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- Abstract：In order to investigate the effects of defoliation and ripening agent application during cotton harvesting on the emergence, seedling growth and yield of subsequent wheat, the emergence and seedling growth indexes of wheat were measured after adding different concentrations of ‘Thidiazuron' in soil under pot experiment condition. In the field test condition, the mixed use of ‘Thidiazuron' and ‘Ethephon' with different concentration was used to defoliate and accelerate ripening of cotton, and the seedling emergence rate, seedling growth index and yield of subsequent wheat were determined. The results showed that: The half-life of ‘Thidiazuron' in soil was 6. 9 d, and the addition of low dose(0. 66-66. 00 g/hm2)of ‘Thidiazuron' in soil had no significant effect on wheat emergence, plant height at seedling stage, root morphology, material accumulation and distribution. However, the emergence rate, plant height, root surface area, root volume and root dry weight of wheat were significantly decreased with the addition of high dose(132. 00-135. 00 g/hm2)of ‘Thidiazuron'. The mixed use of 450-900 g/hm2 50% ‘Thidiazuron' and 1 725-4 500 mL/hm2 40% ‘Ethephon' had no significant effect on seedling emergence rate of subsequent wheat. However, when the dosage increased to 1 200 g/hm2 50% ‘Thidiazuron' and 9 000 mL/hm2 40% ‘Ethephon', the seedling emergence rate of subsequent wheat decreased by 18. 7%. Mixed use of 50% ‘Thidiazuron' 450-600 g/hm2 and 40% ‘Ethephon' 1 725-4 500 mL/hm2 had no significant effect on plant height at the second leaf stage, but could significantly reduce root length by 35%-43%. The mixed use of 450-600 g/hm2 50% ‘Thidiazuron' and 2 250-3 000 mL/hm2 40% ‘Ethephon' did not affect subsequent wheat yield. The 1 000-grain weight and yield of subsequent wheat were decreased by 11% and 22% respectively, when the mixture of 50% ‘Thidiazuron' at 600 g/hm2 and 40% ‘Ethephon' at 4 500 mL/hm2. Suppliment with lower dosage of defoliation and ripening agent(450 g/hm2 50% ‘Thidiazuron' +1 725 mL/hm2 40% ‘Ethephon')could meet the requirements of cotton machine picking, and there were no significant differences in the seedling emergence rate and yield of the subsequent wheat compared with the control.Keywords：direct-seeded cotton after wheat;defoliation and ripening;Thidiazuron;residue;wheat8|16|3<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to investigate the difference in the infection efficiency of Agrobacterium prepared by different methods, a corn inbred line ‘B 104', which is used as receptor in maize genetic transformation, was selected as the study object. The transient infecting ability of Agrobacterium EHA 105(plant binary expression vector pCAMBIA 3301)prepared by YEP medium, solid and liquid culture methods and AB lipid medium were analyzed and compared. The data of GUS staining and embryogenic callus induced by selection medium showed that the method of preparing Agrobacterium using AB lipid medium displayed a transient infecting ratio of 100%, and the proportion of immature embryos with an infestation area over 30% is about 40%, indicating infection ability of Agrobacterium prepared with AB lipid medium significantly higher than YEP medium. At the same time, the ratio of embryogenic callus produced by the immature embryos infected by Agrobacterium prepared with AB lipid medium on the selective medium was 49%, which was significantly higher than that prepared with YEP medium. The rate of positive transformation induced by AB lipid medium was significantly higher than that of YEP lipid medium. Therefore, the method of preparing Agrobacterium using AB lipid medium can increase the transient infecting rate of immature embryos, ensure more embryogenic calluses can be obtained on the selective medium, and ultimately increase the positive genetic transformation rate. It is suitable to be used to optimize the transgenic transformation system of maize inbred line ‘B 104'.Keywords：maize genetic transformation;YEP medium;AB lipid medium;transient transformation efficiency6|9|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to clarify the effects of nitrogen deficiency stress on the growth and development of millet seedlings, a millet variety ‘Jigu 45' was used as the test object. The hydroponic method was adopted at seedling stage and total nitrogen nutrient solution culture(15 mol/L N)was used as the control(CK), the changes of seedling biomass, root traits, leaf photosynthetic pigment content and physiological indexes under nitrogen deficiency(0 mol/L N, N0)stress were determined, and Pearson correlation analysis of biomass, chlorophyll and physiological indexes was performed. The results showed as follows: 1)The old leaves of seedlings showed the symptoms of leaf tip drying under nitrogen deficiency; Compared with CK, the plant fresh weight, dry weight and seedling height of millet seedlings under nitrogen deficiency stress decreased significantly. However, root traits such as underground fresh weight, underground dry weight, root/shoot ratio, total root length, root projection area, root surface area and average diameter were significantly improved. Compared with CK, chlorophyll a and b content of millet seedling leaves decreased by 32. 3% and 34. 5%, respectively, which inhibited significantly chlorophyll synthesis of seedling leaves under nitrogen deficiency stress. 2)Compared with CK, SOD, POD, CAT enzyme activities and soluble protein content of seedlings under nitrogen deficiency stress were reduced by 24. 9%, 43. 1%, 33. 9% and 7. 0% respectively. The content of MDA and total soluble sugar increased by 46. 2% and 92. 5%, respectively. 3)The correlation results showed that under nitrogen deficiency stress, soluble total sugar was positively correlated with underground dry fresh weight, POD activity was highly significant positively correlated with SOD activity(R2=0. 969). POD activity was positively correlated with CAT activity(R2=0. 020). CAT activity was positively correlated with SOD activity(R2=0. 425). On the one hand, under nitrogen deficiency, plant fresh weight and dry weight of millet seedlings decreased respectively by 73. 6% and 34. 6% compared with CK, which significantly inhibited leaf biomass accumulation of seedlings. