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- Abstract：It is of significance that evaluating land availability for energy plant production under the condition of not affecting the food security negatively in China.This paper reviewed the current progress of researches in this field.After the related terminologies suggested by previous researcher were discussed intensively, the marginal land suitable for energy plant production (MLSEP) and non-food land suitable for energy plant production (NLSEP) as synonyms were concluded as the most appropriate terminologies.It was defined as the land which was not suitable for food crop production economically or ecologically but satisfied the basic requirements for large scale non-food energy plant production, including the natural system for harvesting aboveground biomass without cultivation.The possible categories of NLSEP were identified as cultivated land and orchard land which were not suitable for food and fruit production, forest land, waste grass land, reclaimable mining abandoned land, water lever of pond, forest belt of water conservancy facilities, saline-alkali soil, sand and bare land.The NLSEP area potential and its distribution exhibited considerable variation between previous researchers, i e.total potential between 3 420-16 374 × 104 hm2 including forest land and that between 700－6 473 × 104 hm2 excluding forest land.Further studies on related industry standards, more accurate land availably and production potential assessment, proper land utilization requirement without change land use, and administrative regulation were suggested.Keywords：marginal land;marginal land suitable for energy;wasteland suitable for energy3|11|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Using proper methodology to determine the suitable land resource is crucial to the development of non-food energy plants production.This paper reviewed the methodology and suitability evaluation index of non-food land suitable for energy plant production in China.A method to get the resource of non-food land suitable for energy plant production was summarized by combining both soil survey statistic data and remote sensing data obtained from Geographic Information System (GIS).All data were collected and the research method and the database were further evaluated.After discussed the previous research, a more perfect suitability evaluation system of non-food land suitable for energy plant production was put forward after discussed the previous research.The system included surface slope, effective soil depth, soil texture, soil alkalization degrees, soil salinity, frost-free season, ≥10 ℃ year accumulated temperature, water condition, drainage condition, land concentrated condition, ecological condition and exceeding pollution index.And the value range of each index was identified.Keywords：marginal land;non-food land suitable for energy plant production;land survey;remote sensing and GIS;evaluation criteria2|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Biochar is a new product with a feature-rich and wide application, it can be used as high-quality energy, soil conditioner, as well reducing agent, slow release carrier and carbon sequestration carrier.Interest for the production and application of biochar has arisen from the whole society.In the recent years, on the basis of traditional techniques, technology and equipment research of biomass carbonization has made important progress in China.This paper introduced the basic principles and main characteristics of biomass carbonization technology, and discussed the research progress of biomass carbonization technology and equipments.Moreover the basic principles of different carbonization process technology and equipment were analyzed.Finally, the main problems in the development of biomass carbonization technology equipment were discussed, and development countermeasures and suggestions were proposed.Keywords：biomass;carbonization technologies;equipments;development status;suggestions4|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In this study, four sweet sorghum hybrids (S1-S4) and six biomass sorghum hybrids (B1-B6) bred by our laboratory were used as the testing materials for two-year field experiments on saline-alkali land in Changling Jilin and Binzhou Shandong.The aim was to screen energy sorghum hybrids which were the most suitable to grow and promote in the study sites.The results showed that:1) In the two study sites, plant height and stem diameter of all hybrids ranged from 347.4 to 496.3 cm and 14.8 to 20.3 mm, respectively.While biomass sorghum hybrids had better performance than sweet sorghum hybrids;2)The aboveground dry weight (ADW) of all hybrids in two sites was changed from 9.1 to 28.5 t/hm2, which biomass sorghum hybrids B2, B4 and sweet sorghum hybrids S2 performed best in their corresponding sites and years;3) Through the analysis of the data, it was found that biomass sorghum hybrids B3, B4 and sweet sorghum hybrids S2 were suitable to cultivate and promote in Changling site.While for Binzhou site the biomass sorghum hybrids B2, B3 and sweet sorghum hybrids S4 performed well.Keywords：biomass sorghum;sweet sorghum;saline-alkali land;hybrid screening2|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Direct enzymolysis (DE), enzymolysis after 1% H2SO4 pretreatment (ACE) and 1% NaOH pretreatment (ALE) by mixed-cellulases was conducted to determine the degradation efficiency of Alamo (lowland) and Cave-in-Rock (upland) stem.Afterwards the cell wall compositional characteristics of stem was analysed in particular.1)Under the disposal of DE, total sugar yield efficiency, hexose yield efficiency and cellulose degradation efficiency of Alamo stem was 24.94%, 40.52% and 24.68% higher than Cave-in-Rock values, respectively.Under the disposal of ACE, sugar yield efficiency released from pretreatment, sugar yield efficiency released from enzymolysis and total sugar yield efficiency was 17.13%, 25.69% and 16.87% higher than those obtained from Cave-in-Rock, respectively.What is more, the pentose yield efficiency, hexose yield efficiency and cellulose degradation efficiency was 9.71%, 38.93% and 21.86% higher than those of Cave-in-Rock.Under the disposal of ALE, sugar yield efficiency released from enzymolysis and total sugar yield