improve the structure of canopy and promote yield.The plant height, ear height, leaf angle, LAI and the length of the 3rd basal internode were decreased after treatment with 30% Hex-ethyl-aqua.However, the diameter of internode, carbon content, lignin content, the ratio of carbon and nitrogen in internode and strength of breaking-resistance were increased after treated with PGR.In general, application of Hex-ethyl-aqua could improve the lodging resistance and increase the yield of maize.Overall, our results demonstrated that application of the medium nitrogen (180 kg/hm2) with 30% Hex-ethyl-aqua was the optimum cultivation practice in maize of cold region due to the best yield, plant morphology, population structure and lodging resistance force.Keywords：spring maize;nitrogen fertilizer;chemical control;yield;lodging-resistant1|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To study different mechanism of osmoregulation of rice under water stress and supplied with NH4+-N and NO3--N, a hydroponic experiment of partial root under water stress simulated by PEG (6000) was conducted to analyze and compare concentration changes of main osmo-regulation substances.The result showed growth of rice partial root under water stress was not significantly affected when supplied NH4+-N.The concentrations of soluble sugar and free amino acid in partial root under water stress were increased by 64.5% and 167%.In addition, the soluble sugar concentrations in xylem sap and phloem sap were 243% and 42.2% higher than partial root under normal water level.However, partial root under water stress was obviously suppressed when supplied NO3--N nutrition.Although, the concentrations of soluble sugar and free amino acid were 46.4% and 73.9% higher than partial root without water stress.The soluble sugar concentration in phloem sap was found to decrease significantly.However, biomass of partial root without water stress was obviously larger than any partial root under normal water level supplied with NO3--N, which was in line with its markedly higher soluble sugar in phloem sap.In conclusion, rice could successfully resist water stress through osmoregulation with NH4+-N nutrition supply.This could be called "drought endure"type.However, when supplied NO3--N nutrition, rice chose to avoid water stress after failed osmoregulation, which was called "drought escape"type.Rice growth would be obviously restrained when no way was possible to escape water stress.Keywords：rice;water stress;split root;various nitrogen forms;soluble sugar;free amino acid0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The cotton monoculture region in central and southern Hebei is of low economic efficiency due to low utilization efficiency of both light and temperature resource, leading to low production enthusiasm of the farmers.The serious exploitation of water resources and insufficient young labours in this region also prohibit the development of cotton.It is therefore important to comprehensivly evaluate the three patterns of potato/cotton flood irrigation, drip irrigation and potato-corn cropping which are extended at present.Using traditional wheat-corn cropping and cotton monoculture pattern as controls, the impacts of economy, ecology and society were evaluated with AHP method.The results showed that potato/cotton pattern, in particular, potato/cotton drip irrigation pattern had highest economic benefit, but lowests social benefit in which the index value was 0.068.Its ecological benefit was behind that of potatoe-corn cropping.The potato-corn cropping patterns had middle values in ecology and society, but the economic index value was only 35.4% of the cotton/potato pattern.The comprehensive benefit of the three kinds of water saving and efficient cultivation patterns were higher than those of cotton monoculture and wheat-corn cropping patterns, highest in potato/cotton drip irrigation pattern in which the comprehensive benefit index value doubled compared to cotton monoculture.Potatoe-corn cropping pattern was at second, just lower than potato/cotton drip irrigation pattern.It is obvious that potato/cotton intercropping pattern is suitable in this region with increasing machinery and reducing labour.Keywords：potato;cotton;intercropping;planting patterns;comprehensive evaluation1|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The aim of this paper is to study the effects of rewatering on the leaf senescence mechanism and active oxygen metabolic characteristics of broomcorn millet after water stress, thus to provide a theoretical basis for water saving cultivation techniques of broomcorn millet.Using Yumi 2 as the material, a pot experiment was conducted.It was found that as the stress level intensified and the stress time prolonged, the leaves of broomcorn millet aged from the bottom to the top, the contents of chlorophyll and soluble protein, and the activities of SOD and POD of the leaves gradually decreased, while the content of MDA continuously increased.Rewatering at the jointing stage after moderate water stress showed an over-compensation effect which was characterized by the contents of chlorophyll, soluble protein and the activities of SOD and POD of the top three leaves of broomcorn millet that were 7.65%, 4.20%, 5.30% and 3.52% higher than CK respectively.Rewatering at the flowering stage after moderate water stress had a contour compensation effect on these indexes.Rewatering at the jointing stage after severe water stress had a partial compensation effect on the activities of SOD and POD of the top three leaves, and had a contour compensation effect on the contents of