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- Abstract：To explore suitable cultivar mixture pattern for green control of wheat stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, the effects of cultivar mixture on stripe rust and wheat yield were investigated under nine treatments including monoculture and cultivar mixture using three wheat cultivars in Gangu Testing Station, Institute of Plant Protection, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Shangzhuang Experimental Station of China Agricultural University, respectively. Wheat cultivars including Longjian 9825, Tianxuan 66 and Longjian 9822 were used in Gangu Testing Station, and the cultivars including Mingxian 169, Beijing 0045 and Nongda 211 were used in Shangzhuang Experimental Station. Variance analyses and correlation analyses were conducted based on the obtained data including disease incidences, disease indexes, and the values of area under disease process curve(AUDPC), thousand kernel weight and per mu yield. Relative efficacies for the disease and relative increase rates for wheat yield were calculated. The results showed that more variations existed in the incidences, disease indexes and AUDPC values among the treatments in Gangu Testing Station, in comparison with the treatments in Shangzhuang Experimental Station. Comprehensively considering the relative efficacies, mixed cropping treatments with wheat cultivars Tianxuan 66 and Longjian 9822 aggravated stripe rust, and the treatment using wheat cultivars Beijing 0045 and Mingxian 169 with the seed quality proportion of the former to the latter equal to 3∶1 had good control effect on the disease. Among all the mixed cropping treatments in Gangu Testing Station, a positive value of 1. 49% for the average relative increase rate based on thousand kernel weight was obtained only for the treatment with wheat cultivars Longjian 9825 and Longjian 9822 with the seed quality proportion of the former to the latter equal to 5∶1, a negative value of -7. 57% for the average relative increase rate based on per mu yield was obtained only for the treatment with Tianxuan 66 and Longjian 9822 with the seed quality proportion of the former to the latter equal to 1∶1, and the average relative increase rate based on per mu yield for the treatment with Tianxuan 66 and Longjian 9822 with the seed quality proportion of the former to the latter equal to 3∶1 was the largest and its value was 13. 44%. Among all the mixed cropping treatments in Shangzhuang Experimental Station, the average relative increase rates based on thousand kernel weight or per mu yield were negative, and the treatment with wheat cultivars Nongda 211 and Mingxian 169 with the seed quality proportion of the former to the latter equal to 3∶1 had the greatest negative effects on both thousand kernel weight and per mu yield and the corresponding average relative increase rates were -8. 62% and -27. 20%, respectively. In Gangu Testing Station, the thousand kernel weight had the greatest correlation with the incidence obtained in the fifth disease survey, and the correlation coefficient was -0. 901 4(P<0. 01). Meanwhile, the correlation coefficient between per mu yield and the incidence obtained in the fifth disease survey was -0. 415 8(P<0. 05). In Shangzhuang Experimental Station, the correlation between thousand kernel weight or per mu yield and incidence, disease index or AUDPC did not reach a significant level(P>0. 05). This study can provide some supports for the sustainable and green control of wheat stripe rust.Keywords：wheat stripe rust;wheat;cultivar mixture;disease control;yield7|11|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The aim of this study was to clarify the temporal and spatial changes of corn water demand in different regions. Base on the daily data of 558 meteorological stations from 1961 to 2020 in China, the Penman-Monteith formula recommended by FAO and the relevant crop coefficients were used to calculate maize water requirement and further analyses spatial-temporal variation of maize water surplus and deficit combining with precipitation during crop growing season. The results showed that: Maize water requirement exhibited obvious spatial variation and the average of 1961-2020 was 285-987 mm/year in China. The water requirement of spring maize was higher than that of summer maize, which were 468 and 326 mm/year, respectively. The high value regions of spring maize water requirement were located in the Northwest, North China and Northeast farming regions, and their water requirements were 699, 566 and 496 mm/year, respectively. Maize water surplus and deficit also exhibited obvious spatial variation and the average of different regions was between 3 and 638 mm/year in China. The spring maize water deficit of Northwest farming region was the highest than other regions, with an average of 638 mm/year from 1961 to 2020, followed by North China farming region 324 mm/year and Northeast farming region 145 mm/year, respectively. Based on crop water requirement and water deficit in the past 60 years, the trends were various among regions: The water deficit of spring maize showed a decreased trend in Yangtze Plain farming region, South China farming region and Northwest farming region; North China farming region, Sichuan Basin farming region and Southwest farming region showed an increased trend. The water deficit of summer maize exhibited a decreased trend. In addition, the water requirement of maize showed an obvious inter-annual variation.Keywords：maize;crop water requirement;effective precipitation;water surplus and deficit;temporal and spatial variation6|9|12<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to effectively identify and evaluate the stability, adaptability and high yield maize hybrids, and select promising hybrids suitable for Huanghuaihai Regions. The stability index WAASB and simultaneous selection index WAASBY were used to analyze 25 summer maize genotypes during two consecutive years(2018-2019)in this study. The results showed that there were highly significant(P<0. 