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content of seedling leaves decreased significantly, which inhibited chlorophyll synthesis of leaves. The total root length, total root projection area, root surface area and average root diameter of millet seedlings increased significantly, and root elongation and growth were promoted by nitrogen deficiency stress. On the other hand, under nitrogen deficiency stress, MDA content increased significantly and reactive oxygen species accumulated. Therefore, the activities of three antioxidant enzymes were decreased significantly and the membrane lipid was peroxidated in leaves of millet seedlings, which inhibited the growth of millet seedlings significantly.Keywords：millet;nitrogen deficiency;seedling growth and development;adversity stress;oxidative damage1|11|8<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to analysis the plant height, internodes, and ears of broomcorn millet dwarf mutants and analyze their sensitivity to exogenous gibberellin, the wild-type ‘260' and the dwarf mutant ‘87' obtained by EMS mutagenesis were used as experimental materials. Their agronomic characteristics were investigated, the stalk cytology was observed and the endogenous hormone content were determined, and their phenotypic differences were also recorded after spraying the exogenous gibberellin. The results showed that: Compared with the wild-type ‘260', the plant height, ear length and 1 000-seed weight of the dwarf mutant ‘87' at the mature stage decreased by 53. 3%, 31. 8% and 1. 7%, respectively; The stem thickness and tiller number increased by 14. 1% and 113. 3%, respectively. The decrease in plant height was not related to the number of internodes, and was mainly caused by the shortening of internode length. The lower part of the stalk showed a greater effect of stalk reduction. According to the cytological observation, the shortening of the stalk of the dwarf mutant was mainly caused by the reduction of the longitudinal cell size of the main stem node, and the increase in the thickness of the stem was caused by the increase in the number of horizontal cells. After spraying exogenous GA3, the plant height changes were basically the same as spraying clean water. At the mature stage, the content of endogenous hormones GA1+GA3 in the dwarf mutant ‘87' was significantly higher than those of wild-type ‘260'. In conclusion, the dwarf mutant ‘87' is a GA-insensitive mutant. The the dwarf mutant ‘87' can be used as a new germplasm for dwarf breeding of broomcorn millet.Keywords：broomcorn millet;EMS mutagenesis;dwarf mutant;phenotype;GA sensitivity3|10|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：To explore the effects of ethylene on the pathogenicity of Colletotrichum graminicola and evaluate the resistance of BtACO Arabidopsis to C. graminicola, the growth profile of C. graminicola inoculated with different concentrations of exogenous ethephon was compared, and pathogenicity of C. graminicola was analyzed after being treated with ethephon. This study further investigated the resistance of BtACO Arabidopsis plants after being inoculated with C. graminicola. The results showed that different concentrations of exogenous ethephon had different effects on the production of melanin and spore. The 10-100 mg/L exogenous ethephon promoted the production of melanin while 125-00 mg/L ethephon inhibited melanin production. The 50-75 mg/L ethephon inhibited sporulation, while 125-200 mg/Lethephon promoted sporulation. The observation of the wild type Arabidopsis plants that inoculated with C. graminicola showed that 125-200 mg/L ethephon enhanced the pathogenicity of C. gloeosporioides. Compared with the wild type Arabidopsis, the BtACO plants were less infected and displayed higher biomass accumulation. To sum up, application of the lower concentration(10-75 mg/L)of exogenous ethephon could reduce pathogenicity of C. graminicola and BtACO could be used as a candidate gene to improve crops resistance to C. graminicola.3|12|3<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to explore the suitable lime application amount for sweet maize(Zea may L. saccharatat)planting in acidic soil, a typical strong acidic red soil(pH=3. 91)in Pinghe County was taken as study object and sweet maize variety ‘Xiantian 5' was selected for the test. Pot experiments were conducted to study the effects of different lime(CaCO3)application rates(0 g/kg(L0), 1. 2 g/kg(L1. 2), 2. 4 g/kg(L2. 4), 3. 6 g/kg(L3. 6)and 4. 8 g/kg(L4. 8))on the biomass, root growth, nutrient accumulations of sweet maize seedlings, and the physical and chemical properties and enzyme activities of soil. The results showed that: 1)The plant height, total biomass(shoot + root), total root length, root surface area, root volume, root activity and nutrients(nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium, i. e. , N, P, K, Ca and Mg, respectively)accumulation(shoot+root)firstly increased and then decreased with lime addition, reaching the peak under the L2. 4 treatment. 2)Compared with L0, the average accumulations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in shoots and roots under L2. 4 were significantly increased by 121. 9% and 186. 7%, respectively. 3)With the increase of lime application rate, the pH, exchangeable Ca concentration, and the activities of urease, sucrase and catalase in soil increased. Meanwhile the exchangeable acid and aluminum concentration in soil decreased and the inorganic N, rapidly available K, available P, exchangeable Mg concentration and acid P activity increased first and then decreased. 4)The nutrient accumulations of sweet maize seedlings was directly or indirectly affected by lime application, soil pH, soil enzyme activity, soil nutrient and plant root. The order of standardized total effects was soil pH(0. 82)>plant root(0. 65)>lime application(0. 61)>soil nutrient(0. 33)>soil enzyme activity(0. 28). In summary, the reasonable application of lime can effectively improve the physical and chemical properties and enzyme activity of acidic red soil, thereby promoting root growth and nutrient accumulation of sweet maize.Keywords：acid red soil;lime;root activity;nutrient accumulation;soil properties;soil enzyme activity12|13|5<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In wheat production, to fulfill high yield of wheat and to ensure the safety of seed and environment, it is necessary to take some technical measures to reduce the usage amount of chemical pesticides. In the safe production of wheat, the application of disease-resistant varieties, seed treatment with pesticides, exerting natural enemies to control wheat aphids, pesticide synergists and synergistic pesticide mixtures are the crucial measures for pesticide reduction and green prevention and control of pests. In this paper, these pesticide reduction measures and the synergistic effects on the prevention and control of wheat pests, were summarized. This is of great significance for further promotion and application the green techniques for pesticide reduction in the prevention and control of wheat pests, reducing pesticide pollution, protecting