chlorophyll, soluble protein and MDA of the top three leaves, while the compensation effect on these indexes of rewatering at the flowering stage after severe water stress was not significant.According to the results of the correlative analysis, there were high significant positive correlations between the yield and the contents of chlorophyll and soluble protein and the SOD activity, a significant positive correlation between the yield and the POD activity, and a significant negative correlation between the yield and MDA content of the tested leaves of mature period.Therefore, it can be concluded that rewatering at the jointing stage after moderate water stress had the best compensation effect on broomcorn millet.Keywords：broomcorn millet;rewatering;water stress;leaf senescence;protective enzyme activity1|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for both human and animals, and also affects plant metabolism.In this study, the effects of increasing doses of Se application (0, 3.1, 6.2, 12.4, 24.8 mg Se/kg) on the yield, Se content, nutritional and anti-nutritional substances as well as antioxidant capacity in grains of two faba bean cultivars were investigated under a pot experiment.The analysis showed that increasing Se concentrations correlated positively with Se content in grains and negatively with yield and raw protein content.Se contents of Chongli and Fengdou No.6 increased by 21.3 to 35.8 times and 4.97 to 7.60 times compared with each control, respectively.In addition, Se application enhanced tannin content and 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-(2, 4, 6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical-scavenging potential.However, the contents of total carbohydrates and phytic acid were affected slightly and were not statistically significant.The results also indicated that effects of Se on those changes studied differed among faba bean varieties.Therefore, for the production of Se-enriched food the recommended Se concentrations should be based not just on Se content in grains, but also on the yield and changes of both nutrients and anti-nutrients.Se treatment at low concentration of 3.1 mg/kg was suitable for production of Se-enriched faba bean according to this study.Keywords：selenium;faba bean;nutrient;anti-nutrient;DPPH free-radical-scavenging potential1|10|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：This paper concerned with the mechanism of the initiation and development of adventitious roots and investigate the effect of plant hormones on the survival rate and the development of those roots.The results showed that none primordium cells existed in stems, which belonged to inducible rooting.The adventitious roots originated from the callus and the cortex.The initiation and growth of adventitious roots in greenwood cutting included three phases of the formation of callus, the initiation of root primordium and the development of adventitious roots.The callus originated from the cell division of vascular cambium, which induced and promoted the formation of adventitious roots.The adventitious roots were developed from the cambium located at the vascular bundle of the phloem.Plant growth regulator could promote the survival rate of hardwood cuttings soaked in IBA+NAA(1:1)2 000 mg/L for 20 s.The survival rate was up to 30.2%.The variation of average root number, root length and root diameter were not obvious after plant hormones treatment.But the average rooting rate was closely related to the survival rate, which suggested that plant hormones could promote the initiation of the adventitious roots and had little effect on root development after the formation.0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Malus xiaojinensis is a apomictic tetraploid species with elite tolerance to low iron stress.In a breeding program for dwarfing and Fe-deficiency tolerant apple rootstocks, M.xiaojinensis was pollinated with M9.Homozygous dominant simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker was selected and applied in identification of hybrids derived from M.xiaojinensis × M9 and flow cytomery (FCM) was used to analyze the ploidy of the hybrids.CH02d12-160 was an available marker for hybrid identification.There were 284 hybrids and 1 001 apomictic-derived progenies among 1 285 seedlings.Thus the apomictic rate of this cross was 77.90%.The reliable data of ploidy were obtained for 138 seedlings out of the 284 hybrids.The numbers of 2x, 3x, 4x and 5x seedlings were 5(3.62%), 21(15.22%), 63(45.65%) and 49(35.51%) respectively.Keywords：Malus xiaojinensis;simple sequence repeat;hybrids;flow cytometry0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：This paper is concerned on anthocyanin component characteristics in the strawberry variety.Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) were applied to qualitative and quantitative analysis of anthocyanins in 17 strawberry cultivars.There were five main pigments of pelargonidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-rutinoside, pelargonidin-malonylglucoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside and pelargonidin 3-methylmalonylglucoside and 4 trace pigments of pelargonidin 3, 5-diglucoside, 5-carboxypy-ranopelargonidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-malonylglucoside, pelargonidin-acetylglucoside in strawberry fruits.But the anthocyanin types, contents and proportions were different in different cultivars.The content of pelargonidin 3-glucoside was highest.Through principal component analysis of anthocyanins types and cluster analysis of cultivars, the strawberry cultivars were divided into 3 rich