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- Abstract：In order to explore the water-saving potential of optimizing irrigation system in the winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system in the North China Plain, this study, based on the bibliometrics method systematically combed the amount of publications, citations, high-impact journals, authors, research units, high-frequency words and experiment sites related to the annual optimization irrigation system of winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system in North China from 1995 to 2020, for analyzing the research situation and correlation analysis by CiteSpace. On this basis, the key water-saving irrigation water demand of winter wheat crop to high technology were further organized, including the engineering water saving technology(micro sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation), biological water saving technology(varieties)and a typical agricultural water saving technology(optimizing irrigation system. The water saving technology on winter wheat yield, water consumption and water use efficiency were systemly analyzed. The results showed that: 1)The number of papers related to the annual optimization irrigation system of winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system in North China showed a significant increase in recent years, with a good development trend, but there was a lack of highly cited papers at the same time. China Agricultural University, Agricultural Resources Research Center of Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Henan Agricultural University ranked the top three, accounting for 27%, 10% and 10% of the total published papers, respectively, showing high activity in this field. 2)From the perspective of high-frequency words, this field mainly focused on WUE, yield, photosynthetic characteristics, growth characteristics, model simulation, etc. However, there were also some problems in related fields, such as the lack of close cooperation between the lead author and some research institutions, uneven distribution of field experiment sites and lack of long-term stable positioning observation experiments, etc. 3)The literature metrology study of winter wheat with high irrigation water demand showed that sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, micro-sprinkler irrigation and selection of drought-resistant water-saving varieties could reduce water consumption by 7%-13%, increase yield by 2%-10% and increase WUE by 5%-28%. By optimizing irrigation system, reducing irrigation times, and ensuring water demand in key growth stages of winter wheat according to different precipitation year types, the water consumption in field can be reduced by 9%-25%, yield can be reduced by 2%-18%, and water use efficiency by 6%-9%. In conclusion, in order to further ensure food production and water resource security, two crops of winter wheat and summer corn per year should be taken as a whole to fully consider annual water use, rationally optimize annual irrigation system, and construct integrated agronomic water-saving technology system and irrigation equipment and technology.Keywords：optimized irrigation regime;winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system;north China plain;bibliometrics;research trend;water-saving potential7|10|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：A rational evaluation of lodging resistance is of great importance to maize production. The aim of this study was to understand the current research progress of evaluation methods(stem quality evaluation, root system evaluation, field wind tunnel test, and field in-situ test)and their related equipment to determine maize lodging resistance. We compiled existing available studies with “maize” and “lodging resistance” as keywords in China Knowledge Resource Database(CNKI)and patent search database of China National Intellectual Property Administration from 1990 to 2020. Data were summarized and analyzed to assess the relative advantages and improvement directions of different evaluation methods. The results show that 1)Field in-situ non-damage testing method does well in simulating the stress of maize plants under different wind speeds and should be widely used due to its higher efficiency and lower cost; 2)Relationships between individual plants and community and between biomechanics and actual winds should be clarified for better evaluation on the lodging resistance, and then the real-time changes in the lodging resistance of individual maize plants can reflect their substantial responses at the community level; 3)The development of specific instruments for in-situ nondestructive testing and the establishment on a quantitative evaluation index system based on data collection from field tests at different temporal and spatial scales are highlighted in the future. The observations in our review can provide technical support for the reasonable evaluation of lodging resistance in maize and for the development and application of in-situ non-damage testing in the field.4|10|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to investigate the variability of antioxidant substances and mineral elements in brown rice under salt stress, six genotypes of rice, ‘Haihong 11', ‘Haihong 12', ‘Jianxin 99', ‘Yangshanxiangdao', ‘Xiangzhan 3' and ‘Taixiangzhan', were taken as materials. Nine soil treatments with different NaCl content(0, 0. 5, 1. 0, 1. 5, 2. 0, 2. 5, 3. 0, 3. 5 and 4. 0 g/kg), were used to determine antioxidant substances(ascorbic acid, phytic acid, anthocyanin and total flavonoids)and mineral elements(P, Fe, Zn, Mg, Se and Mn)in rice. Canonical correlation and canonical redundancy analysis were performed. The results showed that: 1)The accumulation of anthocyanin content in rice was affected by the independent interaction between genotype and NaCl treatment, while the contents of P, Zn, Fe and Se were significantly correlated with each other. 2)The phytic acid content of ‘Jianxin 99' rice was the lowest among the different NaCl concentrations except for 1. 5 g/kg NaCl treatment, which was 72% to 92% lower than that of the genotypes with the highest content in the eight treatments, respectively. Except for the NaCI treatment of 0. 5, 1. 0 and 3. 5 g/kg, the content of ascorbic acid in ‘Haihong 12' rice was the highest, which was 105% to 566% higher than that of the genotype rice with the lowest content in the six treatments. 