efficiency was 16.69% and 13.48% higher than those from Cave-in-Rock and the pentose yield efficiency, hexose yield efficiency and cellulose degradation efficiency was 13.07%, 17.46% and 6.59% higher than Cave-in-Rock values, respectively.All these differences were statistically significant (P<0.05 or 0.01).2)Content of cellulose of Alamo stem was 11.31% significantly higher than that from Cave-in-Rock, whereas the cellulose crystallinity indexes and degree of polymerization was 10.09% and 40.54% significantly lower than those from Cave-in-Rock, respectively.Content of arabinose(Ara) of hemicellulose in Alamo stem was 5.28% significantly higher than in Cave-in-Rock.However the content of Xylose(Xyl) was 1.37% lower than in Cave-in-Rock.The degree of Ara substitution in hemicellulose (Ara/Xyl) of Alamo stem was 6.74% significantly higher than in Cave-in-Rock.Syringyl (S) monomer units were 16.40% significantly higher than in Cave-in-Rock.Taken together, higher cellulose content, lower cellulose crystallinity indexes and degree of polymerization are the major factors rendering the higher degradation efficiency of Alamo stem.Influence of Ara on branch structure of hemicellulose which negatively affects cellulose crystallinity indexes and degree of polymerization as well as S monomer units might be the key factors rendering higher degradation efficiency of Alamo stem.Keywords：switchgrass;ecotype;stem;cell wall;degradation efficiency0|10|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：With the yellow ripening stage of wheat straw and anthracite as experimental material, by the methods of single-factor and three-factor four-level orthogonal design, the influence of mechanical strength on straw-coal-briquettes samples were studied by the different alkalizing agent concentration and the different heat treatment time and the different solid-liquid mass ratio.The results showed that, with the increasing of heat treatment time, alkalizing agent concentration and prolonging of solid-liquid ratio, compressive strength and shatter index of straw-coal-briquettes samples first increased and then decreased.Orthogonal test showed that the main factors affecting straw-coal-briquettes samples cohesiveness were alkalizing agent concentration, followed by heat treatment time and the solid-liquid mass ratio, and there was a strong interaction between influence factors in alkali treatment process.The optimal process for straw-coal-briquettes alkalization treatment was the alkalizing agent concentration at 2%, with 1.5 h heat treatment and a solid-liquid ratio of 1:25.Keywords：wheat straw;alkali treatment;biomass briquette;mechanical strength;cohesiveness0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Climate change and higher temperature become more detrimental pressures on wheat production and quality.In this study, a Jasmonate induced gene (TaJIP) was cloned from wheat genotype Chinese Spring(CS).TaJIP was strongly induced by heat stress.TaJIP protein contained two conserved domains of Dirigent and Jacalin-like domain.In addition, the promoter region of TaJIP was cloned by insilico cloning method, several cis-elements involved in phytohormone response were found in this region.The expression pattern of TaJIP was analyzed by real-time PCR, and it was strongly induced by heat, drought, NaCl and Methyl jasmonate(MeJA).In order to investigate the biological function of TaJIP, the expression vector of TaJIP gene was constructed and transformed into Arabidopsis by Agrobacterium-mediation.The overexpressed Arabidopsis showed higher survival rate and longer hypocotyls than WT when heat stressed at 45 ℃.When cultivated on MS medium containing mannitol or NaCl, no difference was found between overexpressed plants and the wild type(WT).These results indicated that TaJIP can confer thermotolerance to plants, but can’t improve the resistance to drought or salt.Keywords：wheat;high temperature;Jasmonate induced protein;Arabidopsis;thermotolerance0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Canavalia ensiformis is an under-exploited legume that has been used as forage, green manure and cover crop.It can potentially be used in numerous other ways, including nutraceuticals and phytopharmaceuticals.In this study, sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers were used to assess the genetic diversity and relationship of 19 C.ensiformis accessions originated from 11 countries.The results showed that:1) In total, 274 clear bands were amplified and 144 fragments (52.6%) were polymorphic;2) The polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.16 to 0.43, with an average of 0.28;3) The total genetic diversity (Ht) was 0.285 6, the estimate of gene flow (Nm) was 0.065 6;4) The results from the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that the most significant variation, 88% of the total variation, occurred among accessions and 12% was attributed to within accession variation;5) The cluster analysis and principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) produced similar results, whereby the 19 C.ensiformis were divided into five clusters, each cluster was composed of different accessions and had different phenotypic traits.This study provided the theoretical basis for biodiversity studies and breeding programs of Canavalia ensiformis.Keywords：Canavalia ensiformis;sequence-related amplified polymorphism(SRAP);genetic diversity1|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：The aim of this study was to investigate the influences of phosphorus (P) fertilizer application and intercropping on maize grain P concentrations, harvest indexes, P harvest indexes and internal P use efficiency of maize plants.Field experiments were carried out in 2009, 2010 and 2011.The main plots received pure P applications of 0, 40 and 80 kg/hm2, and the sub-plots comprised maize monoculture and maize (Zea mays L.cv.Zhengdan no.958) intercropping with oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.cv.Longyou no.1) in 2009 or turnip (Brassica campestris L.cv.Gannan no.4) in 2010 and 2011, faba bean (Vicia faba L.cv.Lincan no.5), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.cv.Longying no.1) and soybean (Glycine max L.cv.Huaxia no.1 in 2009 and cv.Wuke no.2 in 2010 and 2011), respectively.1) Intercropping significantly enhanced maize