anthocyanins type(RA), 6 high cyanins type (HC), 6 moderate anthocyanins type (MA) and 2 low anthocyanin type (LC) according to total anthocyanin content, variety of anthocyanin and cyanins content.In summary, ‘CAU 19-32’ had the richest anthocyanins., indicating that the improved with The new strawberry strains withabundant and rich anthocyanins could be obtained through breeding and selection techniques.Keywords：strawberry;anthocyanins;HPLC-MS;HPLC-DAD;cluster analysis3|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The SSR molecular markers were used for analysing genetic diversity of Sophora flavescens medicinal plant, which was helpful for comprehensive evaluating germplasm resources of Sophora flavescens.The orthogonal design L16(45)on Sophora flavescens SSR-PCR system of 5 elements(Taq enzyme, Mg2+, template DNA, dNTP, primers) in the four levels was optimized, The result of PCR was analyzed by software DPS, filtering out the best level of response factors established for the SSR-PCR Pinus reaction.An optimal 10 μL volumes SSR-PCR system consisted of template DNA was 20.0 ng, Taq DNA polymerase was 0.2-0.6 U, Mg2+ was 2.5 mmol/L, dNTPs was 0.1 mmol/L and primer was 0.6 μmol/L.PCR procedures was pre-denaturation for 3 min at 94 ℃, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation for 1 min at 94 ℃, anneal for 45 s at 56 ℃, extension for 1 min at 72 ℃, and a final extension at 72 ℃ for 10 min, then stored at 4 ℃.Total DNA of 12 Sophora from different origin were tested to amplify by SSR markers, which verified the robustness of the system.The results showed that the system had high amplification stability, it can be used to study the Sophora medicinal plant SSR markers.Keywords：Sophora flavescens;SSR;optimization;orthogonal design0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The experiment was to study the effects of nicotinamide on the blood hormone levels, immune function and antioxidant status of heat-stressed cows.20 healthy early lactation holstein cows were randomly arranged to the control and the nicotinamide supplementation groups with random grouping based on DIM, the milk yield and parity.Cows were fedbasicdiet in the control group and basic diet plus 8 g/d nicotinamide in the nicotinamide group for a 10-week experimental period.The results showed from the following aspects.1) Compared with cows of the control group, cows fed nicotinamide had higher (P<0.05) contents of insulin and leptin and had the tendency (P≤0.1) to increase the thyroxine, and had heat shock protein 70, but supplementation of nicotinamide had no effect (P>0.05) on the contents of glucagon, insulin-like growth factor-1, growth hormone, prolactin and neuropeptide in blood.2) Cows fed nicotinamide had the tendency (P=0.07) to elevate the activity of superoxide dismutase, but supplementation of nicotinamide had no effect on the activity of glutathione peroxidase and the levels of total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde.3) The contents of immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgG interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-6 were increased (P<0.05) and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ was higher tendency in cows fed 8 g/d nicotinamide than in cows of the control group, while the levels of IgM, tumor necrosis factor-α, lymphocytes and the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes were no difference (P>0.05) compared with the control group.In conclusion, it was found that supplementation of nicotinamide was helpful to alleviate hormone secretion being out of balance, improve antioxidant activity and enhance the immune function in heat-stressed cows.Keywords：cow;nicotinamide;heat stress;hormone level;antioxidant status;immune function1|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：This study was conducted to set up a method of ovine intramuscular preadipocyte culture in vitro.First, ovine intramuscular preadipocytes were isolated and cultured in vitro from the longissimus dorsi muscle tissues of a one-month-old lamb.During culture, the dynamic morphological changes of cultured cells were conducted.Then the synthetic peptide fragments of ovine Pref-1 were used to immunize the rabbit to obtain rabbit anti-sheep Pref-1 polyclonal antibody which was labeled with phycoerythrin (PE).And then the cells were separated and purified by the flow cytometer.The reaction of purified preadipocytes to insulin and dexamethasone was observed, and identified with oil red O.The result showed that lamb muscle tissues could be used to culture intramuscular preadipocytes in vitro.The specificity of the antibody was sharp.And the ratio of purification was up to 30%.In conclusion, the study confirms that muscle tissues of lamb could be used to establish a culture model of intramuscular preadipocytes in vitro, and rabbit anti-sheep Pref-1 polyclonal antibody could be a tool to purify preadipocytes.Keywords：sheep;preadipocyte;polyclonal antibody;cell purification1|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Research aimed to prepare high pure production of chondroitin sulfate of sturgeon.The pure chondroitin sulfate from skull and spinal of cultured sturgeon was extracted by sequential hydrolysis with the chondroitin sulfate extraction of special enzyme and alkaline proteinase and purified by quaternary ammonium salt and ethanol.The optimum enzymolysis procedure by the chondroitin sulfate extraction of special enzyme and alkaline proteinase was as follows:15 mg/g chondroitin sulfate extraction of special enzyme was added and kept at 55 ℃ for 4 h for hydrolysis, and then 50 mg/g alkaline proteinase was added and kept at 60 ℃ for 2 h.The optimum procedure of method of quaternary ammonium salt and ethanol precipitation was as follows:1 g/100 mL quaternary ammonium salt solution was added and kept at 20 ℃ for 1.5 h and ethanol solution adjusted to pH 7 was 75%.Under these conditions, the yield of the pure products of chondroitin sulfate from skull and spinal was 19.5% and 22.0%, the purity was 94.80% and 95.32%, and the protein level was 0.287% and 0.267%, respectively.Keywords：cultured sturgeon;skull;spinal;chondroitin sulfate;extraction;purification2|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