3)The canonical correlation and canonical redundancy analysis were carried out for mineral elements and antioxidant substances in rice. The results of canonical correlation analysis showed that the correlation coefficient of the first pair of canonical variables(U1, V1)was 0. 546(P<0. 01), and of this pair of typical variables, with the decrease of Zn and Se content and the increase of Fe content, the contents of ascorbic acid and phytic acid in rice tended to increase. The results of canonical redundancy analysis displayed that the first pair of canonical variables explained 39. 1% of the variation of antioxidant indexes and 20. 2% of the variation of mineral elements, while antioxidant indexes explained 11. 7% of the total variation of mineral elements and mineral elements explained 6. 0% of the total variation of antioxidant indexes. In conclusion, under different NaCl treatment, the contents of ascorbic acid and phytic acid were significantly different among different genotypes of rice; except Mg, the accumulation of other mineral elements was significantly different between treatments with different NaCl. Under the interaction of genotypes and different NaCl treatments, Fe content was significantly positively correlated with ascorbic acid and phytic acid contents, while Zn and Se contents were significantly negatively correlated with ascorbic acid and phytic acid contents, respectively.Keywords：rice;antioxidant substance;mineral elements;salt stress;canonical correlation5|11|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to identify suitable drought resistance evaluation methods of foxtail millet, a total of 35 foxtail millet cultivars were used in this study. Experiments were conducted under both normal irrigation and 0. 03 mol/L PEG-6000 solution drought stress to simulate drought resistance. Frequency analysis and correlation analysis were conducted to compare the correlation between the selected nine indicators and the drought resistance during foxtail millet germination. Factor analysis combined with step wise regression analysis was used to screen the effective evaluation indicators for drought resistance of germination. The most suitable comprehensive drought resistance identification standard was obtained through the membership function, and based on this, the selected cultivars were clustered and the drought resistance levels were classified. The results showed that: The germination potential, germination rate, germination index, root fresh and dry weight, bud fresh and dry weight, bud and root length of the 35 cultivars were inhibited, among which the germination potential was affected most by the drought stress. Except the germination coefficient, the germination potential was extremely significant or significantly correlated with other indicators. Through factor analysis, the nine individual traits were transformed into four factors with a cumulative contribution rate of 86. 74%. The drought resistance of 35 foxtail millet cultivars was divided into four levels, including 7 highly resistant, 15 moderately resistant, 9 susceptible, and 4 extremely intolerant foxtail millet cultivars through membership function combined with cluster analysis. Meanwhile, a regression equation, y=-0. 187+0. 554xRBDW+0. 550xRRL+0. 264xRRFW, was established to estimate the tolerance of foxtail millet cultivars to drought stress. The relative root fresh weight, relative bud dry weight and relative root length were identified as important indicators to assess the resistance of foxtail millet germination. In conclusion, under drought stress, the drought tolerance of different varieties of foxtail millet at germination stage could be identified and evaluated quickly and accurately by measuring the three indicators.Keywords：foxtail millet;germination;drought resistance;drought resistance index;comprehensive evaluation12|11|18<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To explore the specific traits and genetic potential of Xinjiang long-staple cotton bred varieties, a total of 38 long-staple cotton varieties bred during 2010-2019 were taken as research materials. The yield level, maturity condition, agronomic characters, quality traits and disease resistance were analyzed by using cluster classified and the gray correlation. The results showed that: The yields of the 38 long-staple cotton bred varieties were all higher than that of CK in the same period. The lint yield was 1 778. 75 kg/hm2, which increased by 12. 39% compared with that of CK. The average growth period and the rate of pre-frost lint were 136. 82 d and 93. 74%, respectively. The gray correlation analysis was carried out to study the correlation of the seven agronomic characters with lint yield of the 38 long-staple cotton bred varieties. It was found that the correlation degree from high to low was single boll weight>lint percentage>seed index>plant height>first node position>fruit branch>boll number per plant. The fiber length of these varieties ranged from 36. 4 to 41. 4 mm. The fiber length of 32 varieties accounted for 84. 21% of the total number was ≥37 mm. The fiber strength value, micronaire value and fiber uniformity index were 42. 8-48. 8 cN/tex, 3. 6-4. 5 and 87. 4%-90. 1%, respectively. The annual disease index of Fusarium wilt ranged from 0. 05 to 10. 68, and all the 38 bred varieties belonged to high resistance, tolerant and resistance to Fusarium wilt disease. A total of seventeen bred varieties displayed high resistance to Verticillium wilt disease. Seven agronomic traits and four fiber quality traits were used for cluster analysis, and the 38 long-staple cotton bred varieties were divided into four different groups. Based on the results in this study, the general trend of bred varieties yield was relatively stable during 2010-2019. The length of growth period showed a trend of shortening year by year, and the rate of pre-frost lint was increasing with each passing year. The boll weight and lint percentage had the greatest influence on lint yield by the grey correlation analysis, and its correlation coefficient reached 0. 