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- Abstract：Energy security and food security are both interdependent and interaction.Development of biomass energy is in an important strategic position,while the supply of non-food raw materials is the biggest bottleneck of the bio-energy industry.The nature of non-food is to develop biomass feedstock on the premise of food security.According to the international standard which takes cereal grains as food crop production,China has basically achieved self-sufficiency in grains.Moreover,studies predicted the country can still maintain the basic food security at a time when its population peaks in 2029.Therefore,while the agriculture and forestry products with the exception of cereal grains are non-food biomass feedstock,beans,tubers,oil seeds,and stems or roots rich in sugar are classified into the restricted non-food biomass feedstock.Non-edible animal and plant products including the residues and wastes are the category of encouraged non-food biomass feedstock.Keywords：biomass;biomass energy;food security;crop3|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Nowadays feedstock shortage still restricts the development of Chinese biodiesel industry and planting large-scale optimal oil species can break the bottleneck.Via the investigation of plant resources in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces,forty non-food biodiesel plant(NFBP) species were collected and the physicochemical properties of the seed oil and their methyl esters(MEs) were chemically analyzed and calculated.The results showed that the values of vegetable oil characters,including oil content,saponification number(SN),acid value(AV) and iodine value(IV),varied between 10.43% and 51.42%,112.52 and 312.11 mg/g,1.76 and 56.03 mg/g,19.47 and 160.25 g/100g,respectively;values of their MEs characters,such as kinematic viscosity(KV),cetane number(CN),cold filter plugging point(CFPP),high heating values(HHV) and density(ρ),respectively,varied between 1.89 and 3.70 mm2/s,28.77 and 68.34,-15.82 and 6.65℃,33.85 and 42.79 kJ/g,808.04 and 867.96 kg/m3.In the optimum-species screening process,grey relation analysis method was applied and nine main characteristics of NFBP,including oil content,AV,IV,KV,CN,CFPP,HHV,ρ and yield,were used for comprehensive evaluation.The results indicated that the top three prospective species in the 40 species were Amygdalus triloba(Lindl.) Ricker,Chaenomeles speciosa(sweet) Nakai,Amygdalus persica Linn.with the correlation coefficients between the individual species and the artificial designed ideal species(the best biodiesel plant type in this paper) varying from 0.688, 0.674 and 0.628,respectively.Keywords：energy plant;plant resource;oil character;grey relation analysis6|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Firstly,spatial distribution,suitability degree and the total amount of marginal land resources suitable for cultivating cassava in Southwest China were identified using multi-factor comprehensive analysis method.Then,the life cycle net energy and greenhouse gas emission reduction capacity of cassava on marginal land with different suitability degrees were calculated,based on the expanded life cycle model for cassava fuel ethanol.The results showed that the areas of suitable and moderate suitable land resources for cultivating cassava were 884 900 and 4 566 200 hm2,respectively.The suitable and moderate suitable land resources are mainly concentrated in Guangxi and Yunnan.The areas of suitable and moderate suitable land resources for Guangxi were 833 000 and 2 536 400 hm2,respectively.These for Yunnan were 51 900 and 1 623 600 hm2,respectively.Using these land resources,the maximum net production potential of fuel ethanol produced from cassava and the total greenhouse gas emission reduction capacity in each year would be 62 545 900 GJ and 1 390 160 t,respectively.The results has the potential to deliver technical methods for assessment of the development and environmental benefits of biofuels derived from energy plants.Keywords：cassava;fuel ethanol;marginal land;greenhouse gas emission reduction6|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to screening the optimal propagation method for China Miscanthus bioenergy industry,establishment cost of five available propagation systems were estimated in this study.Major cost factors for Miscanthus propagation and establishment in western countries and China agricultural production data such as the production materials price,machine cost and labour salary were used for benefit-cost analysis.The results showed that:significant differences were found between establishing offspring propagated from five different methods in terms of planting density,herbicide type and application amount,fertilizer rate;the estimated cost varied largely from 3 072.0-12 225.3 yuan based on the per hectare total establishment cost;micro-propagated plantlets approach cost the highest whereas the seeds method the lowest;the propagation material and fertilizer cost were among the highest expenditure accounting for almost 70% of the total establishment cost together.The utilization potential of the five propagation methods was evaluated by using the SWOT analysis method.The results suggested that directly rhizome planting method might play an important role at the initial