A study on the epidemic situation and coping mechanism of highly pathogenic avian influenza in China
Abstract：In order to study the characteristics of the epidemic situation, its development tendency and coping strategy of China, to provide a reference for preventing the bird flu spread to a greater scale around the world, a statistical analysis had been conducted based on the bird flu epidemic data during 2003~2013 published by WHO, and the analysis of the outbreak announcement issued by the National Health and Family Planning Commission.The results showed that China had announced 42 confirmed cases of human infection with H5N1 virus and 28 deaths, which was in the fourth among the 15 countries reported by WHO, the occurring status had the characteristics of long time and high mortality.The outbreak of H7N9 avian flu occurred suddenly, the epidemics almost continued for a month, and 42 cities of 12 provinces were affected with 141 confirmed cases and 45 deaths.On the basis of improving the emergency mechanism, an epidemic information reporting mechanism has been established with characteristics of timely, rapid, open and transparent.At the same time, bring H7N9 avian flu has been brought into Class B monitoring system of the infectious disease, and the level of illness diagnoses has been constantly improved.Keywords：avian influenza;trend features;information notifications;monitoring system of infectious disease0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27- Abstract：Livestock belongs to the family of animal breeds or strains and is handled or domesticated under the condition of artificial or half artificial after thousands of years which formed its characteristics to meet the requirements of human beings and with people who are fond of.But the result of natural selection and artificial selection (though most of the animals come from artificial selection) is that there are many different kinds of animals in the world, and the morphology and structure differ in many ways, which also constitutes the ample and colorful animal behavior at the same time.What is the relationship between animal behavior and production or genetic? These problems are not only the important research topics for animal behavior, but also long-standing debated issues which still not form consensus opinions.In this paper, some issues were reviewed, including the types of livestock behavior, the relationship between animal innate behavior and acquired behavior, the effect of animal behavior on production and how to improve the animal production with animal behavior, and the development of animal behavior population genetics and molecular genetics.Also the foreground research of animal behavior was discussed to supply the basic information and data for the animal behavior research in China.Keywords：livestock;behavior;production;genetics0|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Lipid droplets are considered to play important roles in cells as a dynamic organelle, therefore the quantification of intracellular lipid droplets is significantly important.In this research, pig oocytes were chosen as a model, while the lipid drop was specially marked by the fluorescent dye.Two methods of 3D reconstruction method and the flat optical density method were conducted to overcome the challenges of destroying the structure of the cell for lipid drop quantitative and comparative analysis in a single cell.The results showed that both of the methods could quantify intracellular lipid droplets according to the fluorescence image, providing the statistics of lipid droplet size, density, distribution of index.Randomly selecting 100 oocytes which had different contents of lipid droplets, 3D reconstruction method could reflect the variation of the content of lipid droplets more accurately (coefficient of variation C.V.=0.86), but the flat optical density method C.V.= 0.68.Scanning the same cell in multiple angles for repeat observation, 3D reconstruction method had higher repeatability (coefficient of variation C.V.= 0.07, interclass correlation coefficient ICC>0.9), but the flat optical density method C.V.= 0.37, ICC<0.4.The method of 3D reconstruction based on the confocal laser scanning can quantify the content of lipid droplets in the cell with higher accuracy and reproducibility.Keywords：cell;lipid droplet quantitation;analytical method4|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：A single wheel tester was designed for traction performance evaluation of farm machinery tires ranging from 6.00-12 to 9.5-20.By carefully studying and comparing the structural characters of the slide-frame and the parallel rods-frame, the former was chosen as main structure and a 30 kW electromotor-powered hydraulic motor was used as power source to drive the wheels.The structure of inner-outer frame was designed to overcome the testing instability on bumpy roads.Load cells were mounted between the inner-frame and outer-frame while two preloaded springs were employed to guarantee constant