79. The fiber length of bred varieties increased with each passing year. The performance of fiber strength, micronaire value and fiber uniformity index maintained at a high level but had no major breakthrough. The 38 bred varieties fell into the category of high resistance, resistance or tolerant to Fusarium wilt disease, and disease index of Verticillium wilt presented annually decreasing trend. Cluster analysis classified the 38 varieties into four groups: The first cluster mainly belonged to varieties with taller plant height, the second cluster mostly belonged to varieties with higher lint percentage, the third cluster mainly belonged to varieties with bigger boll weight, the fourth cluster mostly belonged to varieties with shorter plant height. In conclusion, the results above could be used to modify selected cross breeding materials based on specific breeding objectives in production.Keywords：long-staple cotton;variety;development tendency;comprehensive evaluation6|11|5<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In view of the differences between the cotton seed particle model directly based on EDEM and the actual cotton seed shape and the lacking of the simulation parameters, the basic physical parameters of Xinluzhong No. 67 cotton seed and contact parameters between cotton seed and plexiglass plate were determined by physical test methods. Reverse engineering technology was used to establish the discrete element model of cotton seed. The quadratic regression model of repose angle relative error and contact parameters between coated cotton seeds was established by response surface analysis method. Combined with physical experiment and simulation experiment, the contact parameters between coated cotton seeds were calibrated to determine the optimal contact parameters of simulation experiment in EDEM software. Verification tests with calibrated contact parameters were carried out by the cotton precision seeding device. The results showed that: The Poisson's ratio and the shear modulus of Xinluzhong No. 67 cotton seed were 0. 27 and 14 MPa, respectively. The surface friction characteristics of cotton seed were affected by seed coating agent. The static friction coefficient, rolling friction coefficient and restitution coefficient between coated cotton seed and plexiglass plate were 0. 49, 0. 21 and 0. 25, respectively. The restitution coefficient, static friction coefficient and rolling friction coefficient between coated cotton seeds were 0. 19, 0. 23 and 0. 13, respectively. Under the optimal simulation parameters combination, the relative error of qualified index and missing index were both less than 5%. The model and contact parameters of coated cotton seed explored in this study could provide a reference for the discrete element simulation experiment.Keywords：coated cotton seed;physical parameters;discrete element;parameter calibration5|11|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Aiming at the problem of excessive chemical fertilizer application for potato production in northern Shanxi, based on a 3-year positioning fertilization experiment, the effects of three different fertilization models on photosynthesis characteristics, yield formation and quality of potato, including no nitrogen fertilization(CK), farmers' conventional fertilization(CF), equal nitrogen 30% organic substitution treatment(CM)were studied. The results showed that: 1)With the development of potato growth, both the relative chlorophyll content(SPAD)and net photosynthetic rate(Pn)decreased. The descending order of SPAD and Pn of three treatments was CM>CF>CK at each stage. The changes in stomatal conductance(Gs), transpiration rate(Tr)and intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci)were different at each stage. The photosynthetic indexes of CM treatment were better than those of CF and CK treatments at the late growth period. 2)Compared with CK treatment, the yield of CF and CM treatment increased by 13. 4% and 16. 6%, respectively, and the commercial potato rate of CF and CM treatment increased by 2. 32% and 1. 46%, respectively. 3)Compared with CK treatment, both CF and CM treatments could increase starch content, reduce sugar content and water content. CM treatment had a significant effect on protein content. In conclusion, the equal nitrogen 30% organic substitution treatment could increase the chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate of leaves, effectively prolong the photosynthetic function period of leaves, improve the photosynthetic characteristics of potato in the late growth period, promote the increase of potato yield and increase the protein content of potato tubers. The equal nitrogen 30% organic substitution is more suitable for potato planting in northern Shanxi than conventional fertilization.Keywords：potato;organic substitution;photosynthetic characteristics;yield formation;quality6|10|3<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To investigate IbWRKY7 expression pattern of sweet potato in response to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. batatas(Fob)infection, a novel WRKY family gene IbWRKY7 was cloned from high resistance Fusarium wilt variety ‘Eshu 11'. Bioinformatics analysis and the expression levels of IbWRKY7 in ‘Eshu 11' and Fob-susceptible cultivars ‘Lizixiang' under infection by Fob were carried out. The result of bioinformatics analysis showed that the full length of IbWRKY7 CDS sequence was 945 bp, encoding 314 amino acids. It was presumed that IbWRKY7 encodes an unstable hydrophilic protein, and its molecular weight was 33. 92 kU. The isoelectric point was 9. 82, and contained one WRKYGQK and one C2HC type zinc-finger domain. Different promoter cis-acting elements such as plant hormone response elements Myb(Myeloblastosis), stress response element MYB(Myeloblastosis), and MYC(Myelocytometosis)were found in the 2 000 bp promoter region upstream of IbWRKY7 gene. The multiple sequences alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that IbWRKY7 protein was the closest to the InWRKY7 of Ipomoea nil and the ItWRKY7 of Ipomoea triloba. The results of subcellular localization prediction showed that IbWRKY7 protein was a nucleus localized protein. The results of real-time quantitative PCR analysis indicated that the expression level of IbWRKY7 in ‘Eshu 11' was significantly increased(P<0. 