grain P concentrations compared to monocropped maize, the average grain P concentrations of maize intercropped with Brassica, faba bean, chickpea and soybean were increased by 19.8%, 13.0%, 17.2% and 12.0%, respectively.However, neither the harvest indexes nor the P harvest indexes of maize were influenced by intercropping.This indicates that the allocation of dry matter and P in vegetative tissues and grains at maize harvest were not influenced by intercropping.Further studies showed that internal P use efficiency of maize plants intercropped with Brassica, faba bean, chickpea and soybean were significantly reduced by 15.9%, 9.6%, 14.9% and 8.5%, respectively.2) No responses of harvest index of maize to P were found in all the three years.In 2009, there were no significant effects of fertilizer P application rates on the average maize grain P concentrations.Afterwards, the average grain P concentrations in 2010 and 2011 were all significantly increased by average of 12.5% at P 40 kg/hm2 and 15.9% at P 80 kg/hm2 compared to no P application;meanwhile, the internal P use efficiency of maize plants at P 40 kg/hm2 in 2010 and at P 80 kg/hm2 in both 2010 and 2011 were significantly decreased by 8.8% and 10.4%, respectively;the P harvest indexes were enhanced by P only in 2011.In general, both intercropping and P application increased maize grain P concentrations while decreased internal P use efficiency with luxury absorption of P and P application enhanced the P harvest index of maize.Keywords：maize;intercropping;phosphorus (P) application;grain P concentrations;harvest index;P harvest indexes;internal P use efficiency2|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Vegetable is one of the most important economic crops in China, and the disease is a critical factor affecting their sustainable production.This paper introduced the various applications of molecular marker technology that were used in significant vegetables such as solanaceae, cruciferae and cucurbitaceae in disease resistance breeding and its development, and put forward to the importance of molecular marker technology in disease-resistant breeding.Keywords：vegetable diseases;molecular marker;disease-resistant breeding1|11|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Microspore embryogenesis and culture conditions which affected microspore-derived embryos were studied with six F1 hybrids of white cabbage with cold tolerance.The aim was to construct and optimize microspore culture system of cold-tolerant white cabbage and other Brassica species hybrids.The microspores development and embryogenesis of six F1 hybrids of the white cabbage in vivo and in vitro were investigated with 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindol staining technique.The effects of arabinogalactan (AG) and arabinogalactan-protein (AGP) on embryo yield were estimated by statistical analysis.The microspore developmental stages from uninucleate, bicellular to mature pollen were observed in vivo, which underwent twice asymmetrical nuclear division.Flower bud length corresponding to late uninucleate microspores stage from 3.5 to 4.5 mm.Under temperature stress (32.5 ℃), in vitro microspores could be induced to deviate from their gametophytic development and switch to embryogenesis.A small portion of responsive microspores could develop into embryoid during isolated microspore culture.The outputs with various materials were obviously different.One of the six materials had no embryos.But ‘Hanyu No.37' possessed 22.5 embryos per bud, the highest level in the rest five materials with embryos.Adding 10 mg/L AG or 10 mg/L AGP to the medium of NLN-13 could improve the ability of microspore embryogenesis.The heat shock stress by 32.5 ℃ for 1 day could induce embryogenesis of the white cabbage.Either 10 mg/L AG or 10 mg/L AGP had a positive effect on embryogenesis.Keywords：cold-tolerant white cabbage;microspore culture;embryogenesis;developmental pathway0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：To investigate the effects of calyx on tomato fruit development and quality formation, we did two tests.In test 1, calyxes were removed from fruits at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 d after flowering.Normal fruits with calyxes were used as control.Fruits were harvested at mature stage (6 days after turning) and analyzed.In test 2, we picked fruits at 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 d after flowering, removed the calyxes and then stored at 25 ℃.The fruits with calyxes were used as a control.The results of test 1 showed that removal of calyxes delayed fruits ripening, fruits weight and the content of ascorbic acid (Vc), flavonoids, and fruit cell wall materials.In terms of antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT) activity in treated fruits was lower than that of control, while peroxidase (POD) activity was higher the sugar-acid rate decreased.There is no significant difference in soluble solids between control and treated fruits.The results of test 2 showed that the ethylene production was reduced by half when calyxes were removed from fruits earlier than 30 d after flowering.There was no significant difference in ethylene production between control and treated fruits from 35 d after flowering.It can be therefore concluded that removing of calyx had some effects on the development growth and quality of tomato fruits.Keywords：calyx;tomato fruit;ethylene;development;maturation;quality formation5|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：SCARECROW-Like(SCL)genes are the members of GRAS gene family.They involve in many processes including plant development, hormone and stress response.In the present study, ‘Centennial Seedless' (Vitisvinifera L.) variety was used to detect the expression of VvSCL9 in different tissues and organsby a semi-quantitative RT-PCR.The precise transcription abundance in berries after exogenous GA3 treatment was revealed by transcriptomic data analysis.The expression character and function of VvSCL9 were further studied by full sequence and promoter cloning, bioinformatic analysis and heterogeneous expression.The semi-quantitative RT-PCR detected VvSCL9 expression in shoot tips, young leaves, full-expanded leaves, old leaves and inflorescence.Berry transcriptomic data revealed that VvSCL9 was