pulling on ball-and-socket load cells on the two sides.The tester was modeled in Pro/E and a mathematical model of the outer frame was established to calculate the maximum stress.Simulations for stress and deformation analysis were performed using the finite element analysis software ANSYS, and the value of maximum stress provided by the simulation was close to the theoretical calculation results, on which basis the structural strength was analyzed and optimized.The results showed that the optimized frame meetinged the rigidity and strength requirements with the least weight, and suffered from much less stress and deformation.Considering the vibration performance of the frames during the tests, modal analyses and forecasts were conducted.As the results of the simulation, the first order to the fouth order of the natural vibration frequency of the frames were obtained.Keywords：agricultural machinery;single wheel tester;traction performance;ANSYS analysis;optimal design3|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to explore the performance of front-stubble-breaking and subsoiling combined cultivating machine and optimize its working parameters, a response surface model was established by Design-Expert software and Box-Behnken experimental design method.Speed and tiller depth were taken as independent variables and fuel consumption and traction as response in the model. The optimized working speed and tiller depth were 3.39 km/h, 340 mm, 3.92 km/h, 152 mm, 3.37 km/h and 33.41 mm respectively, and the response fuel consumption and traction power were 2.72 L/km, 27.65 kN, 3.24 L/km, 8.25 kN and 1.35 L/km, 7.8 kN respectively on the conditions of single sub-soiling part, single rotary tiller part and single stubble part respectively.The result of this research is expected to help rational use of front-stubble-breaking and front-subsoil combined cultivating machine.Keywords：combined cultivating machine;front type;single work;stubble;sub-soiling;rotary tiller2|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to decrease the sympathetic vibration of sweet potato vine shattering and returning machine during work, a parametric model of 4JHSM-90 sweet potato vine shattering and returning machine was built using Pro/E.The finite element model of body frame was built using Abaqus, and the first ten modal vibration frequencies were calculated.The accuracy of model simulation was verified by experiment.The results showed that the natural frequency of body frame could avoid excited frequencies of the knife roller, gear-box and tractor.The left and right side panel of body frame were weak parts of the machine.The amplitude of the left side panel installed with strengthened u-steel was smaller than the right one without the u-steel support.The study was expected to provide reference for the design and optimization of sweet potato vine shattering and returning machine body frame.Keywords：sweet potato vine;returning machine;finit element method;modal test;modal analysis0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：A remote monitoring system for greenhouse was designed based on Wireless Sensors Network, aiming to avoid the negative effects brought by obstructions to signal and complicated wiring and inconvenient management.The sensor nodes were developed based on MSP430F149 as the core and nRF905 RF chip as the wireless communication module, both of them powered by solar battery.The sink node was developed based on MSP430F149 as the core, which could be used to collect and transmit data.The whole system could realize the greenhouse environmental information collection and transmission in real time.In this system, star network topology was accepted, and the energy consumption was reduced through regular sleep and power-down.CSMA/CA algorithm for wireless transmission protocol was accepted to avoid the conflict of information transmission between sensor nodes.The communication performance testing results showed that the effective communication distance was 192 m when 10 dB RF power was used and the sensor nodes were installed at the height of 1.5 m.The system had low power consumption, high stability, and so on.The average packet loss rate was 1.1%.In sunny conditions, it could work for a long time.Keywords：wireless sensor network;greenhouse monitoring;wireless transmission;environmental information0|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To explore the changes of temperature and heat transfer characteristic in the north wall layer of the Chinese solar greenhouse, a one-dimensional difference model for unsteady heat transfer of wall was established.By the corresponding computer program with MATLAB, the temperature and the heat flux of any point in the wall at any time could be obtained.The analysis showed that the simulation model could accurately estimate the temperature of soil north wall in solar greenhouse.The effective heat storage layer existed in the inner surface of wall, which played a positive role on indoor thermal environment of solar greenhouse.As the heat flux of the effective heat storage layer was from the indoor to the outdoor during the day, and was from the outdoor to the indoor at night, the thickness of the layer was determined by the direction of heat flux.The effective heat storage layer was associated with the weather, the total thickness of wall and thermo physical properties of the wall material.The thickness of the storage layer that calculated in certain cases was from 0.26 to 0.45 m.A maximum value appeared on a continuous snowy day.In addition, it theoretically verified the existence of a thermal-stable layer