05)at 2, 4, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h compared with 0 h under Fob infection. The expression of IbWRKY7 in ‘Lizixiang' was significantly higher than that of 0 h at 7 other time points except 24 h under Fob infection. The expression level of IbWRKY7 in ‘Eshu 11' was significantly higher than that of ‘Lizixiang' from 2 to 48 h under Fob infection. The results of two-factor ANOVA showed that IbWRKY7 expression levels were significant different among different cultivars and different infection time points. To sum up, the 2 000 bp promoter region upstream of IbWRKY7 contains 12 cis-acting elements related to hormone and stress response. IbWRKY7 has typical structural characteristics of the WRKY family, which belongs to Ⅲ-type WRKY protein, and its amino acid sequence was highly similar to those homologous species and highly conserved during evolution. The expression of IbWRKY7 could be induced by Fob infection and there were significant differences among sweet potato varieties with different Fusarium wilt resistance.0|9|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to investigate the effects of potassium application on root rot rate and carbohydrate content of sweet potato during storage, sweet potato varieties ‘Shangshu19' and ‘Xinxiang' were taken as study materials. Five potassium rates(0, 75, 150, 225, 300 kg/hm2, named as K0, K1, K2, K3 and K4, respectively)were applied at cutting day and 30 days after cutting. The rot rate, nutritional quality and amylase activity of sweet potato roots were measured at 14 ℃ and 85% relative humidity for 0, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days after storage. The results showed that: ‘Shangshu19' of K2 treatment and ‘Xinxiang' of K3 treatment displayed better storability performances at 18. 25% and 23%. During the storage, the starch contents of ‘ShangShu19' and ‘Xinxiang' decreased firstly and increased afterwards, while the soluble sugar content firstly increased and then decreased. Among them, the starch content of ‘ShangShu19' of K2 treatment was the highest at 82. 05%. The fructose and glucose content of ‘Xinxiang' of K3 treatment was significantly higher than those in other treatments. Therefore, application of potassium fertilizer(K2O)at the concentration of 150 kg/hm2 can effectively reduce the rot rate of sweetpotato during storage and maintain good nutritional quality.6|9|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To uncover the relationship between the accumulation of starch components and starch metabolism during mung bean grain filling, four mung bean cultivars, ‘Lvfeng 2', ‘Anlv 7', ‘Ankang' and ‘Ji0816Mao-3', were used in the study. The accumulation and changes of amylose, amylopectin and total starch as well as the changes of enzyme activities related to starch metabolism during the grain formation of mung bean after flowering were measured. The starch accumulation process was fitted by Logistic equation and the correlation was analyzed. The results showed that the accumulation of amylose, amylopectin and total starch increased continuously during the process of mung bean grain formation. The starch synthase AGPase, GBSS, SSS and SBE of four mung bean varieties showed a trend of increasing at first and then decreasing at the grain-filling stage. The dynamics of starch accumulation in the seeds of all cultivars can be fitted by Logistic equation. The maximum starch accumulation rate of ‘Anlv 7' and ‘Ji0816 Mao-3' appeared in 8-11 d after anthesis, while the maximum filling rate of ‘Lvfeng 2' and ‘Ankang' appeared in 15-18 d after anthesis. There was an extreme significant positive correlation between AGPase enzyme activity and starch accumulation rate. In conclusion, AGPase is the key enzyme of mung bean starch synthesis and the accumulation of total starch in mung bean is mainly regulated by AGPase.Keywords：mung bean;starch synthesis;amylosynthease;amylose;amylopectin8|9|3<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to explore the temporal and spatial changes and regional advantages of sugarcane production in China, based on the sugarcane production data of all provinces and counties(excluding Hong Kong, Macao Special Administrative Region and Taiwan Province)from 1985 to 2018, this study analyzed the temporal and spatial dynamic changes of the planting area, production and yield of sugarcane in China. The contribution rate of planting area, yield and interaction to sugarcane production were quantified, and the advantage degree of sugarcane production in China was evaluated. The results showed that: 1)From 1985 to 2018, the sugarcane planting area in China increased first and then decreased, and the change trends of both yield and planting area were the same. These areas were mainly concentrated in the south of Guangxi, southwest of Yunnan, west of Guangdong and north of Hainan. 2)In China's sugarcane planting areas, nearly 50% of the county's planting area and production decreased by more than 50%, and 42% of the county's yield increased by more than 50%. 3)The long-term contribution of sugarcane yield in China was dominated by area, and the dominant proportion of sugarcane yield per unit area decreased by about 5% from 2010 to 2018. 4)From 2010 to 2018, the dominant areas of sugarcane production in China were Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Yunnan Province and Guangdong Province. From 2001 to 2018, the high production cost of domestic raw sugarcane and the low price of imported sugar have caused the imbalance of sugar supply and losses of enterprises, which has seriously limited the development of sugarcane industry. Therefore, the sugarcane planting area should be reasonably planned to improve the unit yield of sugarcane, and actively promote the whole process mechanization of sugarcane production, and reduce the production cost of sugarcane industry.Keywords：sugarcane;spatio-temporal changes;regional advantages;ArcGIS5|20|3<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to screen the key genes of muscle growth in different growth stages of large Diqing Tibetan pig(TP)and analyze their regulatory pathways, the transcriptome of longissimus dorsi(LD)of TPs of 40, 80 and 120 kg was sequenced based on RNA-seq, and the sequencing data were spliced, compared, annotated and analyzed. The differential genes related to muscle growth were screened for STEM analysis and function analysis, and the differential gene interaction network was constructed. The results showed that: 1)There were respectively 730 and 981 genes significantly differentially expressed in 10-40 kg stage and 40-80 kg stage and 40-80 kg stage and 80-120 kg stage. 2)STEM analysis of differential expression genes(DEGs)showed that there were four modules with significant differences. The DEGs in modules 11 and 14 were up-regulated first and then slightly down-regulated. The DEGs of modules 9 and 10 were up-regulated first and down-regulated later. 