expressed in stage I berry.But no differential expression was found on 1, 3 and 7 d after exogenous GA3 application.Bioinformatics analysis found that VvSCL9 promoter had multi-acting elements involved in response to plant hormones and stress resistance.Transgenic tobacco seeds over-expressing VvSCL9 demonstrated lower germination rate than the controls in the early days under GA3 treatment.Transgenic tobacco plants over-expressing VvSCL9 improved the plant tolerance to 100 mmol/L NaCl.Our results indicated that VvSCL9 participated invegetative and reproductive growth of grapevine, it involved in plant salt tolerance and the sensitivity to GA3.However, VvSCL9 might not serve as a main regulatory element in exogenous gibberellins(GA3)induced seedless grape berry enlargement.Keywords：grape;VvSCL9;gene;promoter;GA;3;treatment;salt stress0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：With apple ‘Golden Delicious’ as research material, this work was aimed at developing a transient gene transformation system in callus and confirming whether it might be applicable for the functional analysis of the genes in apple plants.The research firstly optimized the sterilization method, the size and shape of explants, the culture medium for callus growth and regeneration, and finally developed the system for agrobacterium mediated gene transient transformation in apple plants.Application of gene transformation was tested with GUS reporter gene driven by CaM 35S.The results showed that there were both high expression of GUS gene and strong GUS activity, suggesting that the developed system could be used for gene manipulation.In order to further demonstrate the reliability of the system, an over-expression construct as well as an RNAi construction of MdACO1, a key gene in ethylene biosynthesis pathway, was respectively transformed into the callus.The expression analysis demonstrated that over-expression of MdACO1 caused dramatic increase in MdACO1 transcript level.In contrast, RNAi caused a significant decrease in the MdACO1 transcript level.Moreover, both over-expression and RNAi of MdACO1 resulted in changes of ethylene production and expression patterns of a series of genes involved in ethylene signaling.Keywords：apple;callus;gene transformation;ethylene1|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：To inhibit the browning of fresh-cut apples, the effect of the treatment of dipping fresh-cut apple slices in the solution of sodium bicarbonate and ascorbic acid on browning degree, sensory evaluation and edible quality were investigated.Results showed that 10.0 g/L sodium bicarbonate and 10.0 g/L ascorbic acid could effectively inhibit tissue browning on the cut apple slices and maintain the quality of the fresh-cut apple slices.An orthogonal experiment (L9 (33)) was set to estimate the effects of combinations of different concentrations of sodium bicarbonate and ascorbic acid as well as dipping times on browning index, browning degree, firmness, soluble solids content, lightness L* and sensory score of apple slices during storage.The optimal treatment was identified as 10.0 g/L sodium bicarbonate combined with 10.0 g/L ascorbic acid, dipping 5 min, which was validated in a further experiment using 10 g/L sodium D-isoascorbate (one of the mostly-used food antioxidants) as a positive control and distilled water as control.Results indicated that the optimal treatment could inhibit browning of apple slices, retain fruit quality and decrease microbial contamination on fresh-cut apples more effectively than sodium D-isoascorbate during cold storage.Keywords：fresh-cut apples;browning;ascorbic acid;sodium bicarbonate1|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：The aim of this study was to research the effects of complete diet pellets with different neutral detergent fiber (NDF) levels on slaughter traits and tissues and organs development of weaned bull calves.A total of 12 health weaned bull Holstein calves (days=(103.92±1.5) d, weight =(121.25±4.12) kg) were used and assigned randomly to 4 groups (Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ), with 3 calves per group.The treatment diets were four concentrate-roughage ratios (75:25, 70:30, 65:35, 60:40), and with different NDF levels, but all other nutrient levels being equal.The experiment was conducted over a period of 70 days, including 14d for adaptation and 56 d for data collection.Experimental calves will be slaughtered at the end of the feeding examination, their slaughter performance and tissues and organs weight were measured.The results showed that there was no significant difference in slaughter performance of calves among the treatments (P>0.05).As the concentrate-roughage ratio increased, complex stomach weight and rumen weight of calves were increased, and those of the treatment Ⅳ were significantly higher than those of treatment ⅠandⅡ (P<0.05).Also, intestine weight of treatment Ⅳ was significantly higher than that of treatment Ⅰ(P<0.05).The results indicated that pellet feed with high level of roughage is conducive to the development of the gastrointestinal tract calves, and could keep the same slaughtering performance.Keywords：dairy bull calves;NDF level;pellet feed;slaughter performance;gastrointestinal tract1|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：This experiment is to explore the diversity of bacteria associated with liquid phase samples and solid phase samples of rumen contents of Mongolian Sheep.This study choice the research methods of polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE).The results were analyzed by cluster analysis and PCA.Some common and special bands were identified at the same time.The results showed that both the bacteria from the liquid phase samples and solid phase samples had a high diversity, and the liquid phase samples had higher number of bands compared with the solid phase, were 30 and 24, respectively.Compared with the solid phase samples, the shannon diversity index, evenness and richness of liquid phase samples were higher, were 3.45, 0.90, 30.20 and 3.23, 0.84, 24.62, respectively.Samples of rumen liquid phase samples and solid phase samples from the same individual clustered together, and the similarity coefficient were up to 0.81.Uncultured rumen bacterium and Uncultured Bacteroidetes bacterium were