001)differences in grain yield between different hybrids and locations, and a highly significant interaction effect between genotypes and environments. According to the GY(Grain-yield)×WAASB biplot, ‘Hengyu 7182', ‘Heng 9', ‘Huanong 138', ‘Baoyu 168', ‘Zhengdan 958' and ‘Liyu 86' were identified the genotypes with outstanding high yield and good stability. Among the selected genotypes, ‘Heng 9' had the highest WAASBY score, which was the best-performing genotype among the tested genotypes. ‘Nongda 108' had the lowest WAASBY score, which was the worst-performce genotype. The most suitable hybrids for planting in Anyang, Dezhou, Shijiazhuang and Handan are ‘Xundan 29', ‘Nongda 108', ‘Xundan 20' and ‘Yufeng 303'. The most suitable hybrid for planting in Shenzhou is ‘Denghai 685', the most suitable hybrids for planting in Yuncheng are ‘Zhongdan 856', ‘Hengyu 7182' and ‘Mengyu 908'. This study showed the importance of WAASB and WAASBY in the grain yield analysis of summer maize genotypes in Huanghuaihai Region, which provided a basis for demonstration and promotion of maize genotypes.Keywords：AMMI model;GGE biplot;BLUP;stability;METs6|11|8<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To determine the genetic basis of cob length and cob diameter, an F2 population derived from a cross between maize inbred lines ‘B 73' and ‘Zheng 58' was used for QTL analysis. The population was genotyped by 48K liquid-phase hybridization capture probes and phenotype multi-environment trials. The results showed that: Both cob length and cob diameter displayed significant differences in genotype, environment, and the interaction between genotype and environment. The broad-sense heritability of cob length and cob diameter were 0. 71 and 0. 52, respectively. A total of eight QTLs were identified for cob length. The phenotypic variation explained(PVE)of each QTL ranged from 3. 54% to 12. 64%. A novel major QTL qCL3 was detected on chromosome 3 with a LOD value of 8. 31, and a PVE of 12. 64%. Three QTL were detected for cob diameter, with PVE ranging from 7. 92% to 10. 61%. A major QTL qCD4-1 was identified on chromosome 4 with a LOD value of 5. 14 and a PVE of 10. 61%. The prediction accuracies of genomic selection(GS)for cob length and cob diameter were 0. 56 and 0. 39, respectively. The prediction accuracy was increased with the increase of marker density and training population size, and the increase of GS prediction accuracy slowed down when the number of markers reached 500 and the training population size reached 60% of the total genotypes.Keywords：maize;cob length;cob diameter;QTL mapping;genomic selection4|7|3<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to investigate the effects of elevated temperature and CO2 concentration on Tibet highland barley growth and yield, this study took cultivation variety ‘Dongqing 18' as test material. Three different treatments were set up as follows: Field environment(CK), elevated temperature(T)and elevated temperature and CO2(T+CO2). This study recorded the growth period, chlorophyl content of flag leaf, yield and its components under two consecutive growing seasons in the Open-Top Chamber(OTC)control test. The results showed that: The whole growth period of ‘Dongqing 18' was significantly shortened by 12-20 d compared with CK, mainly concentrated in seeding-seedling period and heading-maturity period. The total chlorophyl of flag leaves increased firstly and then decreased during the grain-filling stage, and there was no significant difference among different treatments. The yield of ‘Dongqing 18' was significant decreased under the temperature increase condition due to the significant decreasing in spike kernel number, spike kernel weight and 1 000 kernel mass. Compared to the T treatment, the yield increased with the increase of CO2 concentration. Therefore, the global warming has a negative effect on the highland barley. The increasing of CO2 concentration can alleviate the trend of production reduction to a certain content. Adjustment of sowing data and selection of high temperature resistant variety could benefit the highland barley development in Tibet under global warming.Keywords：warming;highland barley;climate change;OTC;Tibet3|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to understand the effects of straw rain eluviation of foxtail millet straw on soil bacterial community composition and its ecological function, a randomized block design was used in this research. Different weights and lengths of foxtail millet straw were used to cover spaces between ridges at seedling stage of foxtail millet, and the bulk soil was collected five days after moderate rain during grain filling stage. The allelopathic effect of rain eluviation of foxtail millet straw on bacterial population abundance and diversity in bulk soil were analyzed by 16S rRNA amplified fragment sequencing technology. The soil bacterial alpha diversity analysis showed that: The richness of soil bacterial community could be maintained at a high level, and the bacterial diversity and evenness were higher when the 5 cm straw mulching amount was 2 000 kg/hm2 and the 1 cm straw mulching amount was 4 000 kg/hm2. The results of species cluster analysis and principal component analysis showed that: The dominant genera of soil bacterial community were quite different when the 5 cm straw coverage was 2 000 kg/hm2 and the 1 cm straw mulching amount was 4 000 kg/hm2, and the community structure was relatively stable. The KEGG abundance heatmap analysis showed that the rain eluviation of the straw coverage was 4 000 kg/hm2 and the straw length was 1 cm produced not only significantly reduced the relative abundance of a