stage of Miscanthus industrialization;however,alternative approaches such as rhizome and stem derived plugs will be expected to become dominated methods for the development of the Miscanthus in the long run.Keywords：energy crops;Miscanthus;propagation method;establishment cost;SWOT analysis3|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：This study aims to explore the effect of temperature and carbon on cellulose-degrading activity and structure of community,and 18 groups of cellulose-degradation community were enriched from high-temperature composting of straw.There were two kinds of wheat straw:wheat straw with alkali treatment and wheat straw without alkali treatment using as a carbon source,which were cultured at 50 and 60℃ respectively.4 typical groups from the 18 communities were continuously transferred.Some characteristics with the community were detected,and the structure of communities was analyzed by PCR-DGGE technique combined with a principal component analysis(PCA).The results showed that the incubation temperature and straw materials affected the enriched effect of straw-degrading community from the thermophilic composting environment.The communities with alkali treatment of wheat straw as a carbon source may keep the stability of community structure in process of straw-degradation.The culture conditions with the temperature of 60℃ and wheat straw with alkali treatment as a carbon source were conducive to obtaine a high activity of the cellulose degrading community.A community WDC2 was successfully enriched with the above conditions.The cellulose endonuclease activity(CMCase) reached 1.01 U/mL,and the degradation rate was up to 60.8 % in the process of alkali treatment of wheat straw,which was degraded by community WDC2.Keywords：wheat straw;cellulose-degradation;bioenergy;cellulose-degrading community;community structure7|10|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In this study,8 winter wheat cultivars were selected to study the effect of leaf at different position on grain micronutrient(Zn,Fe,Mn and Cu) and protein concentration as well as the source and sink limitation for grain micronutrient and protein accumulation by removing the leaf(the flag leaf,the 2nd leaf and the 3rd leaf) and spikelet(50% of spikelet removal) after anthesis.The results showed that,in the defoliation treatment,accompanied by the reductions of grain weight and protein concentration in grains,the concentrations and contents of Fe,Zn,Mn,and Cu in grains were reduced,and there was a significant difference in cultivar response to defoliation.It indicated that the most decrease in grain weight was caused by the treatment of the flag leaf removal(decreased by 14.43%);the most decrease in micronutrient concentration was caused by the 2nd leaf removal treatment(decreased by 11.31%,15.27%,10.29% and 8.32% respectively for Zn,Mn,Fe and Cu);the most decrease in protein concentration was caused by the 3rd leaf removal treatment(decreased by 11.63%).In the treatment of 50% of spikelet removal,the single grain weight and the concentrations of Zn,Mn,Fe,Cu and protein increased by 10.4%,26.02%,25.01%,8.93%,8.99% and 3.51% respectively.The concentrations of Fe,Zn,Mn,Cu and protein in grains were restricted by source supplies of the corresponding element,but the effects of the source supply were different across the elements and wheat genotypes.Correlation analysis showed that all coefficients of correlation were significantly positive among the concentrations or contents of Fe,Zn,Mn,Cu and protein in grains.This implies that the 4 micronutrients in grains are possibly increased with grain protein concentration simultaneously,and the protein concentration in grains may be an index to measure the grain Fe,Zn,Mn and Cu concentrations in wheat.Keywords：wheat;defoliation;spikelet removal;micronutrient;protein;grain weight5|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to determine the soil salinity tolerance index for wheat cultivar Yongliang 4 in Hetao Irrigation District,the S-shaped salinity tolerance function about wheat yield,biomass,height,potassium(K+) concentration in leafs and soil salt content was established,based on two years on-field experiment.Besides,the change characteristics of wheat yield in response to the salt content at 40 cm below soil surface were analyzed.The results indicated that the biomass and the salt content at 0-20 cm were best fitted with S-shaped salinity tolerance function with the largest determination coefficient.Therefore,the biomass and the salt content at 0-20 cm were determined to be the key parameters for evaluating wheat salinity tolerance in Hertao Irrigation District.Wheat yield declined remarkably when the soil salinity in soil layer 0-20 cm reached 2.926 g/kg.This study will provide reference for further research on wheat salinity tolerance,and also offer significant guidance for local wheat production.Keywords：Hetao irrigation district;wheat yield;soil salt content;salinity tolerance index;salinity tolerance function6|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Zhengdan 958,the variety of maize was applied to study the effects of crop rotation,monoculture and nitrogen application rate on the agronomic traits and grain yield of maize at the semi-mountainous regions of Jilin Province in China.Field split plot experiment