predominadt in the rumen of sheep.The special bancterial in rumen content was Alcaligenes sp..Furthermore, both the liquid phase samples and solid phase samples of rumen contents of Mongolian Sheep had abundant bacteria and highest diversity in the liquid phase samples.Keywords：Mongolian Sheep;PCR-DGGE;liquid phase;solid phase;cluster analysis;PCA1|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) belongs to family Coronaviridae and genus Gammacoronavirus, which have caused huge economic losses in commercial chicken flocks of China.In order to expand the knowledge of the molecular features of the IBV circulating in China nowadays, thirty wild IBV strains in China were isolated between 2010 and 2013 by the Ringpu Diagnosis Research and Service Center.The S1 gene of these viruses was cloned, sequenced, and analyzed by DNASTAR and MEGA.Comparing with the regular commercial vaccine strains and representative IBV strains published in Genbank, It has been found that 1) these 30 isolated strains were divided into 2 genotypes:LX4 type and TW type, the percentages of them were 90% and 10% respectively;2) there was a significant difference of the nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences between the LX4 type isolates and the regular vaccine strains, the homology percentages were 77.6%-86.3% and 75.8%-85.7% respectively;3) the amino acid sequences and cleavage sites were of high homology in S gene of the same genotype viruses, while they were quite different between different genotypes.Therefore, the main current epidemic IBV strains belong to LX4 type and were also different from the widely applied commercial vaccine strain viruses significantly.This might be the reason for the immunity failure and IB outbreaks of chicken flocks.This study did lay a foundation for the selection of a better and suitable IBV strain as a brand new vaccine virus in China.Keywords：chicken;infectious bronchitis (IBV);S1;gene;genotype;cleavage site;molecular characteristics0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to explore the effects of tea polyphenols (TP)on the apoptosis of mice fetal fibroblast cells (MEF) culture in vitro, MEF cells were cultured, adding 0, 10, 40, 70, 100 and 150 μg/mL concentrations of TP in the MEF culture fluid and using MTT method, the cell viability was assayed.After 72 hours of the cultured cell, using RT-PCR, the transcription of gene Bcl-2 (B cell lymphoma leukemia-2), Bax (Bcl-as-sociated X protein) and Caspase-3 was tested.Using the beta-actin gene as internal reference, the relative expression amount was tested.The rulsults of MTT mothed(3-(5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-25-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide), showed that when the concentration of TP was 100 μg/mL, the growth of MEF(P<0.05) was inhibited and the cell morphology had no different changes.At the concentration of 40 μg/mL, the result was a bit higher than in other groups, but there were no significant differences(P>0.05).When the TP concentration was 150 μg/mL, the inhibition founction was significant(P<0.05), and the cell morphological had changes.The RT-PCR results showed that TP had no effect on the molecular transcription level of Bax gene, Bcl-2 gene and Caspase-3 gene(P>0.05).When the TP concentration was higher than 100 μg/mL, the growth of MEF was inhibited, and there was nothing to do with gene Bax, gene Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 transcription molecular mechanism.Keywords：TP;MEF;apoptosis;RT-PCR1|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Six different varieties of white clover have been Irradiated by 60Co-γ, then simulating drought water stress with PEG-4000 solution, their GP, GV, radicle length, chlorophyll content, root water potential were measured during their seed germination period.The above indicators of Huia variety of PEG stress had been taken as a comprehensive evaluation which used the standard deviation coefficient allocation weighted method.The measurement indicators of the 6 white clover varieties were identified screening by using the principal component analysis based on the best PEG concentration which had been filtered out.Then, the drought resistance of each variety had been evaluated by a comprehensive analysis, which was based on the screened indicators and the best PEG stress concentration.Experimental results showed that PEG 120 g/L was the best drought stress concentration of white clover mutagenesis seed germination.Principal component analysis showed that the GP, GV, GI and VI of white clover could be used as major drought resistance assessment indicators.The best irradiation doses of Huia, Rivendel, Prop, Cauca sian, Haifa, Cllilkanova were 800, 1 000, 60, 30, 60 and 400 Gy respectively.Keywords：white clover;60;Co-γ irradiation;PEG osmotic stress;drought resistance1|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Our objective was to explore the germination of wetland plant seeds in heavy metals waste water.Seventeen species of wetland plant seeds were collected and incubated in the waste water with different heavy metal concentrations.The results showed that the germination rate, germination, index and vigor index of 10 seeds increased at first and then decreased with increasing heavy metal concentrations except Phragmites caustralis, Arundo donax, Cyperus alternifolius, Lris pseudacorus Linn, Juncus effuses, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Ranunculus sceleratus L.The higher the concentration, the more obvious inhibition was observed.All the parameters in both T3 and T4 were significantly lower than those of the control(P>0.05).The inhibition to the vitality index was greater than the germination rate and germination index.All the seeds had certain resistance to heavy metal stress.The cluster analysis of the membership function integrated values showed that the test plants were divided into 3 categories with high, medium and low resistance to heavy metal stress during germination.Both Lris pseudacorus Linn and Limnocharis flava were lowest resistant to heavy metals.Twelve species were middle resistant.Typha orientalis, Typha minima, Phragmites caustralis were highest resistant to heavy metals, suggesting that they might be suitable to grow in the wetland contaminated with heavy