3)The differential gene interaction network analysis showed that at 10-40 kg vs 40-80 kg, FOS gene was located in the center of regulatory network and interacted with EGRs, CCL2 and NOR-1. The up-regulation of NOR-1 leads to the acceleration of muscle growth, the down-regulation of FOS inhibits myogenic differentiation, the down-regulation of EGRs lead to the decrease of collagen fiber bundles, and the down-regulation of CCL2 leads to the damage of muscle regeneration. At 40-80 kg vs 80-120 kg, FOXO1, PPARD, PDK4 and other genes were located in the center of the network. The up-regulation of SFRPs genes prevent myoblasts from entering the terminal differentiation. The down-regulation of FZD7 slows down muscle fiber hypertrophy, down-regulation of FOXO1 leads to the decrease of myostatin mRNA and slows down the process of muscle atrophy. PPARD and FOXO1 both reduce the content of PDK4, so as to enhance the activity of muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, increase carbohydrate oxidation and glucose uptake, and thicken muscle fibers, which is consistent with the law that the growth rate of TPs is faster at 40-80 kg, significantly faster than that at 10-40 kg, and slowly decreases after 80 kg. 4)A total of twelve DEGs were selected for qPCR verification. EGR1, SFRP1, FOXO1 were confirmed by qPCR and RNA-seq. In conclusion, this study identified twelve DEGs affecting muscle growth of TPs at different growth stages by RNA-seq. This study can provide a reference for analyzing the genetic regulation mechanism of muscle growth of local pigs and improving the lean meat yield of TP by molecular marker assisted selection.Keywords：large Diqing Tibetan pig;RNA-seq;muscle growth;differential expression gene;regulatory pathway8|8|3<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：This study estimated genetic parameters of age at the onset of egg laying(AOE)of Lueyang black-boned chicken(LBC)and tested the association of sequence variants of FSHR gene to quantitatively assess the genetic determinant for AOE. AOE and numbers of eggs from the onset of egg laying to 30(EN30), 40(EN40)and 56(EN56)weeks of age of 675 Lueyang black-boned chickens(LBC), which were hatched in the same time, were measured. The heritability of AOE was estimated using a univariate animal model, and the genetic correlation between AOE and EN was estimated using a bivariate animal model. The non-synonymous variants(Thr46Ile, Lys151Arg and Met335Thr)in the FSHR gene were genotyped by Sequenom MassARRAY platform. The associations of these variants with AOE were tested using a univariate linear mixed model. The results showed that: 1)The average AOE of LBC was(147. 5±7. 8)d, of which 75 % of the chickens would begin to lay an egg before 151 days. The average number of eggs at 30 weeks old was(28. 0±7. 6), (58. 6±15. 0)at 40 weeks old and(75. 1±20. 4)at 56 weeks old. 2)The heritability of AOE was 0. 08(95 % confidence interval, 0. 017-0. 21). There was a strong negative genetic correlation(-0. 98, 95 % confidence interval, -1. 0 - 0. 7)between AOE and EN at each stage, but there was a moderate(-0. 59 - 0. 21)phenotypic correlation between AOE and EN. There was a strong genetic(rA=-0. 98, 95% confidence interval, 0. 84-1. 00)and phenotypic correlation(rp=0. 48-0. 79)between EN at each stage. 3)Of the three FSHR non-synonymous mutations, Thr46 and Met335 were not conserved, but Lys151 was completely conserved in birds and mammals. There was no significant association between this three non-synonymous mutations and AOE(P>0. 05). In conclusion, the genetic effects are weak determinant of AOE, but there is a strong genetic correlation between AOE and EN. The results suggest that feeding management is more efficient in determining AOE than breeding. It is feasible to indirectly select number of eggs according to AOE, but the accuracy of indirect selection decreases with increase of egg production time.Keywords：Lueyang black-boned chicken;age at the onset of egg laying;egg laying performance;heritability;genetic correlation;FSHR0|10|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
Cloning ofgene from sika deer and expression analysis of antler tip skin tissues at different stages
Abstract：In order to analyze the biological characteristics of KGF gene and its expression differences in the skin tissue at the tip of sika deer in different stages, the KGF gene of sika deer was cloned from the tip skin tissue of male sika deer. Fluorescent quantitative PCR was used to analyze the expression difference of KGF gene in the tip skin tissue of sika deer antler at different growth stage. The results showed that: 1)The complete coding region of KGF gene was successfully cloned. The KGF gene was 585 bp in length encoding 194 amino acids. The KGF protein was an unstable hydrophilic protein with transmembrane structure. Its relative molecular mass was 22 489. 17 and the theoretical isoelectric point pI value was 9. 35. The secondary structure was dominated by random coils. 2)The Blastp comparison showed that the similarity of sika deer of KGF gene with red deer, white-tailed deer, cattle, bison, and goat was more than 99%. 3)The expression of KGF gene in the antler tip skin were significantly different(P<0. 05)between the early and mid-term stage, the early and late stage, and the expression level in the mid-term stage was(2. 158 5±0. 014 1)times higher than that in the early stage. The expression level in the later stage was(1. 728 5±0. 225 3)times higher than that in the early stage; the expression level was not significantly different between the middle and late stages(P>0. 05). In conclusion, the KGF gene of sika deer is highly conserved in evolution and plays an important role in the growth and development of antler and tissue repair. The relative expression levels of KGF gene in antler skin tissues are different in different stages. This study lays a foundation for further exploring the molecular mechanism of velvet antler growth and provides reference for tissue injury repair in mammals.Keywords：sika deer;KGF;gene;gene expression2|10|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27- Abstract：In order to explore the molecular mechanism of pyroptosis in tumor immune microenvironment, the research status of small animal tumors, pyroptosis, protein family that induce pyroptosis and their mechanism in the tumor immune microenvironment by collecting the latest literature was reviewed. The results showed that: 1)Pyroptosis is a regulated programmed cell death mediated by Gasdermins(GSDMs)proteins family. GSDMs are hydrolyzed and activated by proteases, cleaved to form N-terminals(with pore-forming activity), and punch holes in the cell membrane, resulting in lysis of permeable cells, so as to release pro-inflammatory molecules outside the cells, triggering inflammation and immune responses, which is of great significance for the regulation of tumor microenvironment. 