inside 3 m soil wall whose heat flux was relatively constant in the solar greenhouse.Keywords：solar greenhouse;heat transfer;simulation with MATLAB;difference equation5|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In this study, the correlation between the physical traits and seed vigor of wheat seed (Nongda 399) was analyzed, several morphological and physical traits was captured with image recognition technology.The objective of this research was to test the feasibility on selection of wheat seeds processing technology and the parameter of Seed Identification software developed by our lab.The PNG format images of 400 wheat seeds were acquired with flatbed scanner, and the color features of wheat seed such as RGB, HSB, Lab, gray scale, and width, length and projected area were extracted automatically and quickly with the software.The Seed Identification software could identify the image and record related seed physical information, and then output all the information into an Excel file automatically.The identifying results could be achieved in 1 second, very quickly, with errors lower than 2%.Seedling length, fresh weight after 5－day germination and simple vigor index were used as the indicators of seed quality.The results of correlation analysis showed that projected area, length and width were all significantly correlated with seedling's fresh weight.The correlation coefficients were 0.45, 0.40 and 0.37 respectively.Wheat seeds were grouped into three intervals according to projected area、length and width, verification test results showed that seed vigor increased along with the increase of seed projection area、length and width.There was significant difference among different groups.Therefore, according to the market demands for seed quality or quantity, people could determine the optimum seed selection technology and parameters and get the high vigor seeds from a seed batch quickly and accurately.Keywords：wheat;seed Identification;seed morphological and physical traits;seed selection;seed vigor1|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The paper proposed a cluster classification algorithm for the detection of accuracy of multi-scale corner used for seed damage detection.The algorithm was used to classify multi-scale damage feature corner and to explore cluster-candidate feature points of damage via non-maximum suppression in space domain and scale domain.The candidate feature points were used for the computation to refine the accuracy of the features.Experiment result showed that the algorithm midht remove the redundant points of detection for damage feature of existing multi-scale corner algorithm.It could improve accuracy to locate seed damage feature of multi-scale and reduce time complexity of iterative computation.Keywords：seed;multi-scale;corner;cluster classification;damage feature1|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to evaluate the design quality of human-machine operation interface for agricultural equipment, a calculation method of matching evaluation was researched in this paper.The quantitative correlation model of human-machine interface element position and operator body size was established, and Newton iterative method was used to solve the model.An agricultural vehicle was used to test the method, and the results showed that the assessment derived from the model was consistent with the drivers' sensation.The method can obtain evaluation results of man-machine interface without building virtual model and the actual operation test.Using the method could effectively reduce the design cost and enhance the quality of equipment design.Keywords：agricultural equipment;human-machine interface;operation posture;evaluation;calculation model0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：A major problem in agro-product storage is the infestation of insect pests.Present quarantine treatments for domestic markets include chemical fumigation and ionizing radiation.The need to replace those methods becomes more urgent because of concerns about the health hazards of chemical pesticides and its environment pollution.An innovative technique using radio frequency (RF) heating can extend storage with low cost and good quality of agro-product, especially for those with low heat transfer coefficient and its quality susceptible to heat.The objectives of this review were firstly to introduce the recent advances on the post-harvest pest control of agro-product abroad, then to analyze the existing problems in particular and finally to prospect a tendency and significance of possible practical application of RF treatment for agro-product insect control in China.Keywords：agro-product storage;radio frequency heating;dialectic properties;temperature uniformity1|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The technology of photoelectric inducing-trapping locust plague is mainly based on the property of locust phototaxis.It depends on both light source and corresponding mechanical structures which act as the control factor for inducing direction and capturing locust plague.The experimental results confirmed that the light sources with short spectrum obviously inspired high phototaxis, as well as drastically strengthened locust's phototaxis behaviors.Based on locust's phototaxis, the machine of photoelectric inducing-trapping plague locust was designed and manufactured to realize the inducing collection of plague locust.The biomimetic designed slippery trapping plate successfully reduced the attaching ability of locust attachment system and caused the gathered locust to efficiently slide into the machine.Photoelectric