environment and ecological health, and achieving safe production and high yield of wheat.Keywords：wheat;pesticide reduction;technical measures6|13|8<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Aiming at the problems of weak generalization ability, vulnerable to complex background interference and weak expression ability of important features of rice pest recognition model with small number of samples under real complex background, a rice pest recognition method with small number of samples based on convolution block attention capsule network is proposed. The data are expanded by data augmentation method to improve the generalization ability of the model and prevent over-fitting. GrabCut algorithm is used to remove the complex background in the image and reduce the interference of complex background on the identification of rice pests, convolutional block attention module combined with spatial attention mechanism and channel attention mechanism is introduced into the capsule network to improve the expression ability of the model to the features of rice pests, so that the model is designed to focuse on important features and suppress unnecessary features. The capsule network is mainly used to find the relative position and angle of rice pests with small sample size problems more sensitively. The results show that for the identification of rice pests with small sample size problems, the accuracy of the proposed method can reach 99. 19%, which is better than that of support vector machine, k-nearest neighbors, VGGNet, GoogLeNet and Mobilenet. The proposed method can achieve accurate identification of rice pests with small number of samples under the complex rice background.Keywords：rice pest;pest identification;convolutional neural networks;capsule network;attention mechanism3|11|4<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：To investigate the prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis in China, 1 878 calf nasal swabs were collected from intensive dairy farms in six dairy farming areas from 2013 to 2019. M. bovis were isolated and identified, and the time and space distribution of M. bovis positive rate and the relationship between calf age and M. bovis positive rate were analyzed. The results showed that: 1)Spatially, the positive rate of M. bovis was different in different dairy farming areas in China. Among them, Northwest(38. 7%)was higher than East China(35. 6%), North China(33. 6%), Central China(30. 8%), South China(29. 9%)and Southwest(27. 1%). 2)In terms of time, the average positive rate of M. bovis from 2013 to 2015 was 47. 9%, and there was no significant difference in the positive rate of M. bovis in the three years(P>0. 05). From 2016 to 2019, the average positive rate of M. bovis was 21. 1%, and there was no significant difference in the positive rate of M. bovis in these years. The positive rate of M. bovis from 2013 to 2015 was significantly higher than that from 2016 to 2019(P<0. 05). 3)The average positive rate of M. bovis was 31. 3% in summer and autumn and 33. 9% in winter and spring. There was no significant difference in the positive rate of M. bovis in different seasons(P>0. 05). 4)Linear regression analysis showed that the positive rate of M. bovis was positively correlated with the age of calves. In conclusion, from 2013 to 2019, the average positive rate of M. bovis in dairy farming areas in China was 32. 6%, and M. bovis showed a long-term epidemic trend in China. Season did not affect the prevalence of M. bovis in calves. There was a linear positive correlation between the positive rate of M. bovis and the age of calves. This study enriches the data of M. bovis epidemic in dairy farming areas in China, and provides important data support for prevention and clinical medication from the perspective of etiology.Keywords：calf;Mycoplasma bovis;epidemiological investigation8|10|5<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of cane molasses saccharomyces cerevisiae(CMS)on productive performance and serum profile of dairy cows. One factor experimental design was used. A total of sixty Healthy Holstein cows were randomly divided into four groups with 1fifteen cows in each group with similar body condition, parity, lactation age and milk yield. The control group(CON)was fed with basal diet, and the experimental group was fed with 1%, 3% and 5% CMS on the basis of dry matter of the control group, and was designated by the name of Group 1(CMS1), Group 2(CMS2), and Group 3(CMS3), respectively. These 4 diets were formulated with isocaloric and isonitrogic basis. The pre-feeding period lasted for 14 days, and the experimental period lasted for 54 days. Dry matter intake(DMI)was measured every 2 weeks, milk yield and milk composition were measured 4 weekly, and serum profile were measured every 4 weeks. The results showed that: 1)Dietary supplementation with CMS had no significant effect on DMI and feed conversion(P>0. 05). The milk yield and 4% fat corrected milk of CMS1 group were significantly higher than CON and CMS3 group(P<0. 05). There were no significant differences in milk fat percentage, lactose percentage, total milk solids, MUN content and SCC(P>0. 05). The milk protein percentage of CMS2 group was significantly higher than CON group(P<0. 05). 2)The apparent digestibility of NDF and ADF were not significantly affected by adding CMS in diet(P>0. 05). The digestibility of OM in CMS3 group was significantly lower than CON group and other groups(P<0. 01). The digestibility of CP in CMS1 group was significantly higher than CON group and CMS3 group(P<0. 01), and that of CMS2 group was significantly higher than CMS3 group(P<0. 05). When the price of raw milk was 4. 30 yuan/kg, the economic benefit of CMS1 and CMS2 group was 5. 73 and 1. 96 yuan/head more than CON group. In a word, CMS1 group had the highest economic benefit. 3)At the 18th day, the levels of serum GREA and NEFA in CMS3 group was higher than other groups(P<0. 05). At the 36th day of experiment, CMS3 group significantly increased the content of WBC(P<0. 05), compared with other groups; dietary supplementation with CMS enhanced the content of NEFA and CMS2 and CMS3 treatment increased the levels of SOD(P<0. 