variety of enzyme genes related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism, but also reduced the bacterial groups related to carbon metabolism and nitrogen metabolism in soil. It also decreased the gene abundance of enzymes related to the transport of Ti and Ni, and inhibited the utilization of Ti and Ni in soil. In conclusion, the richness and diversity of soil bacterial community could be improved by the rain eluviation of foxtail millet straw. Compared with other treatments, the allelopathic effect of the rain eluviation produced by 2 000 kg/hm2 of foxtail millet straw mulching and 5 cm in length was the best. The allelopathic inhibition effect of related gene expression in amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism pathway of 4 000 kg/hm2 of foxtail millet straw mulching and 1 cm in length was significant.5|11|3<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：This article starts from the influence of free amino acids on the flavor quality of plant-derived foods, and summarizes the contribution of amino acids to taste and odor and measures to regulate amino acid content. It focuses on the influencing factors of amino acid taste, including amino acid taste threshold and synergy/inhibition between taste components; summarizes the metabolic process that free amino acids decompose into volatile compounds; analyzes the effects of nutrient regulation methods, hormone sprays, and field management measures on the levels of free amino acids in plants. The main progress is as follows: Pre-harvest measures such as fertilization, bagging, and grafting can affect the flavor quality of crops by regulating the content of umami, sweet, bitter amino acids and total free amino acids. The relevant physiological and molecular mechanisms of the changes in free amino acid content caused by these above measures still need to be further studied.Keywords：free amino acid;taste threshold;taste synergy/inhibition;nutrient regulation;hormone spraying;field management;flavor9|9|20<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To scientifically prevent and control strawberry anthracnose crown rot, based on an investigation of 109 strawberry root rot samples from twelve main strawberry growing areas in China, the pathogen of strawberry anthracnose crown rot was identified by colony morphology, isolation and purification, molecular identification, multi-gene sequence(ITS-ACT-GAPDH-CAL-TUB2-CHS)and pathogenicity. The results showed that: There were 27. 5% of the 109 strawberry anthracnose crown rot samples caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides complex, the pathogen of strawberry anthracnose crown rot; The C. gloeosporioides complex could be divided into C. siamense, C. aenigma and C. fructicola; The virulence of the three kinds of Colletotrichum spp. from high to low was C. aenigma, C. fructicola and C. siamense. Among them, the incidence of C. aenigma was faster, which led more serious disease. In conclusion, this study provides valuable information for the prevention and control of strawberry anthracnose crown rot.4|22|12<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to better understand tsecondary metabolites changes related to fruit color and intrinsic quality during “post-ripening” of mango fruits, and to provide a theoretical basis for improving and promoting fruit quality formation and coloration mechanism through genetic engineering, extensive targeted metabolomics and carotenoid metabolomics experiments were adopted to determine and analysis the commercial ripening and physiological ripening of mango fruits in this study. The results showed that: A total of 309 secondary metabolites, including organic acids, esters, terpenoids, sugars and alcohols, were diffrentially expressed in commercial and physiologically mature mango fruits. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the citrate cycle, the biosynthetic pathway of secondary metabolites and the biosynthetic pathway of amino acids showed significant differences between the commercial ripening and physiological ripening mango fruits. The carotenoid metabolome indicated 68 types of carotenoid substances in the mango flesh. Changes in the abundance of secondary metabolites such as carbohydrates, organic matter, acids, amino acids and phenols in mango fruit resulted in changes in fruit taste after “post-ripening”. In this study, the metabolome was used to reveal the metabolic mechanisms underlying the fruit quality formation of commercial ripening and physiological ripening mango fruits. It provided a theoretical basis for studying the metabolic regulatory mechanisms of mango fruit coloration and intrinsic quality formation and a reference for the the production of high-quality mango fruit products.34|9|7<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：ADH gene plays an important role in the tyrosine pathway in the process of betalain synthesis. To explore the function of AtrADH2, a key gene of tyrosine pathway in amaranth, this study takes ‘Su Amaranth 1' and ‘Su Amaranth 2' as the test material. AtrADH2 gene(GenBank accession number: MT982371)was cloned by RT-PCR technology and other research methods. The results show that 1)AtrADH2 gene contains an ORF of 1 197 bp that encoding 398 amino acids; 2)AtrADH2 protein belongs to NADB_Rossmann superfamily, and containing a conserved domain of NADB; 3)Phylogenetic tree analysis shows that AtrADH2 protein is relatively close to the BvADHα protein; 4)Its betalain content is affected by the photoperiod in ‘Su Amaranth 1'. Compared with other tissues, the betalain content is the highest in leaf. Compared with the seedling period, the betalain content decreases in both leaf and stem at flowering period; 5)qRT-PCR analysis shows that AtrADH2 gene expression trend is opposite to AtrCYP76AD1, AtrDODA, AtrMYB1 gene expression betalain synthesis in amaranth, and