inducing-trapping plague locust could avoid ecological environment pollution from utilizing pesticide, and achieve the resource utilization of the captured locust as well.It therefore possesses a comprehensive prospect in the aspect of physical agriculture.Keywords：locust plague;photoelectric inducing-trapping;phototaxis property;surface structure biomimetic1|12|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：This paper is concerned on shortcomings and practical effects of current compensation system for farmland protection in China.The employed methods included the integrated analysis, research and practice experiences summarization, qualitative description and documentation.The results showed that the pressure of fund raising, difficulty of determining the standards and the lack of matching mechanisms were the main bottlenecks for the practice and development of the compensation of farmland protection.Full use of the funds from various channels was an important basis to guarantee the steady implementation of the compensation of farmland protection.Constructing a regional multi-type calculation system of compensation standard and selecting some typical regions for the trial implementation could make the compensation much fairer and more objective, which might make the future system design much easier and quell financial tensions.With a stable and reliable fund-raising scheme, the compensation of farmland protection could be designed more scientifically and reasonably.The protection of arable land might benefit a lot from the system.It was also proposed in this paper that the reasonable system design, standardized and transparent supervision and control of funds and quality dynamic monitoring were all the prerequisites of the compensation of farmland protection.Keywords：protection of farmland;protection;practice analysis;problems;suggestions0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The risks of genetically modified food (GMF) has been controversial for years, consumers' perceived risks of GMF directly affect their acceptance and sustainable development.Based on the questionnaire data collected from 372 consumers in Wuhan, this paper made empirical analysis on consumers' perceived risks of GMF and their influencing factors with analysis software of SPSS 17.0 and AMOS 7.0.The results showed the level of consumers' perceived risks on GMF was a little higher than medium, but lower than the risk concern for the ordinary food.It was found by confirmatory factor analysis that the perceived risks were mainly the risk of food performance, the risk of human health, environment security risk, and the economic risks.Results also revealed three interrelated factors, namely product elements, consumers involvement and degree of trust were main influencing factors of consumers' perceived risks on GMF.Therefore, this study proposes countermeasures and suggestions to strengthen consumers' confidence in GMF from three aspects, such as improving the scientific cognition and involvement of GMF, and credibility of government regulation of consumers.Keywords：GMF;perceived risk;structural equation model0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The purpose of the study is to explore the "two types" agriculture behavioral differences between traditional and technology demonstration households and to improve the promotional efficiency of "two types" agriculture.Based on the micro- survey data of households in Hubei province, a comparative analysis on "two types" agriculture behavioral differences between traditional and technology demonstration households was conducted.The roots of "two types" agriculture behavioral differences between the two types of households were explored using regress model.The results showed that there were significant differences in behavior of "two types" agriculture between the two types households, and the "two types" agriculture behavior of technology demonstration households was obviously higher than traditional households, but the two types households were both in lack of deep-seated "two types" agricultural behavior;the roots of behavioral differences lay in the different human capital, farming scale and assessments to information and technology of the two types households, moreover, both of these households needed to enrich "two types" knowledge and upgrade "two types" awareness to deepen "two types" agricultural behavior.Keywords：traditional households;technology demonstration households;"two types" agriculture behavior;difference0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：An index evaluation system is established in this paper based on essence of modern agriculture and actual investigation.Using entropy weight method and lineally-weighting method, the development level of modern agriculture in Hebei province, Zhangjiakou city and Zhuolu County was estimated and analyzed from 2005 to 2012.The results showed that the development level of modern agriculture in Zhuolu County had a trend of increase, generally higher than that of Zhangjiakou, significantly lower than that of Hebei province.The output benefits, industrialization, sustainable development and rural social economic development of Zhuolu County improved inordinately, while material level declined, and economic structure level presented large fluctuations.Compared with Zhangjiakou city, Zhuolu County had higher level of material and the output benefits.Compared with Hebei province, Zhuolu County was lower in material, economic structure and rural social economic development.Combined with the evaluation results, this study puts forward the key recommendations