05), relative to control group. Dietary supplementation with CMS had significant effect on other serum profile. In conclusion, the diet supplemented with CMS improve the production performance, economic benefit and anti-oxidant capability. Therefore, it is suggested that 1%-3% is suitable for adding CMS to the diet of lactating cows.Keywords：dairy cows;cane molasses saccharomyces cerevisiae;production performance;serum biochemical indexes6|11|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to determine the role of related candidate genes in the process of hair color making a difference and the relationship between them, the molecular mechanism of Mongolian horse hair color formation in fetal period was analyzed, for laying the foundation for the future protection, development and utilization of Mongolian horse(spotted). In this study, Mongolian horse(spotted)fetuses were taken as the research object. Firstly, paraffin sections of skin tissue in white and black areas of Mongolian horse body during fetal period were made and histological observations were carried out. Secondly, RNA-seq was performed on the white and black skin of fetal Mongolian horses to construct mRNA expression profile, screen-related differentially expressed genes, and perform GO and KEGG functional enrichment analysis. The results showed that 1)Through histological observation, melanin deposition was obvious in the epidermis of fetal black skin tissue, and melanin deposition was found in the nipple and hair matrix. Instead, there was no melanin deposition in white skin tissue. 2)RNA-seq was used to screen the related genes related to the difference in hair color. A total of 660 genes were identified, and there were significant differences in the expression of black and white skin tissues(P<0. 05). Among them, 197 genes were highly expressed in black skin tissues of Mongolian horse fetus, and 59 genes were highly expressed in white skin tissues of Mongolian horse fetus. The differentially expressed genes such as TYR, TYRP1, DCT, PAX3 and DAPL1 were enriched in melanin production pathway. In summary, the hair color formation of Mongolian horse during fetal period is mainly determined by genes related to melanin formation. It provides a scientific theoretical basis for the selection of hair color in the breeding of Mongolian spotted horses.Keywords：Mongolian spotted horse;fetal;skin tissue;differential expression mRNA1|12|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to analyze the regulation of goat KLF16 on the differentiation of intramuscular precursor adipocytes, the goat KLF16 gene sequence was cloned by RT-PCR, and the characteristics of goat KLF16 gene sequence were analyzed by bioinformatics. Through overexpression, oil red O staining, qPCR and bioinformatics analysis, the changes in lipid droplet accumulation and differentiation marker gene expression levels in intramuscular adipocytes after overexpression of goat KLF16 were clarified from the morphological and molecular levels. he results showed that: 1)The cloned goat KLF16 gene sequence containing the CDS region was 986 bp encoding 251 amino acids with a typical zinc finger structure; 2)KLF16 was ubiquitous expressed in goat tissues, and the expression of abdominal subcutaneous fat was significantly higher(P<0. 01); 3)Compared with the control group, the overexpression of goat KLF16 decreased the accumulation of lipid droplets in adipocytes. The marker genes PPARγ and PPARα were extremely significantly down-regulated(P<0. 01), and C/EBPβ was significantly down-regulated(P<0. 05); 4)Some members of KLFs were significantly up-regulated or down-regulated after overexpression of goat KLF16. Correlation analysis combined with the prediction of transcription factor binding sites speculated that KLF16 may regulate goat intramuscular adipocyte differentiation by antagonizing KLF8. In summary, goat KLF16 may inhibit the differentiation marker gene PPARγ, PPARα and C/EBPβ by antagonizing KLF8. This study provided important data support for revealing the KLF16 regulating adipocyte differentiation in goats.Keywords：goat;KLF;16;overexpression;adipocyte differentiation8|13|3<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：To identify one fiber degrading bacterium screened earlier in our laboratory and optimize the fermentation conditions of distiller's grains, this strain was identified based on the 16S rRNA sequence analysis, strain morphology and partial physiological and biochemical results and fermentation experiment was subsequently carried out. Firstly, single factor experiment design was used. Then, according to the nutrient change after fermenting distiller's grains, the level of various factors for the orthogonal experiment were determined. Four factors and three levels orthogonal experiment design were used to determine the optimal conditions; Finally, the nutrient composition, distiller's grains structure and rumen fermentation parameters were compared before and after fermentation. The results showed that: 1)The strain T5 was identified as Cohnella xylanilytica. The optimal fermentation factors of strain T5 were fermentation temperature 33 ℃, fermentation time 5 d, the additive amount 25% and the ratio of material to water 1∶1. 50. 2)Under the optimum conditions, there were significant differences in contents of crude protein, true protein, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and ash between control group and experimental group(P<0. 05). Compared with the control group, the crude protein and true protein of the experimental group respectively increased by 19. 68% and 30. 38% while the neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were respectively degraded by 31. 68% and 27. 69%. The scanning electron microscope results of T5 fermentation group showed that the structure of distiller's grains was loose and holes appeared. 3)The results of artificial rumen in vitro gas production showed that the ammonia nitrogen concentration, volatile fatty acid concentration and dry matter digestibility in the T5 fermentation group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0. 05), while methane production was significantly lower than that of control group(P<0. 05). In conclusion, the isolated fiber degrading bacteria can be used to degrade the fiber of distillers' grains, which is conducive to improve the nutritional value of low-quality roughage. The strain T5 can be used as a candidate strain for the development and utilization of feed resources.15|14|4<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Focusing on the issue that the sow estrus detection under restriction-feeding system was heavy workload and low efficiency, the concentrations of estradiol and luteinizing hormone in urine were measured to evaluate the estrus of sows after weaning. Meanwhile, rapid test paper for estrus aided detection was developed to provide reference threshold. The results showed that: 1)The concentrations of estradiol and luteinizing hormone in urine changed regularly during the estrus cycle, and their peak concentrations were obtained at 494. 87 pg/mL and 22. 52 miu/mL by manual routine examination; 2)Based on the peak concentration of luteinizing hormone, the accuracy of estrus evaluation was 87. 