provide a reference for further research on the function of AtrADH2.2|11|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To know the development status, hot spots and future trends of onion research, this study used the method of bibliometrics to analyze the international and domestic research progress and hot spotsin onion research field based on the Web of Science(WoS)database and China Knowledge Network(CNKI)database from 2000 to 2020. The similarities and differences of onion research progress of domestic and international were compared, and the hot spots and frontier trends of onion research were discussed through network analysis of cooperation, co-occurrence and mutation words by Citespace. The results showed that: The publication numbers kept increasing both in WoS and CNKI. In WoS, the main contribution countries were the United States, India and Japan, accounting for more than 38%. The international famous research institutions were the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, the US Department of Agriculture and the University of Georgia, which published the highest number of papers in this field. High-level and influential literature mainly came from research institutions, scholars and periodicals in developed countries such as the United States, Japan, South Korea. In China, the data statistics of the publication numbers by CNKI showed the mainly research institutions were Lianyungang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University and Shandong Agricultural University, accounting for more than 10%. Relevant high-level and influential literature are mainly from Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University and Nanjing Agricultural University. However, the number of journals with high impact factors was small. The research hot spots at home and abroad showed a trend of converging development and focused on the nutritional quality, antioxidant activity, cultivation technology, varieties, pest control and its occurrence mechanism, intercropping, etc. The keywords of phenolic compounds discovered by sudden detection, plant promoting rhizosphere bacteria, intercropping and other research fields might be the research frontier in the future. The above econometric analysis results can provide reference for the in-depth research of onion and promote its industrial development.Keywords：onion;bibliometric analysis;CiteSpace;Web of Science database;CNKI database1|9|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to explore the drying characteristics of hot air drying technology on shiitake mushrooms and establish an optimal moisture ratio prediction model, the drying mechanism and process parameters in the drying process of shiitake mushrooms were experimentally studied under the temperatures of the drying medium 45, 50, 55 and 60 ℃, the relative humidity levels of 25%、30%、35%、40%, the wind speeds of 2, 3, 4 and 5 m/s and unit loads of 2, 4, 6, 8 kg/m2. Using the water ratio data obtained from the experiment, the traditional drying kinetic models, Lewis, Page, Modified Page, Henderson, Wang and the artificial neural network drying kinetic model were studied. The model developed was verified with the data that did not participate in the fitting. The results showed that: 1)When the relative humidity was reduced from 40% to 25%, the drying time was shortened from 12. 5 h to 9. 5 h, and the drying rate and effective moisture diffusion coefficient decrease with the increase of relative humidity; 2)The test data was fitted to the drying kinetic model, and it was found that the Modified Page model was the best mushroom drying kinetic model; 3)An artificial neural network model was established based on particle swarm optimization, and its predicted value and the Modified Page model predicted value were compared with the experimental values. It was found that the average relative error between the predicted value of the artificial neural network model and the experimental value was only 5. 57%, which was better than the 16. 57% average relative error by the Modified Page model. In conclusion, the artificial neural network model has higher modeling efficiency than traditional fitting methods. It can accurately describe the drying process, and provide better solutions, operating conditions and process control for the drying process.Keywords：shiitake;hot air drying;moisture content;drying kinetic model;artificial neural networks;predictive model1|8|4<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To speed up the construction improvement of the pesticide residue standard system for edible fungi, ensure the safety of domestic edible fungi and promote export trade, the situation and reasons for the obstruction of edible fungi exported to the European Union(EU), United States of America(USA), Japan and South Korea from 2016 to 2020 were explored. Comparative analyses on the standards of edible fungi pesticide residue limits in China, Codex Alimentarius Commission(CAC), EU, USA, Japan and Korea were conducted. Because China has not formulated the limit standards of some indicators or inconsistent standards with above-mentioned trading countries(regions), a total of 385 batches of edible fungi exported to the above-mentioned trading countries(regions)was recalled or detained from 2016 to 2020. Among detained or recalled edible fungi, 35% was caused by excessive pesticide residues. The main problems in the standards of edible fungi pesticide residue limit are as follows: 1)The standards of edible fungi pesticide residue limits in China are not consistent with the pesticides in actual production. Among seven kinds of registered pesticides, only five kinds of pesticides have established the standards of residue limits, while the other 63 pesticides established the standards of residue limits have not been registered on edible fungi. A total of 35 pesticides affected international trade according to the data of clear identification of edible fungi detained or recalled due to pesticide residues. Among them, only limits of ten kinds of pesticides have been established in China. 