metals.2|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：An automatic soil infiltrability measurement system was applied to measure infiltration processes in laboratory to study the influences of water quality on saline-alkali soil water infiltration by using point source infiltration method.Distilled water and other three irrigation water qualities of EC=2.5, 5.0, 10.0 ds/m at SAR=5 (mmol/L)0.5 were adopted in the experiments .Results indicated that the measurement was capable of measuring the complete infiltration process and the method could avoid the soil physical structure damage caused by raindrops hit and fast wetted soil.High salinity of irrigation water was beneficial to soil water infiltration.But the increasing rate of infiltration gradually decreased with the increase of EC.The relationships among infiltration time, maximal vertical wetted distance and accumulated infiltration were a power function at the beginning of infiltration.Both the maximal vertical wetted distance and accumulated infiltration increased with the increasing of salt concentration.After 4 h of irrigation, all the accumulated infiltrations of the three saline water levels were greater than that of the distilled water, which the highest being about 2 times of the distilled water.The research results should be significant to salt management for saline-alkali soil.Keywords：point source infiltration;irrigation water quality;saline-alkali soil;infiltration capability0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Cutting resistance is one of the major energy consumption factors in plough.By numerical simulation and orthogonal design, this paper studies the cutting resistance affected by different rake angle, plowing depth and the coefficient of friction between soil and farming tools.This paper also investigates the extended forms of soil cracks in soil cutting process.Simulation results show:When the rake angle was fixed, the crack length increased and flattens with the increase of the tillage depth and friction coefficient;when the coefficient friction changes, the forms of soil cracks vary with the fixed rake angle and tillage depth.The cutting resistance is smallest with the rake angle of 20°, tillage depth 10 cm, and the friction coefficient of 0.45;while the cutting resistance is largest with the rake angle of 25°, tillage depth 20 cm, and the friction coefficient of 0.70.In conclusion, the rake angle, tillage depth, and the coefficient friction between soil and tools are major factors for the cutting resistance in soil cultivation and the interaction among these factors should not be ignored.The forms of soil cracks and the cutting resistance force are different in different factors and levels.Keywords：soil-tool interaction;cutting resistance force;FEM;orthogonal design0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
Study on Mixture Equations of dielectric properties using numerical model of radio frequency heating
Abstract：Knowledge of dielectric properties(DPs) is essential for better understanding the heating behavior of argi-food materials when subjected to radio frequency(RF) or microwave heating.DPs are also important parameters for non-destructive quality inspection and classification of argi-food products.But it's difficult to measure them in particulate materials due to the air mixed in the powder.In order to obtain accurate DPs, nonfat dry milk with 3.34% moisture content and bulk density 537.0±7.9 kg/m3 was compressed into solid block with bulk density 1 243.2±18.4 kg/m3 before measurement.Then the DPs of nonfat dry milk were calculated from the value of compressed samples using the Mixture Equations, which were Complex Refractive Index Mixture Equation (CRIME Equation), Landau and Lifshitz, Looyenga Equation (LLLE Equation), Bottcher Equation(BE Equation) and Lichtenecker Equation (LE Equation).Those DPs from four Mixture Equations were finally verified with a computer simulation model respectively.The simulation model had been validated with a 6 kW 27.12 MHz RF system.The result shows that the LE Equation is the most suitable for nonfat dry milk.Other argi-food particulate materials can also be conducted using this method.The developed computer model can further be used to study the effect of some important parameters such as sample size, position, shape, and DPs on RF heating of particulate materials.Keywords：dialectic properties;radio frequency heating;Mixture Equations;numerical model0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22- Abstract：In order to solve the collapse problem of terrace in Qinba Mountains of southern Shaanxi Province, the sliding stability, stability against overturning and shearing strength were theoretically evaluated on the different building ridge types with polypropylene geotextile bags.The results showed that.1) The suitable heights of inclined terrace wall built with polypropylene geotextile bags should be lower than 1.6 m, 1.8 m and 2.0 m at the slopes of ≥75°, 60°-75°, ≤60° respectively.2) The suitable heights of L-shaped terrace wall of polypropylene geotextile bags should be controlled below 1.8 m, 1.6 m and 2.0 m at the slopes of ≥85°, 80°-85°, ≤80° respectively.3) The wall heights of L-shaped with notched sill should be controlled below 1.8 and 2.0 m at the slopes > 85° and < 85° respectively.Keywords：polypropylene geotextile bags;terrace;terrace wall form;stability;Qinba mountains1|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Taking the Fenhe plain irrigation district as the study region, yearly flux of total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP) from 2004 to 2008 was calculated by period pollutant load flux methods based on the data measured from hydrologic stations in Xiaodianqiao and Yitang.TN and TP emissions from agricultural cultivation, livestock farming and rural life were estimated from the information in the district;watershed loss coefficients of TN and TP were determined, and then a non-linear relationship between watershed loss coefficients and runoff modulus was created.Finally, an empirical model for agricultural non-point source pollution was constructed in the Fenhe Irrigation District.The model was applied to estimate TN and TP load in years 2009 and 2010.Relative errors (RE) of TN and TP between simulated and measured values were all within 40%, which are