50%. This research demonstrated that the rapid detection and screening of estrus for weaned sows could be realized based on urine hormones with potential application.Keywords：sow;estrus;rapid test;hormones;welfare4|14|3<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：The aims of this study are to obtain the sequence of Nosema ceranae NCRBL-081 gene and predict and analyze the NCRBL-081 coding protein. NCRBL-081 gene is cloned by RT-PCR. The encoded protein of NCRBL-081 gene is predicted by related bioinformatics tools. The results indicate that: NCRBL-081 contains 630 nucleotides encoding a hydrophilic protein of 209 amino acids; NCRBL-081 encoded protein cis consisted of one signal peptide, six serine phosphorylation sites, five tyrosine phosphorylation sites and one transmembrane domain; Additionally, the encoded protein has 20. 10% of alpha helix, 8. 61% of beta fold, 25. 84% of extended chain and 45. 45% of irregular coil, and it has typical characteristics of type II ribosome inactivating protein family; Various RBL proteins from the same microsporidian species display closer evolutionary distance, while RBL proteins from different microsporidian species have more distant evolutionary distance; Moreover, NCER_100581 and AAJ76_100008081 in N. ceranae have a closer genetic relationship. The study obtained the full sequence of NCRBL-081 in N. ceranae and revealed the molecular characteristics of NCRBL-081 coding protein, which lay a foundation for the following functional analyses.Keywords：Nosema ceranae;ricin B-lectin;molecular cloning;bioinformatics;phylogenetic tree1|11|7<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to increase the soil moisture, reduce soil bulk density in apple orchards and improve the yield and quality of fruit, by taking clean tillage as control, the effects of self-sown grass(Stellaria media and Malachium aquaticum community), clean tillage+earthworm and self-sown grass+earthworm on soil moisture, soil bulk density, fruit yield and quality of apple orchards in the Weibei dry plateau were systematically investigated. The results showed that: The self-sown grass and self-sown grass+earthworm treatments increased soil moisture in 0-100 cm, 0-90 cm, 0-130 cm, 0-160 cm and 0-100 cm soil layers at the flowering and fruit-bearing stage, young fruit enlargement stage, flower bud differentiation stage, pre-harvest enlargement stage and abscission stage, respectively. At the pre-harvest enlargement stage, i. e. the rainy season had the most significant effects, while the clean tillage+earthworm treatment only increased the soil water in 0-160 cm soil layer. Soil bulk density in both 0-20 cm and 0-30 cm soil layers was decreased by in clear tillage+earthworm and self-sown grass+earthworm treatments, and the self-sown grass treatment had no significant effects on soil bulk density. The amount of earthworm in soil of self-sown grass+earthworm orchard was higher than that of clear tillage+earthworm orchard. In self-sown grass, clear tillage+earthworm and self-sown grass+earthworm orchards the fruit yield and fruit soluble solid content were increased, and the fruit titratable acid content and ratio of fruit soluble solid to titratable acid were decreased, and there were no significant effects on single fruit weight, fruit shape index, colored area and fruit firmness. Among the four different treatments, self-sown grass+earthworm had the most significant effects on soil moisture, soil bulk density, apple yields and apple quality. Therefore, the orchard soil management mode of self-sown grass+earthworm could be promoted actively in the Weibei dry plateau.Keywords：clean tillage;self-sown grass;earthworm;soil moisture;soil bulk density;fruit quality7|11|3<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：A total of fifteen typical pomelo varieties in Pinghe county were selected as experimental material to clarify the distribution and accumulation characteristics of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and phytic acid in the peel and pulp of pomelo. Specifically, the concentrations of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and phytic acid were analyzed during critical fruit growth stages(i. e. , fruit expansion and maturation stage)at different fruit positions(i. e. , peel and pulp). The results showed that: Pomelo fruit contained higher total phenolics and total flavonoids, but less phytic acid; Significant genotypic differences in total phenolics, flavonoids, and phytic acid in peel and pulp were observed among fifteen pomelo cultivars; The concentration and accumulation of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and phytic acid in peel were higher than those in the pulp; The concentration of total phenolics and total flavonoids in peel and pulp at the ripening stage were higher than those in the expanding stage, whereas phytic acid showed a decreasing trend. In short, the total phenolics and flavonoids accumulation in pomelo peel was the highest at the maturation stage, which could be beneficial for deep fruit processing and phenolic substances extraction. Our results may provide a theoretical reference for pomelo quality improvement and fruit processing.Keywords：pomelo;total phenolics;total flavonoids;phytic acid2|10|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：To rapidly identify strawberry Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fagariae (Fof), a rapid detection system of Fof was established based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP). Tissue separation method and PCR analysis were used for LAMP verification. The results showed that: Buffer 2. 50 μL, Mg2+(100 mmol/L)0. 25 μL, dNTPs(10 mmol/L)1. 00 μL, FIP(20 μmol/L)1. 00 μL, BIP(20 μmol/L)1. 00 μL, F3(10 μmol/L)0. 50 μL, B3(10 μmol/L)0. 50 μL, LoopF(10 μmol/L)0. 75 μL, Bst DNA polymerase(8 U/μL)0. 50 μL, betaine(5 mol/L)1. 00 μL, DNA template 1. 00 μL ddH2O, 15. 00 μL and 0. 40 μL SYBR Green I dye added after the reaction was the most optimal reaction system for color rendering. The optimal reaction temperature was 62. 