2)There is still a gap between the standards of pesticide residue limits in China and the above-mentioned trading countries(regions). There are 68 pesticides established standards of residue limits for edible fungi in China. Although the total number for standards of pesticide residue limits exceeds those of CAC and USA and even fully covers CAC, there are still four kinds of pesticides that USA has established standards but without standards in China. In addition, compared with the EU and Japan, the number of pesticide residue limit standards in edible fungi is still relatively small. There are no separate standards for cultivated and wild fungi in China compared with EU. EU has not fully covered China in terms of the residue limit standards of edible fungi for the first time. Meanwhile, there are also differences in pesticide residue limit index values among China, CAC, EU, USA, Japan and Korea. Some limit standards are reduced than those of trading countries(region or international organization).Keywords：edible fungi;standards of pesticide residue limits;export;trade barriers;comparison5|9|5<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：With the implementation of “No antibiotics” in the animal husbandry industry, it has become an important exploration direction to find suitable“Alternative antibiotic use” feed additives. Tannin is a kind of plant-derived polyphenolic compound that is widely existed in a variety of plants. In the past, excessive intake of tannic acid would affect the body's digestion and absorption of nutrients, and even produce certain physiological toxicity, so it has been classified as an anti-nutrient factor. However, due to its polyphenol properties, tannin has antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic and antioxidant activities in appropriate intake. In recent decades, numerous studies have reported that appropriate tannins can effectively improve the feed utilization rate and production performance of livestock and poultry, promote intestinal health and improve the quality of animal products. It has a very broad application prospect. However, current studies have shown that the optimal dosage and effects of tannins are different for different animal types, different growth stages, different tannins sources and different addition forms. In this study, the applications of tannin in livestock and poultry production such as pigs, ruminants and poultry are summarized and prospected based on the physicochemical properties and biological activity of tannin in order to explore the development potential and value of tannin as feed additive, and to provide reference for the application of non-grain feed in breeding and production.Keywords：tannin;antinutritional factors;non-grain feed;antibiotic alternatives;plant extract9|13|6<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to realize the automatic recognition of dairy cows' behaviors, an fine-grained cow behavior classification method based on inertial measurement unit(IMU)and convolutional neural network(CNN)was proposed. The results showed that: 1)Among the five classification models of KNN, SVM, BPNN, CNN and LSTM, the CNN model has the highest accuracy on the cow behavior classification test set. 2)The IMU with triaxial accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer is more suitable for cow behavior classification, and its classification effect of cow behavior is better than IMU with a single type of sensor. 3)Sampling frequency was related to the performance of classification models. The higher the frequency, the higher the accuracy. When the sampling frequency was set to 25 Hz, the performance of classification model was the best. 4)Among the three time windows of 1, 2 and 4 s, the performance of behavior classification model of cows with the time window of 4 s is the best. 5)When the optimal configuration was adopted, the CNN model can effectively distinguish the standing and lying states of dairy cows with a correct rate of 99. 08%; The six behaviors of cows' feeding, chewing, standing ruminating, lying ruminating, lying resting, standing resting can be identified, and the accuracy is 85. 19%. In conclusion, the proposed method can be used to distinguish the fine-grained behaviors of dairy cows effectively and support the automatic and intelligent management of dairy farming.Keywords：cow;behavior identification;convolutional neural networks;IMU2|9|5<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To investigate the effects of different protein levels on gluconeogenesis of Holstein bull calves, ten Hostein bull calves at similar age and physiological state(average age of 5 months old, weight of(172. 80±7. 16)kg)were randomly divided into two groups with five calves in each group. Pellet diets with crude protein levels of 15. 05% and 21. 02% were fed for seven days in the pre-trial periods and 56 days in the pilot period. The glucose content in serum and liver was measured by glucose kit, the content of amino acids was determined by liquid chromatography, and qRT-PCR was employed for analysis of mRNA expression of key genes in the gluconeogenesis pathway. The results showed that compared with the low protein level group(15. 05%), the high-protein level group(21. 02%)significantly increased the glucose content in serum and liver(P<0. 05)and significantly increased the content of Gly, Asp, Ala, Ser, Leu, Lys, Phe, Ile, Val, Tyr, Pro, Arg and Glu in liver(P<0. 05); The mRNA expression of PCK1、PCK2、PC and PGC1A were also significantly increased(P<0. 05). In conclusion, the high protein level(21. 