to enhance modern agricultural of the county.Keywords：modern agriculture;development level;evaluation;entropy weight;Zhuolu County0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Based on the research data of 305 consumers from 13 provinces (cities or counties) nationwide, in this article, consumers' willingness to buy duck products with safety certificates as well as the influencing factors were analyzed with a Logistic model.The results showed that consumers' willingness to buy duck products with safety certificates was influenced by many factors, including their education degrees, family population, responsibility in family food shopping, concerns about food safety of duck products, the categories of duck products with safety certificates on the market, sales channels, sanitation, origin and brands of duck products with safety certificates, bearable price and the attention paid to duck products safety after the event of H7N9 flu.Various factors had distinct directions and significant differences.The educational level, origin and brand recognition after the H7N9 avian flu, concern about the safety of duck products and other influencing factors were significant in a statistical significance level of 10%.The number of family members and whether who were the family main food buyers, affordable prices, duck product categories with safety certificates of the market and other influencing factors were significant in a statistical significance level of 5%.Consumers' quality and safety concern of duck products, sales channels of duck products with safety certificates, health and other influencing factors were more significant in a statistical significance level of 1%.Accordingly, the following policy implications have been revealed, including subdividing the duck product market with safety certification, reducing the information asymmetry problems to a maximum extension, strengthening the application of both the government and the market, optimizing the consumption environment, and improving the competitiveness of the duck products with safety certification in the market.Keywords：duck;safety certificate;consumers’ Intention;influencing factors;logistic model1|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Based on stakeholder theory, 687 farmers who participated New Rural Cooperative Medical System(NRCMS)in Shannxi province were selected as sample data for analyzing the medical-care security capabilities and impact factors of NRCMS by structural equation model (SEM).The data analysis showed that the support capability of designated medical institutions, government and the cooperative medical service agencies had significantly positive effect on the whole support ability of the NRCMS.Medical institutions' environment, medical staff skill and medical equipment condition were key factors that affected the whole support ability of NRCMS.Improving the software and hardware conditions and the micro-operating mechanism would be effective measures to meet the peasants' strong elasticity demand for medical service.Keywords：new-type rural cooperative medical system;structural equation model;security capability;impact factors0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：It is meant to account for forest's ecosystem services (ES) on an equal footing with the market economy while deciding the standard of payments for ecosystem services (PES) by approach of valuing the forest's ES.However several problems bedevil the application of valuation approach.One is what should count.The others include what are the valuation principles, and how value the stock or the flux of ES.In this paper, ecology and economics theory were used to describe what should be counted and the principles should be followed.The types of ES value and ES flux were clearly defined and evaluated as well.Keywords：forest ecosystem services;payments for ecosystem services;types of value;principles;Indicators0|10|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Wheat is the second major grain crops in the world and plays a pivotal role on food supply in China.Wheat species of high yielding, strong disease and stress resistance are still rare at present, so wheat production is under certain constraints.Searching the excellent genetic resources to breed wheat variety with high yield, good quality, strong resistance is an important task for wheat breeding.Aegilops tauschii is the donor of D genome in wheat and contains a large number of genes of disease resistance, insect resistance, stress tolerance and wheat quality improvement.Finding out its excellent genes for the wheat breeding could undoubtedly enrich wheat genetic resources, promote and provide reference for the wheat breeding work.The study reviews the progress of researches on Aegilops Tauschii in terms of its molecule level, disease, insect and stress resistance, the research in protein storage and the application of Aegilops tauschii on wheat breeding.Keywords：Aegilops tauschii;genetic resources;resistance gene;storage protein;wheat breeding1|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：cDNA library is a classic tool to discover new genes and explore their function.Cotton is one of the most important economic crops in the world, many cDNA libraries have been constructed, a large number of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) resources of cotton have been generated and played important roles in gene discovery and function exploring.This paper focus on the application of cDNA libraries on cotton gene discovery.Keywords：cotton;cDNA library;gene discovery2|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