2)The cells will swell and burst continuously when pyroptosis occurs, and release cell contents. The inflammatory environment can recruit cytotoxic T cells(CD8+T), macrophages, NK cells and other immune cells to kill and phagocytose tumor cells and inhibit myeloid-derived suppressor cells(MDSC). 3)Cell death activates the tumor immune microenvironment into an immune stimulation state, turning it from “cold” to “hot”, inhibiting the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells, targeted treatment of tumor diseases and reducing the mortality of sick pets. In conclusion, inducing cell death and regulating tumor immune microenvironment provide new ideas for anti-tumor therapy. The in-depth study of the molecular biological mechanism of cell pyroptosis is expected to provide a promising new pet clinical treatment.Keywords：pyroptosis;GSDMs protein family;tumor immune microenvironment;immune cells2|9|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In view of the difficulty and inaccuracy of traditional audio recognition in pig audio signal recognition, deep neural network and hidden Markov model theory were used as the basis for pig audio signal recognition. The eating sound, estrous sound, howling sound, humming sound of landraces and the panting sound of the sick landraces were used as recognition objects. Kalman filter and improved EMD-TEO cepstral distance endpoint detection algorithm were adopted to preprocess pig audio signals, and 39-dimensional mel-frequency cepstral coefficient(MFCC)was extracted as a data set for network learning and recognition. A pig states audio recognition model based on deep neural network and hidden Markov model was constructed. The experimental results showed that: 1)In the deep neural network and hidden Markov models(DNN-HMM)with five hidden states, three hidden layers and 128 nodes, the recognition rates of eating sound, howling sound, humming sound, estrous sound and panting sound of sick pigs were respectively 70%, 95%, 75%, 80% and 95%, and the overall recognition rate was 83%. 2)Compared with the traditional gaussian mixture model-hidden Markov model(GMM-HMM), DNN-HMM improved the recognition rates of corresponding audio by 5%, 5%, 15%, 30% and 30%, respectively. The overall recognition rate increased by 17%; 3)DNN-HMM model showed good recognition effect for 5 different types of pig audio signals. Based on the DNN-HMM pig audio recognition model, the recognition of pig audio in different states had higher accuracy and was more reliable.Keywords：pig;MFCC;Kalman filter;DNN-HMM;identification;audio signal9|11|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to accurately and efficiently extract road and field information from remote sensing image of agricultural land(cultivated land), the Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)method was used, and a winter wheat planting field in a township in Xian County, Hebei Province was taken as the research area to establish two high-precision remote sensing image data sets: “Road-background” and “Field-Background”, Five CNN semantic segmentation models are established: U-Net/SegNet/PSPNet/DeepLab v3+ based on Mobilenet v1 and DeepLab v3+ based on MobileNet v2, Road and field extraction experiments are carried out; Three strategies of transfer learning, image mosaic and model ensemble are added before and after the model training. The results show that: 1)The U-Net/SegNet based on MobileNet v1 has the best precision and stability on the two data sets. 2)When extracting roads and field, the mIoU values of the fused model can reach 0. 853 3 and 0. 956 8, respectively. 3)Post-processing the forecast map can provide road topology maps and field forecast maps for research on path planning and crop straw yield calculations.Keywords：road and field extraction;remote sensing image;deep learning;convolutional neural network;semantic segmentation;image processing8|13|4<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Aiming at the problem of ecological degradation caused by land use transition, a systemic analysis on the ecological cross-sensitivity of land use transformation was conducted in this study based on three phases of land use change survey data in Shandong Province in 2009, 2015 and 2020. An improved cross-sensitivity coefficients analysis was conducted. The results show that: 1)During 2009-2020, the land use transition in Shandong Province is obvious, especially the transition between farmland, forest and construction land; 2)The total value of ecological services in Shandong Province displays a trend of a slight decrease at first and a significant increase later; 3)The ecosystem services cross-sensitivity caused by land use changes in Shandong Province is greatly affected by urban expansion and the policies of returning farmland to forest and humidity. From 2009 to 2015, the transformations of watershed, forest and farmland to construction land are all more sensitive; From 2015 to 2020, the transformations of farmland to forest and water are more sensitive Therefore, Shandong Province should consider urban and rural development, ecological protection and food security in an overall way, formulate land use policies and measures in line with the goal of “carbon peak and carbon neutral”, construct ecological security pattern and optimize territorial space.Keywords：land use transition;ecosystem service value;cross-sensitivity analysis;ecological service function;Shandong Province2|8|5<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to fully understand the value structure of cultivated land resources, explore its spatial distribution rules, and improve the compensation mechanism for cultivated land protection, Xiangyuan County, Changzhi City, Shanxi Province was taken as an example, Income reduction method, cost substitution method, biological equivalent factor method and other methods were adopted to evaluate the cultivated land resources in Xiangyuan County, its spatial distribution law was explored. The results showed that: 1)The value of cultivated land resources in Xiangyuan County in 2017 was 755 700 yuan/hm2, the economic value of cultivated land resources was 262 300 yuan/hm2, the ecological value was 254 000 yuan/hm2, and the social value was 239 400 yuan/hm2; 2)The two types of terrain factors, elevation and slope, had a significant negative impact on the value of cultivated