9 ℃ and the reaction time was 60 min. Specificity tests showed that the system could detect Fof from sixteen strawberry pathogens and the minimum detection limit was 45 pg/μL, which was basically the same as the detection limit by conventional PCR. Field disease samples were randomly selected, and the pathogenic fungi in sixteen strawberry root-stems were detected by LAMP system. The pathogenic fungi of twelve susceptible strawberry plants contained Fof. The accuracy of LAMP was verified by tissue separation and PCR. The traditional pathogen identification takes about 5-7 days to complete, while the LAMP complete detection can be completed within one day. In conclusion, the LAMP detection system established in this study lays a foundation for accurate and rapid detection of Fof and its practical application.1|9|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to explore the decomposing process of exogenous lignocellulose degradation bacteria compound complex during edible fungus chaff composting, a fertilizer treatment technology of edible fungus chaff was developed. The edible fungus chaff and pig manure were mixed and composted. The compost without adding lignocellulosic bacteria compound complex was used as a control to explore the effect of lignocellulosic bacteria on the composting and fermentation characteristics and maturity of edible fungus chaff. The results showed: The stack with lignocellulose degradation bacteria compound system reached 50 ℃ 3 days earlier than the control treatment; At the end of composting, the decomposition rates of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in the plant were respectively 17. 33%, 7. 26% and 12. 02%, which were 1. 08, 1. 56 and 1. 44 times of the control pile; From the comprehensive evaluation of C/N, pH, EC, and radish seed germination index, the composting time of the composite system of lignocellulosic bacteria was 56 d and that of control was 66 d. The composite system of lignocellulosic bacteria shortened the maturation process of edible fungi by 10 d.Keywords：edible fungus chaff;lignin cellulose decomposes the bacterial complex;composting;fermentation process14|13|5<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to alleviate the problems of soil water loss and crop salt stress in some areas of north China, this study aimed to explore and develop a green environmental friendly super absorbent resin with water retention, salt tolerance and degradability. In this study, sodium tetraborate was used as boron source, xylitol was used as main ligand, and sodium hydroxide was used as catalyst to prepare polyhydroxy organic boron cross-linker. Taking cellulose as skeleton and acrylic acid, acrylamide acid and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid as functional monomers, the hydrophilic groups were diversified to enhance salt resistance, and self-made organic boron cross-linker was added to cross-link. The organic boron cross-linked cellulose based super absorbent resin was prepared by microwave radiation graft copolymerization, and the properties and structure of the final product were characterized and analyzed. The results showed that: The water absorption rate of the resin was 505. 2 g/g, and the salt absorption rate was 106. 9 g/g. After repeated swelling for 5 times and at constant temperature of 55 ℃ for 6 hours, the moisture content remained above 40% of the initial saturation value. The result of infrared spectrum showed that the absorption peak appeared at 516. 77 cm-1 was the flexural vibration peak of B—O bond indicating that the compounds formed organic boron structure. In addition, the super absorbent resin also showed good thermal stability and slow release property of boron.Keywords：organic boron cross-linker;super absorbent resin;performance characterization;structural characterization2|10|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Aiming at the problem that the supply and demand of rice mechanization transplanting technology were not balanced due to the time-effective deviation and the lack of linkage between multiple extension subjects, a cooperative extension model of rice mechanized transplanting technology with one station, two main bodies, three centers and four coordinations was constructed based on the research of mechanized rice transplanting technology. The results showed that: The coordinated technology, funds, talents and benefits in the cooperative propagation model shortened the time for research, transmission and application, and improved the time-effectiveness of extension of mechanized transplanting technology. The researchers, extension system and new types of agricultural businesses built a criss-crossing extension network, which resulted in the formation of two main agricultural extension technologies and a local standard, and cultivated a number of researchers, extension members and professional farmers in agricultural technology field. The yield of core demonstration fields from 2018 to 2020 was increased by 21. 25% to 34. 39% compared with 2017, and the income increased by 6 316. 50-7 042. 25 Yuan/hm2. The yield of the demonstration zone was 8 920-9 350 kg/hm2, which increased the income by 4 871. 44 to 4 968. 20 Yuan/hm2. In conclusion, the extension mode can balance the supply and demand of mechanized transplanting technology. The study provides reference for the application of agricultural technology extension mode.Keywords：rice;mechanized production technology;mechanized transplanting;cooperative extension mode;balance between supply and demand1|12|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：A modular control system based on the CH32V103 microcontroller, which is made in China by applying RISC-V open source instruction set, is designed to solve the problems of complex structure, complicated equipment operation, high costs of using foreign controllers and the chips monopoly by foreign countries in the head hub control system of agricultural water-saving irrigation in China. According to the function of the head hub of the irrigation system, the control system is designed to contain multiple modules including two control modes of communication control and terminal control, and two user operation interfaces of field operation interface and network operation interface. The module includes the main controller, irrigation management control module, backwash filter control module, fertilization equipment control module, soil moisture acquisition and processing device module. The communication test and simulation control test of each module of the control system are carried out, and the control function test of the control system is performed. The test results show that the communication between each module of the control system and the main controller is normal, and each module can normally control the corresponding water-saving irrigation equipment. The control system can complete the irrigation control, backwash filtering control, fertilization control, soil moisture acquisition and other functions of the head hub of the irrigation system through two kinds of control modes in two operating interfaces. In conclusion, the modular design of the control system with the head hub of the irrigation system is beneficial to simplify the control structure and operation of the head hub.Keywords：water-saving