02%)in the diet can increase the content of amino acids in the liver and mRNA expression of key genes of gluconeogenesis pathway, thus accelerating the production of glucose to further provide energy for calves.Keywords：calf;protein level;gluconeogensis24|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The purpose of this study was to establish the characteristics of objective traits and their relative economic importance of breeding Angus cattle. The existing breeding and production conditions were combined, and the difference measurement method was used to calculate the marginal benefits of performance traits, reproductive traits and carcass traits of Angus cattle. The financial importance of those traits was determined, and the sensitivity of changes in market prices to the marginal benefits of the objective traits was evaluated. The results showed that: 1)Among the three categories of Angus cattle breeding objective traits, the ratio of relative economic importance of performance traits, reproductive traits and carcass traits was 64. 82%∶12. 61%∶22. 57%(approximately 5∶1∶2); 2)Among the seven breeding objective traits, weight at birth, weaning, 12 and 18 months of age accounted for 3. 76%, 10. 30%, 28. 37% and 22. 39% of the gross weights, respectively. Age at the first calving and calving interval accounted for 5. 19% and 7. 42% of the total weights, and carcass quality accounted for 22. 57% of the total weights; 3)The results of sensitivity analysis of marginal benefits for objective traits revealed that, when feed prices were increased by 10%, marginal benefits decreased by 0. 91 and 1. 07 for 12- and 18-month-old weight, respectively. When feed and non-feed prices were increased by 10%, the marginal benefits of age at first calving and calving interval increased by 0. 27 and 0. 42 and 0. 04 and 0. 11, respectively. When beef prices were increased by 10%, marginal benefits increased by 2. 84, 2. 46, 2. 71, 2. 62 and 82. 54 for first birth weight, weaning weight, 12-month-old weight, 18-month-old weight, and carcass quality, respectively. In conclusion, the change of market price is highly sensitive to the marginal benefits of performance and carcass traits, while the selection of Angus cattle breeding objective traits should mainly enhance the selection of performance and carcass traits. The selection of reproductive traits and carcass traits should also be given adequate attention, which will lay the theoretical foundations for future evaluation the weights of Angus cattle breeding system, formulation of scientific and reasonable comprehensive selection index and breeding scheme.Keywords：Angus cattle;breeding objective;marginal benefit;economic importance3|8|3<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to explore the key circRNAs and their functions at the hair follicle development stage of Inner Mongolia Cashmere goat during fetal period, this study is based on the circRNA expression profile of skin tissue of Inner Mongolia Cashmere goat during fetal period(45, 55, 65 and 75 d)obtained by the research group earlier and the basis of differential expression of circRNA in each comparison group. According to the hair follicle morphogenesis and development in different periods, the circRNAs related to hair follicle genesis and development were screened, the key circRNAs of hair follicle genesis and development were analyzed by bioinformatics, and the qRT-PCR experiment was carried out. Targetscan and miRanda were adopted to predict the miRNAs targeted by key circRNAs and the target genes targeting miRNAs. The enrichment of 22 intron circRNA host genes was analyzed to explore the functional role of circRNAs. The results showed that: 1)Bioinformatics analysis discovered that circRNA2049, circRNA5681, circRNA225and circRNA3411 were all composed of exons, which were exon circRNA. 2)The results of qRT-PCR showed that circRNA2049, circRNA2225, circRNA3411 and circRNA5681 were differentially expressed in the four fetal stages of cashmere goats(45, 55, 65 and 75 d)(P<0. 05). 3)In terms of functional analysis, it was found that exon circRNA might competitively bind miRNA to regulate the morphogenesis and development of hair follicles with circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network. At the same time, its host gene may also affect the occurrence and development of hair follicles. The specific mechanism still needs to be explored in subsequent experiments. In conclusion, this study screened and identified the key circRNA in the morphogenesis and development of cashmere goat hair follicle and preliminarily explored its function, which provides a theoretical basis for analyzing the molecular mechanism of circRNA in the development of cashmere goat hair follicle, and provides a new direction for the study of cashmere growth and development.Keywords：cashmere goats;hair follicle;circRNA;functional analysis11|9|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：This research aimed to study the effects of two different housing models on the growth performance, blood heat shock protein(HSP), immune function and antioxidant status of lambs in winter. Thirty 2-month-old Dorper × Mongolian lambs((16. 42±2. 52)kg)were randomly divided into two groups: One group was closed house feeding group(CHG), and the other group was opened house feeding group(OHG). During the trial period of 28 days, the temperature, humidity, wind speed NH3 and CO2 in lamb houses were recorded daily, and the lambs were weighed on the 1 st and 28th days to calculate the average daily gain, average daily feed intake and the ratio of feed to gain, and the blood samples were collected on 7th, 14th, 21th and 28th days. Serum was isolated, leukocytes were collected, and the expression of heat shock protein, immune and antioxidant indexes and related genes were measured. The results showed that: 1)Compared with CHG lambs, the average daily gain of OHG lambs significantly decreased(P<0. 