land per unit area in Xiangyuan County, Large-scale mining had a certain negative effect on the value of cultivated land resources in Xiangyuan Coungty; 3)There was no significant correlation between the distances from river, national highway, expressway, and county road and the value of cultivated land resources, the distances from main road and village road were significantly negatively correlated with the value of cultivated land resources, the distances from provincial highway and railway were related to the value of cultivated land resources and there was a significant positive correlation. In conclusion, this research can provide references for the evaluation, spatial pattern analysis and protection of cultivated land resource.Keywords：cultivated land resource value;ecological value;economic value;social value;spatial distribution law;Xiangyuan County4|9|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To investigate the effects of carboxymethyl cellulose potassium(CMC-K)on improving soil water temperature environment, soil nutrient absorption and crop yield in Ningxia Yellow River Irrigation Area(NYRIA), forage oat was taken as the test crop and carboxymethyl cellulose potassium(CMC-K)was used as the test material. A field experiment was carried out, and CMC-K was sprayed at 0 kg/hm2(CK), 50 kg/hm2(T1), 100 kg/hm2(T2), 200 kg/hm2(T3)and 300 kg/hm2(T4)kg/hm2, and their effects on soil physical and chemical properties, soil nutrients and crop yield in irrigated area were studied. By measuring soil water content, temperature, electrical conductivity, bulk density and soil nutrients, the effects of CMC-K on the yield of forage oat and the correlation between CMC-K application, soil physical and chemical properties, soil nutrients and forage oat yield were analyzed. The results are as follows: The soil water content increased with the increase of the amount of CMC-K, and the soil water content increased 39. 78%-116. 80% at the jointing stage. The accumulated temperature contributed 48. 4-114. 4 ℃ during crop growth period, and increased soil temperature significantly. Soil layer 0-10 cm was beneficial to soil nutrient conservation. The contents of total K and available K were increased by 28. 31%-63. 07% and 34. 72-95. 45% in soil layer 0-20 cm, total k and available K contents were increased by 12. 30%-75. 05% and 25. 65%-125. 37%, indicating that CMC-K had a fixation effect on available P and a significant effect on hydrolyzed N. The yield of forage oat was increased significantly by 29. 9%-62. 47%. There was a significant positive correlation between CMC-K application soil total K, available K content, soil water content and oat yield, and the correlation coefficients were 0. 917, 0. 982, 0. 676 and 0. 983, respectively. Under the experimental conditions in this study, when the application amount of CMC-K was 200 kg/hm2, soil water content, temperature, and soil nutrients were affected, soil total potassium and available potassium contents were increased, hydrolyzed nitrogen was retained, nutrient leaching was reduced. Considering its economic benefit, the final recommended amount was 100 kg/hm2. This research provided a basic theory for the application of CMC-K in NYRIA.4|8|7<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to study the construction of minimum data set by using the small number of samples for soil quality evaluation, this research collected and measured twelve soil physical and chemical indicators of a typical field in the south bank irrigation area of the Yellow River in Hangjin Banner, Inner Mongolia. The methods for constructing the minimum data set with small number of samples by cluster analysis, correlation analysis and principal component analysis were investigated. The results showed that: 1)The indexes in the minimum data set established by cluster analysis, correlation analysis and principal component analysis are soil bulk density, saturated water content, soil conductivity, cation exchange capacity, nitrate nitrogen, available potassium and available phosphorus; 2)The soil quality index of both the total data set and minimum data set is significantly positively correlated, where R2 is 0. 735, the Nash effective coefficient is 0. 917, and the deviation coefficient is 0. 057; 3)Based on the total data set and minimum data set, the variation range of soil quality index are respectively 0. 47-0. 73 and 0. 37-0. 75 and with an average of 0. 56 and 0. 53, indicating the soil quality level of the study field is moderate. In conclusion, for soil quality evaluation in the typical irrigated area on the south bank of the Yellow River, the minimum data set can be constructed based on a small number of samples by using three methods including cluster analysis, correlation analysis and principal component analysis, and the test accuracy is high.Keywords：soil quality;small number of samples;minimum data set;principal component analysis;cluster analysis;south bank of Yellow River irrigation area10|12|15<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To analyze the impact of production service outsourcing by Chinese wheat growers on the adoption of testing soil for formulated fertilization technology of Chinese wheat growers, a micro data of 826 farmers in 7 main grain producing areas was used and the endogenous switching probit model(ESP)was adopted. The results show that 1)The outsourcing has a significant positive impact on the adoption of testing soil for formulated fertilization technology, and farmers who have the need to reduce fertilization are more inclined to outsource; 2)With the improvement of outsourcing, the effect of adopting testing soil for formulated fertilization technology is better; 3)In addition, outsourcing has a more obvious driving effect on the adoption of soil testing and formula fertilization technology for farmers with smaller scales. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the development of productive service markets in various regions, and enhance smallholder farmers' awareness of outsourcing, so as to promote the reduction of fertilization and sustainable development of agricultural production in China.Keywords：production service outsourcing;testing soil for formulated fertilization;reduced fertilization;sustainable agricultural development1|10|6<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to explore the current situation of fertilizer application in vegetable planting in China, using China's provincial panel data from 2009 to 2018(The data do not include those of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan regions. The same below), the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics and spatial correlation of vegetable fertilizer application intensity were analyzed. The spatial Doberman model under individual fixed effects was constructed to explore the Influencing factors of vegetable fertilizer application intensity and its spatial spillover effects. The results show that: From the aspect of time, the application intensity of vegetable fertilizers generally shows a stable trend and then fluctuates upward. There is still a large potential of fertilizer reduction in vegetable planting; From the aspect of spatial layout, there is significant correlation of space with vegetable fertilizer application intensities in various provinces. The results of auto-correlation, shows a certain degree of spatial agglomeration characteristics. The intensity of vegetable fertilizer application in the southeast coastal provinces is generally higher than that in the inland provinces. The provinces in North China are mainly characterized by “high-high” agglomeration, and a small number of southeast coastal provinces are characterized by “low-low” agglomeration; rural residents' per capita income and vegetable scale. The degree of chemical management and the level of agricultural modernization have a significant negative impact on the intensity of vegetable fertilizer application. The proportion of non-agricultural labor has a significant positive impact on the intensity of vegetable fertilizer application and the per capita income of rural residents, degree of large-scale vegetable management and non-agricultural labor all display significant spatial spillover effect.Keywords：fertilizer application intensity;spatio-temporal evolution;spatial Doberman model1|7|4<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to explore the impact of cooperatives on farmers' adoption of IPM technology, based on the survey data of 810 households in Sichuan Province, this study used the propensity score matching method(PSM)to investigate the impact of cooperatives and their social services on farmers' adoption of IPM technology. The results show that: Joining cooperatives has a significant positive impact on farmers' adoption of IPM technology. In terms of socialized service of cooperatives, the supply service of agricultural materials and the sale service of agricultural products can significantly improve the adoption possibility of IPM by farmers. The former has a greater impact, while the production training service of cooperatives has no significant impact on the adoption of IPM technology by farmers. At the same time, based on the perspective of household heterogeneity, further analysis shows that the members, who have joined the cooperative and contributed money, have lower education level, older, and conduct land transfer, are more inclined to adopt IPM technology after receiving the social service of the cooperative.Keywords：farmers' cooperative;socialized service;IPM;technology adoption3|9|3<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：This study takes 76 rural collective property rights system reform policies texts issued by the Chinese government from 2010 to 2020 as the research object, and uses policy bibliometric and content analysis methods to analyze the policy evolution and development trends of rural collective property rights system reform policies. The results show that: 1)Most rural collective property rights system reform policies are issued in the form of departmental regulations, which reflects that China's rural collective property rights system reform is in the process of orderly promotion; 2)The number of departments participating in the formulation of reform policies has increased year by year, indicating that multiple departments jointly promote the reform; 3)The focus of the policy content of the rural collective property rights system reform in different stages is different, and the policy evolution has obvious phase characteristics: the policy formation stage(2010-2016)mainly concentrate on the in-depth promotion of the rural collective property rights system reform with the focus on liquidation and capital verification, right registration and certification. The policy deepening stage(2017-2020)mainly focuses on the formulating relevant supporting policies to preserve and increase the collective assets and farmers' income; 4)The current rural collective property rights system reform policy system still has the problem of insufficient supporting policies in terms of collective property inspection, collective funds approval, member identification, and the financial management of rural collective assets.Keywords：reform of rural collective property rights;content analysis;quantitative analysis of policy text;policy evolution8|9|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To investigate the correlation between the dietary diversity of rural school-age children and multiple forms of malnutrition assessed by body mass index-for-age z-score, a cross-section data on 12 508 rural students from five Chinese provinces was used and the multiple linear regression and probit models were applied. The heterogeneous effects of gender, age and dietary diversity score(DDS)levels were estimated, and the food groups(constituting DDS)influence pathways were explored. The results show that: 1)Increasing the dietary diversity of rural school-age children can reduce the risk of malnutrition, and this effect is heterogeneous among subgroups. In specifically, for subgroups with the lowest- DDS, increasing the dietary diversity can help reduce the rate of malnutrition. For subgroups with medium- and high- DDS, it can help reduce the risks of overweight and obesity. 2)The effect of increasing dietary diversity on reducing the risk of overweight and obesity is more significant in girls and 9 to 11 years old groups. In conclusion, to promote nutrition improvement plans, the nutrition and health education for student caregivers and nutrition catering units should be strengthened, since the diversity of students' dietary categories and subcategories should be enriched. Besides, more attention should be paid to girls and early school-aged children when formulating policies to improve nutrition for school-age children.Keywords：school-age children;dietary diversity;body mass index-for-age z-score;the double burden of malnutrition.1|8|3<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