irrigation;controller;modularization;CH32V1034|13|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：To clarify the characteristics of regional development, optimize regional layout and realize ecological transformation and green sustainable development, Anqing metropolitan area is taken as study object. There are four ecosystem services of Anqing metropolitan area, e. g. , water conservation service, soil consolidation service, NPP service and food supply service. The trade-off or synergy between different ecosystem services are investigated. The CA Markov model is used to predict the ecosystem services in 2030. The conclusions are as follows: There are significant differences in ecosystem services between the Northwest Mountains and the Southeast Plain. The Northwest Mountainous is the high value area of soil conservation service, and the southeast plain is the high value area of biological production service and food supply service. Since 2000, the food supply service in Anqing metropolitan area has shown an obvious growth trend, the water conservation service has basically remained stable, the NPP service has increased slightly, the soil consolidation service has increased from 2000 to 2010, and has remained relatively stable after 2010. In terms of correlation, the synergy relationship between water conservation service and NPP service is the strongest. There is a trade-off relationship between soil conservation service and food supply service. It is predicted that the trade-off between ecosystem services will be weakened and the synergy will be strengthened in 2030. In the process of urban construction and development in the future, Anqing metropolitan area should combine with the construction of ecological civilization, and fully protect other ecosystem services to ensure food supply.Keywords：ecosystem services;trade-off and synergy;forecast;spatial and temporal patterns7|12|3<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to explore the relationship between land finance and land intensive use and analysis its temporal and spatial distribution law, based on the data of China's prefecture level cities in 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2018, the land intensive use performance index is calculated by using BOD model and exploratory spatial analysis method. The results show that: 1)The level of land intensive use performance index generally presents a distribution pattern of “high in the north and low in the south”. From 2005 to 2015, the areas with high level of land intensive use performance index are expanding, and the proportion of cities in high intensive areas reaches its peak 44. 34%; 2)From 2005 to 2018, the scale growth of land transfer fee is in a state of fluctuation, and the land financial dependence presents a trend of “increasing after decreasing”; 3)The regions with high intensity and low dependence are concentrated in the developed eastern regions, and the regions with low intensity and high dependence are concentrated in the central, western and northeast regions. Therefore, the impact of land finance on land intensive use is neither a single positive promotion nor a single negative inhibition, but is a joint effect of both promotion and inhibition.Keywords：land finance;intensive land use;BOD model4|10|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to alleviate the contradiction between farmers' green production willingness and behavior, based on the micro data of farmers surveyed in Gansu Province from July to December 2019 and the perspective of livelihood differentiation of farmers with different land scales, this study uses binary logit and PSM models and tests the impact of socialized service organizations on farmers' green production willingness and behavior deviation, and the regulatory effect of land scale in the above impact path. The results showed that: 1)The impacts of land scale on farmers' green production willingness and behavioral deviation were different with different types of green production. Land scale had a negative impact on farmers' green pesticide application willingness and behavioral deviation, but had no significant impact on farmers' plastic mulch treatment willingness and behavioral deviation. 2)Considering the endogenous problem, different types of social service organizations can significantly inhibit the contradiction between farmers' green production willingness and behavior. 3)In the impact path of the government social service organizations and business social service organizations on the willingness and behavior of peasant household green production, the regulation effect of the scale of land is different due to the green production type differences. The link of pollution-free pesticides plays a positive adjustment effect, in the link of plastic processing has a negative effect. 4)Social service organizations can significantly alleviate the contradiction between small-scale farm households green production willingness and behavior, among which government social service organizations have the strongest influence, followed by commercial social service organizations, and rural cooperatives are the weakest. Therefore, in order to promote the transformation of farmers' green production willingness into behaviors, according to different green production behaviors, the agricultural land circulation should be further accelerated to promote moderate scale land management. The socialized service organizations of the government should strengthen their ability of overall planning and coordination, and the commercial socialized service organizations should improve the delivery inspection standards of green agricultural products. Meanwhile, the government should reorganize rural cooperatives to realize standardized management within cooperatives. Establish and improve the interest connection mechanism between various social service subjects and farmers, and customize social services suitable for farmers' green development.Keywords：green production;intention is at variance with action;agricultural social service;land scale;PSM model3|10|9<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to explore the impact of different degrees of contiguous of plots on the land productivity of large-scale households, the contiguous plots are classified into two types(e. g. , complete contiguous and moderate contiguous)in this study. The survey data of rice-scale households in two regions of Hubei Province is taken as example to analyze the contiguous characteristics of plots, and the endogenous transformation regression model is used to measure the effect of connecting plots into different degrees on the land productivity. The results show that no matter what degree of contiguity is, contiguous plots