05), the ratio of feed to gain significantly increased(P<0. 05). 2)Compared with CHG lambs, the serum insulin content of OHG lambs significantly increased(P<0. 05). HSP90 levels of OHG lambs significantly increased(P<0. 05), and the mRNA expression of heat shock transcription factor 1 and HSP90 in blood leukocytes significantly improved(P<0. 05). 3)Compared with CHG lambs, the content of serum interleukin 4(IL-4)and OHG lambs was significantly decreased(P<0. 05), and the content of interleukin 1(IL-1β)was significantly decreased(P<0. 01). Receptor-interacting protein 2, nuclear transcription factor κB(NF-κBp50), NF-κBp65, IL-1β, IL-4 and tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA expression in blood leukocytes significantly decreased(P<0. 05). 4)Compared with CHG lambs, the serum glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)activity of OHG lambs was significantly reduced(P<0. 05), and the total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD)activity was significantly reduced(P<0. 01), the content of malondialdehyde(MDA)increased significantly(P<0. 01), the expression of nuclear transcription factor 2(Nrf2), catalase, GSH-Px, SOD1 and SOD2 mRNA in white blood leukocytes significantly improved(P<0. 05). In short, in winter, opened house feeding will reduce the daily gain of lambs, increase ratio of feed to gain, and reduce the immune level and oxidative stress of lambs, and reduce NF-κB by increasing the transcription level of HSP and Nrf2 gene transcription levels to maintain the homeostasis of the internal environment, while the temperature in the closed house is relatively higher and stable, and the body's stress is small, which is conducive to the health and growth of lambs. In conclusion, compared with adding a playground to the lamb in winter, it is more necessary to keep the lamb warm.Keywords：housing models;lamb;immune function;antioxidant status;heat shock protein8|8|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to analysis the relationship between storage quantity and household's corn storage losses under different operating scales, a survey data of 1 196 rural households in China was taken as an example. This study first evaluated the household's corn storage losses, and then used the quadratic term model and quantile regression method to analyze the impacts of storage quantity on household's corn storage losses. The results show that: Firstly, there is a 1. 78% of the total corn lost during storage period in China exhibiting great differences in households under different operating scales. Secondly, there is a U-shaped relationship between corn storage quantity and storage losses, and the critical point is 38. 11 t. Thirdly, the percentage of corn stored for consumption and severity of local rodent damage significantly and positively affect corn storage loss. The storage facility is significantly and negatively affects corn storage losses. Hence, the government should promote land circulation and encourage scale farming.Keywords：corn;storage quantity;storage loss;U-shaped relationship;food security6|8|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：This study is aimed at the problems existing in the optimal allocation of agricultural water resources(e. g. , the large spatial resolution, the negligence of temporal and the spatial variability of rainfall parameters), which make it difficult to meet the requirements of more accurate management in actual production. Taking Zhanghe irrigation agea in Hubei Province as an example, the relationship between global precipitation measurement data and multi-year precipitation station data is analyzed by using the method of water resources optimization allocation based on remote sensing data, and the data set of typical annual spatial precipitation in Zhanghe irrigation area is obtained. On this basis, the interval number, interval number fuzzy, fuzzy reliability constraint programming and crop water production function are coupled to a general nonlinear optimization model framework. A fuzzy interval reliability constraint nonlinear programming model is construct, by taking the economic benefit as the optimization target, the agricultural irrigation amount in each month during the growth period of Zhanghe irrigation area is optimized. The optimization results show that the model can effectively deal with the complex nonlinear, uncertainty and violation risk problems of the allocation system, and the optimal water distribution schemes at different confidence levels can provide rich decision-making guidance for the managers of the irrigation area, and promote the efficient utilization and accurate management of agricultural water resources in the irrigation area.Keywords：Zhanghe Irrigation Area;GPM data;fuzzy number;Interval number;credibility constraints;allocation of water resources12|10|3<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The aims of this study are to accurately grasp the coupling and coordination relationship between land use multi-functions and rural development and clarify the types of coupling and interaction between them. Taking Wannian County, Jiangxi Province as an example and the village area as the research unit, this study measures the land use multi-functions and rural development level from 2010 to 2018, analyzes the relationship between them by using coupling coordination model, and classifies the villages according to the coupling relationship. The results show that: 1)From 2010 to 2018, both the land use multi-functions and rural development level show an increasing trend. The growth rate of rural development level is higher than that of land use multi-functions, and their spatial pattern characteristics are different. 2)The coupling relationship between land use multi-functions and rural development in Wannian county is obvious. The coupling degree and coordination degree evolve over time, and they are spatially related. 