acceptable for model assessment.Keywords：agricultural nonpoint source pollution;Irrigation district;period flux;TN;TP;export coefficient model0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：The purpose of this study is to put forward the key research point and research direction of quality and monitoring of arable land and then support for improvement and management of farmland quality in China, through the summary and comb about quality and monitoring of arable land.The literature synthesis and summarization and induction were employed in this paper.The results showed that research on quality and monitoring of arable land must strengthen the fusion with other subjects, such as the multi-function demand, production capacity, ecological effect of arable land, modern information technology and so on.Meanwhile, the five key research fields on quality and monitoring of arable land were as follow:1) factors and process of arable land quality, 2) investigation and monitoring of arable land, 3)multi-function diagnosis and evaluation of arable land, 4) improvement on quality and production of arable land, 5)protection and management of high-quality farmland.Keywords：arable land;quality;monitoring15|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Northeast region of China is an important base of rice production.The impact of climate change on rice yield is of important significance for national food security.In this paper, based on daily meteorological data from the future A2 and B2 emission scenarios (2011—2050), the impact of climate change in Northeast China over the next 40 years on the yield of rice was analyzed with the ORYZA2000 model developed by the International Rice Institute.The results showed that rice yield and total output might increase in the irrigated region under the two emission scenarios.The area suitable to grow crops can extend toward to northward.Rice yield will be higher at B2 scenario rather than that at A2 scenario.Carbon dioxide relative to the reference period may increase in northeast region, so do the overall precipitation, temperature and solar radiation.But precipitation in a single year may decrease.The advantageous aspect is that the crops and varieties can be introduced and thus have higher production.However, it should be warned that soil fertility may be declined since depletion of soil organic matter.The diseases and insect pests may occur with high frequency.The attention should be pained on soil test and fertilizer recommendation, and pest and disease monitoring and control, for guaranteeing rice prodcution.Keywords：rice;ORYZA2000;future climate change;yield;Northeast China1|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Based on the concept and principle of landscape accessibility, the urban green space reachability model was established with remote sensing (RS), geographic information systems (GIS) technology and a cost weighted distance analysis (in "Spatial Analyst "module of ARCMAP) for Hefei town center.The recommendation was proposed as well.The results showed that 1) Green space fragmentation was serious, but the accessibility of urban green spaces was overall appropriate.2) The urban green space accessibility was still not balanced and unreasonable.3) The Green accessibilities inside and outside the downtown were significantly different.4) The accessibility was an important indicator to weight the social equity of urban greenspace, which was an indicator for the satisfactionof all inhabitants.Accessibility analysis of urban green space could effectively evaluate the pattern of urban green space and services, and provided with a scientific basis for designing and adjusting reasonable urban green space system in Hefei.Keywords：Hefei Town;GIS;urban green space;accessibility;cost weighted distance0|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Mutual fund could effectively relieve the difficulties for poor farmers to get loan.But the limited fiscal input could not cover enough the poor villages.In order to reasonably select the mutual fund pilots so as to make full use of the fund, a survey was carried out in 24 villages in Liaoning, Shandong, Jiangxi, Anhui, Yunnan and Guizhou provinces.Empirical research was conducted from both the farmers' willingness to use mutual fund and the degree of their actual use.Logit model and Heckman model were applied for such research.The results showed:Formal financial institutions could influence farmers' selection of mutual fund by changing their loan availability.Specifically, the long distance from farmer to formal financial institution and high loan rate would reduce farmer's formal financial loan availability but promote their better using mutual fund.Therefore, it is suggested that the government should put more attention to the villages that are far away from formal financial institutions and that have to face high loan rate.Keywords：formal financial institution;utilization of mutual fund;Logit model;Heckman model0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to accurately evaluate the influence of agro-technical training on rural residents' income and remove the self-selected bias between trained and non-trained farmers, this paper empirically estimated the impact using data collected from a rural household survey in seven provinces in rural China, based on the method of propensity-score matching.The results were as followings:first, the agro-technical training had self-selected bias issues, those who had higher quality were more likely to participate in agro-technical training.After removing the self-selected bias between trained and non-trained farmers, there existed no obvious evidence that agro-technical training had a significant positive impact on rural residents' income growth.This was due to the mobilization and evaluation mode of the agro-technical training.Second, Training method and training cost had significant impacts on the income of rural residents.The income return of field demonstration method is higher than other methods;the more training expenses rural residents pay, the higher the income is;the income return of training cost paid by rural residents is higher than paid by the government.Keywords：agro-technical training;rural residents' income;self-selected bias;propensity-score