will help to increase the land productivity of large-scale households. It is mainly reflected as follows: Under the counterfactual assumption, when the large-scale households that have actually concatenated the plots do not concatenate, the land productivity will decrease; When the large-scale households that have not actually concatenated the plots do concatenate, the land productivity will increase. Affected by the increased management difficulty caused by the improper matching of mechanical power and farmland scale, the effect of completely connecting plots in increasing the land productivity of large-scale households is significantly worse than that of moderately connecting plots. In conclusion, it is recommended that large-scale households with limited technical and management capabilities and have difficulties in land transfer should not excessively pursue complete contiguous plots when expanding the scale of farmland. The households only need to ensure that there are no particularly small and uneconomical plots in the farmland they manage.Keywords：plot size;complete contiguous;moderate contiguous;land productivity2|10|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to clarify whether the fundamental reason to choose acquaintances as transfer objects is the subjective motivation of emotional dependence or the limited rational choice of farmers under the objective condition of incomplete information, a theoretical model is constructed in this study, and the questionnaire data of farmers in Guangdong, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi provinces is used. Heckprobit model is constructed based on the research perspective of plot samples to explore the influence of intermediary with information displaying function on the selection of transfer objects. The results show that: The acquaintance of farmland transfer object is farmers' limited rational choice under incomplete information, and the intermediary participation in farmland transfer can help to improve the incomplete information, and then promote the transfer out households to choose non family and non village farmers as transfer objects. According to the results obtained in this study, this study puts forward the following two policy suggestions: 1)Setting up circulation trading information platform or auction platform; 2)Encouraging village collectives or village talents to perform the intermediary function of agricultural land transfer.Keywords：farmland circulation;intermediary participation;circulation object1|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：The aim of this study was to understand the environment pollution control for livestock and poultry industry and the low-carbon recycling production methods of the farmers. Based on a survey data of 694 of farmers in large meat duck production provinces, by using the binary Logit model and the adjustment effect analysis, the impact of farmers' environmental risk perception on the willingness to treat manure as a resource and environmental regulation policies on the relationship between farmers' perception of environmental risk and their willingness to treat manure as a resource are analyzed. The results show that: The awareness of meat duck farmers on the water pollution of meat duck breeding waste and their' cognition of treating as resources can reduce environmental pollution and significantly affect the farmers' willingness to treat manure resources; The farmers' perception of soil pollution, air pollution, and environmental risk loss of meat duck farmers display no significant effect on the willingness of meat duck farmers to treat manure as a resource; The government's command, incentive and voluntary environmental regulatory policies have a certain regulatory effect on the risk perception of farmers—the willingness to treat manure as resources. In order to promote farmers' awareness of environmental risks and strengthen environmental pollution prevention, relevant training and publicity should be strengthened under the premise of effective implementation of the promotion policy. The breeding subsidy incentive policy should be implemented according to local conditions to promote the optimal allocation of environmental resources and encourage farmers to actively control pollution, improve the breeding performance of farmers.Keywords：environmental regulation policy;environmental risk perception;willingness to treat manure as a resource;meat duck breeding1|12|6<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to explore the utilization efficiency and coupling relationship of cultivated land and irrigation water resources under the situation of tight food security balance in China, he panel data of 31 provinces(The data do not include those of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan regions. The same below. )from 2003 to 2019 is taken as study material. Based on the measurement of utilization efficiency of cultivated land and irrigation water resources, a coupling coordination model is constructed. The coupling coordination relationship and spatial evolution characteristics of the utilization efficiency of cultivated land and water resources in the region are revealed. The spatial correlation of coupling coordination degree is further analyzed by using Moran index. The results show that: 1)The utilization efficiency of cultivated land and irrigation water resources in China is rising, and the efficiency of irrigation water resources is increased faster. 2)The coupling coordination degree of the utilization efficiency of cultivated land and irrigation water resources in China is in a good coupling coordination stage, and the spatial difference is significant, which shows the spatial distribution pattern of East>Northeast>West>central part. 3)The coupling coordination degree of the utilization efficiency of cultivated land and irrigation water resources in China is positively spatial autocorrelated, and has the spatial agglomeration characteristics, but the agglomeration trend fluctuates back and forth between enhancement and weakening. 4)The coupling coordination degree of utilization efficiency of cultivated land and irrigation water resources in China is mainly concentrated in the “high high” and “low low” concentration areas, and the spatial spillover effect is significant. The spatial spillover effect in the West and Northeast is stronger than that in the Middle East. The research provides the basis for the coupling of irrigation water and cultivated land in China and the formulation of relevant policy suggestions.Keywords：resource utilization efficiency;coupling coordination;spatial correlation;DEA model6|11|6<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