3)From 2010 to 2018, the main type of coupling and coordination between land use multi-functions and rural development level changes from mutual obstruction type to promotion and obstruction type, which is related to the fact that the growth rate of land use multi-functions is lower than the level of rural development. Finally, according to the three coupling interaction types between land use multi-functions and rural development, the solutions are put forward.Keywords：Wannian County;rural revitalization;land use multi-functions;rural development level;coupling coordination7|8|6<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to explore the improvement of the agricultural mechanization rate of rice production, this study applies a Probit model based on a survey data of 367 rice scale operators in Jiangxi Province. The moderation effect of information acquisition on the behavior of scale operators to adopt technology-intensive agricultural machinery socialization service and the moderating role of risk preferences are investigated. The results show that: Information acquisition has a significant positive effect on the purchase of technology-intensive agricultural machinery socialization services by large-scale operators; Risk preference plays a positive moderating role between the Internet and technology-intensive agricultural machinery socialization services behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to accelerate the improvement and promotion of network infrastructure construction in rural areas and improve the ability of large-scale operators to obtain technical information, increase the willingness of large-scale operators to adopt technology-intensive socialized agricultural machinery services and help the construction of rural revitalization and agricultural modernization.Keywords：information acquisition;risk preference;technology intensive;agricultural machinery socialization service3|8|3<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to study the demand for social services of family farms under the goal of green production, this study uses Choice Experiment(CE)and Random Parameters Logit(RPL)to empirically analyze the social service preferences and the sources of heterogeneity of family farms. The results show that: 1)All five types of services can increase the utility level of family farms participating in green production, and the specific preference order is Green technology guidance > green product acquisition>green credit support>green agricultural materials supply > green agricultural machinery services. Under the above services, the green production coverage rates of family farms are 48. 251%, 33. 885%, 16. 505%, 13. 354% and 12. 607%, respectively. 2)The heterogeneity of family farms' preferences for green agricultural machinery services can be explained to some extent by the factors of aging, operation scale and crop characteristics. The heterogeneity of preference for the green product acquisition comes from farm location and industrial cooperation. 3)Faced with the same social service mix, family farms with higher education level, stronger risk preference and higher environmental awareness are more inclined to participate in green production. Based on this, countermeasures and suggestions to optimize service structure, implement classified service and plan important promotion are put forward.Keywords：family farms;green production;socialized service;preference;choice experiment2|10|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To ease the current situation of agricultural environment pollution, a survey data of 644 households in Gansu Province is taken as an example. This study uses the binary Logistic regression model to analysis resources endowment, social norms, the desire and the behavior of peasant household green manure planting bereft of influence. Based on the heterogeneity of resources endowment perspective, the mechanism of how the social norms effect peasant household's green manure planting behavior is explored. The results show that: 1)The improvement of peasant household resource endowment can effectively suppress the contradiction phenomenon. 2)Among those social norms, value guidance, interaction internalization and institutional norms all negatively affect the contradiction between farmers' green manure planting intentions and behaviors, and can effectively promote the transformation and implementation of farmers' green manure planting intentions to actual behaviors. 3)Under the heterogeneity of resource endowment, the social norms still has a significant negative impact on farmers' willingness to plant green manure and behavioral deviation. The value guidance plays a more important role in high endowment families than low endowment families. In the interactional internalization, relatives and neighbors' adoption of green production mode has a great influence on the behavior of low endowment families, while friends' adoption of green production mode has an important influence on the behavior of high endowment families. Among the system norms, the government's punishment measures for agricultural non-point source pollution have a stronger constraint effect on the low endowment families, and the government's specialized production subsidies have a greater incentive effect on the high endowment families. It is suggested that we should pay attention to farmers' different production behaviors caused by the difference of endowment and adopt corresponding mechanism for the low endowment group. At the same time, the guiding role of social norms should be strengthened to encourage farmers to actively participate in the practice of green manure cultivation.Keywords：farmers planting green manure;farmers' willingness and behavior;paradox;resource endowment;social norms;binary logistic7|7|4<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