matching2|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Against the problem of urban-rural, regional residents income level differences, this paper studies the influencing factors of residents' income level and urban-rural regional differences by using the method of dynamic panel data empirical research.The results showed that every 1% increase of resident consumption will cause 0.2% urban residents' income increases and 1% rural resident increase.Raising population ratio had a significant inhibitory effect.Every 1.00% increased of population ratio would cause 0.25% fall of east midland rural residents' income level, and 0.21% fall of western urban residents' income levels.The influence of Urban-rural income gap was more significant for east midland rural residents' income level.Every 1% increase of the gap would cause 0.5% fall of the rural residents' income level.Urbanization level, economic growth, fiscal expenditure, residents consumption, industrial proportion, and dependency ratio effectively improve resident income level.And urban-rural and regional differences are obvious.Keywords：residents income;differences between urban and rural areas;the regional difference;new urbanization0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to explore the application of ANN early warning model, based on routine monitoring data in the traditional risk management of agricultural products, the pesticide residues in vegetable monitoring data from China's five provinces from 2011 to 2012 were taken as samples and the ANN risk early warning model was established.First, the experts rated the safety of samples, taking product variety, monitoring link and monitoring time and vegetable origin for reference.Then 45 kinds of pesticides filtered and monitoring data preprocessed were taken as the BP neural network input layer.And the five degrees of very safe(A), relatively safe(B), basic safe(C), relatively unsafe(D) and unsafe(E) were set as the output layer.Choosing 14 samples as training samples of the ANN warning model, the results of 2 validation samples were 2.343 0 and 3.171 5 respectively.The model results and actual results belong to the same safety level.It proved that the ANN early warning model based on the objective monitoring data is valid for the pesticide residue risk in vegetables.Keywords：BP neural network;early-warning model;pesticide residues of vegetables;monitoring data1|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：This paper aims at analyzing the price transmission mechanism, transmission direction and path of the pork industry, to provide relevant departments with reference information of price trend.The price transmission mechanism was investigated by using the method of a co-integration test and a vector error correction model, based on local monthly pork price data from Jan.2004 to Mar.2014.There existed a co-integration relationship between prices in the pork industry chain.Error correction intensity was 2.3%, which had a little impact on the balance of market price system, thus, spontaneous market forces should not be totally relied on.The transmission between the prices in pork industry was not smooth, with lags of 1 or 2 periods.The changes in the price of downstream products would cause the changes in the prices of midstream products, the same with downstream products to upstream products and midstream products to upstream products.Close attention should be paid on the price of downstream products.The retail price of pork should be made as a signal to forecast the future trend of prices of the pork industry, so that farmers and wholesalers may keep a grasp of market information accurately and avoid revenue loss.Keywords：pork industry chain;price transmission;market;VEC model0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to conduct the research on the dairy industry chain efficiency in Chinese 31 administrative districts from 2011 to 2012, using DEA-Malmquist index method, the whole dairy industry efficiency changes were investigated both from the whole level and the individual levels respectively.Firstly, making the dairy industry chain in the region as a whole (black box), the total factor productivity (TFP) was calculated and analyzed in these 31 districts from 2011 to 2012.The result showed that the TFP index average is 1.04 and the main factors for increasing are owing to the technological progress and increase in the scale.Secondly, opening the black box, the TFP indexes of the first and second stages were calculated and analyzed respectively.It was found that the TFP average of the first phase is 0.97 and for the second phase it was 1.04.The research showed that the dairy industry in the whole and the two-stage production of the dairy industry chain had more leadership power than the original milk production industry.The technical progress, technical efficiency changes and purely technical efficiency changes and scale efficiency changes in the dairy industry had a great impact on the TFP changes of the dairy industry chain.Keywords：dairy industry chain;efficiency;DEA-Malmquist index;total factor productivity (TFP)0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：This paper calculates the fishery carbon productivity of 11 coastal provinces in China from 1978 to 2011, and then empirically analyzes their influencing factors on improving fishery carbon productivity.The result showed that the overall fishery carbon productivity increases gradually, but the fishery productivities of the 11 provinces were diverse.Tianjin, Jiangsu and Shandong were the top three provinces in carbon productivity while Guangxi, Hainan and Zhejiang were in the lowest rank.Furthermore, there was a decreasing trend of the fishery productivity from the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea to South China Sea.In addition, the level of fishery development (0.023), industrial structure (0.438), open degree (0.044) and technical progress (0.760) were the main positive influencing factors on fishery carbon productivity.Finally, this paper also proposed policy measured for coastal fishery carbon productivity, such as low carbon fishery economic model city, technical progress, foreign trade and so on.Keywords：carbon productivity;coastal fishery;regional differences;influencing factors1|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