was conducted by using four nitrogen application rates:0 kg/hm2(F1),90 kg/hm2(F2),180 kg/hm2(F3) and 270 kg/hm2(F4) under the maize-soybean rotation system and maze continuous cropping system.The results showed that dry matter accumulation,leaf area,leaf area index(LAI) and grain yield were improved by crop rotation compared with monoculture,but there was no advantage for the other factors of yield.Plant height,SPAD value,LAI,the factors of yield and grain yield were influenced significantly by F3 and F4 treatments compared with F1 treatment without nitrogen application(P<0.05).Ear diameter,100-grain weight and grain yield were increased by high nitrogen application rates(F3 and F4),but there was no obvious impact on the numbers of row per ear and grain per row,and the length of barren tip was decreased by them(P>0.05).The grain yield of maize was improved by 18.45 % and 16.52 % respectively by F3 and F4 treatments compared with F1 treatment.Thus,the rate of 180 kg/hm2 was recommended as the best rate for nitrogen application under the maize-soybean rotation system in this area.Keywords：maize;crop rotation;nitrogen application rates;grain yield11|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Crop intercropping or relay-cropping is very popular and there are dozens of planting patterns in Sichuan province.The wheat/maize/sweet potato and wheat/maize/soybean relay-cropping systems are two main intercropping systems.To assess the effect of different planting patterns on crops grain yield,dry matter accumulation,output value and nitrogen use efficiency,two field experiments were conducted in 2011 and 2012 at SCAU experimental base in Sichuan,the experiment treatments included two triple-harvest intercropping systems as "wheat/maize/soybean" and "wheat/maize/sweet potato" and three double-harvest crop rotation systems as "wheat-soybean","wheat-sweet potato" and "faba bean-maize".The results showed that:Dry matter accumulation of intercropping wheat was significantly higher than that of monoculture wheat after the jointing stage,while dry matter accumulation of relay-cropping maize slightly decreased comparing to monoculture maize but with no significant difference during the whole growth period.The wheat/maize,maize/soybean and maize/sweet potato intercropping systems in the wheat/maize/soybean and wheat/maize/sweet potato relay-cropping systems had obvious production advantages with a LER(Land equivalent ratio)>1.Comparing to the relevant sole cropping, nitrogen use efficiency of the maize/soybean intercropping system increased(△NUEms＞0) by 38.5% but nitrogen use efficiency of the maize/sweet potato intercropping system decreased(△NUEms＜0) by 46.0%.The highest average annual revenue for 2011 and 2012 was obtained from wheat/maize/sweet potato triple-harvest intercropping system.Comparing to the other four systems(wheat/maize/soybean triple-harvest intercropping system,and the wheat-sweet potato,wheat-soybean,faba bean-maize double-harvest rotation systems),it added values by 13.1%,14.7%,2.4% and 41.2% respectively.In conclusion,triple-harvest intercropping systems was much better than double-harvest rotation systems since it could improve yield and output value,and intercropping system with soybean could enhance nitrogen absorption and use efficiency.Keywords：wheat;maize;rotation;intercropping;yield;dry matter accumulation;N use efficiency2|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To explore the regulation of the polyethylene glycol(PEG) on drought-resistance of hulless barley,effects of 5%~30% of PEG pretreatment on its seed germination,seedling growth and drought-resistant were examined.The results were as the following:1) Germination and rooting rate in hulless barley seed,root length,shoot height and fresh weight in Dama hulless barley seedlings showed 'rising first and falling later’ with the increase of PEG concentration.The best treatment concentration on germination and rooting rate,root length and shoot height was 10% and the difference was significant with the control(P<0.01) except for rooting rate,which was 1.14,1.05,1.24 and 1.33 times respectively as control.Soluble protein and chlorophyll content in leaves showed 'rising first and falling later’,however malondialdehyde(MDA) content and relative conductivity showed 'falling first and rising later’.The best treatment concentration was 15% and the difference was significant with the control(P<0.01),which was 1.38,1.84,0.65 and 0.71 times respectively as control.2) Compared with non-30% of PEG,soluble protein and chlorophyll content in leaves showed a remarkable decline and the malondialdehyde(MDA) content and relative conductivity showed a significant increase when the seedling suffering from 30% of PEG,but the above indexes of seedling pretreated by 15% of PEG were restricted obviously.Such as soluble protein and chlorophyll content decreased by 42.11% and 38.98% as control after suffering from 30% of PEG,but both were increased 42.80% and 1.01 times by 15% of PEG pretreatment;malondialdehyde(MDA) content and relative conductivity increased by 28.24% and 6.04% as control after suffering from 30% of PEG,but both were decreased 28.64% and 33.41% by 15% of PEG pretreatment.To sum up,PEG has a dual effect on the regulation of plant drought-resistance.At lower concentration,it can promote seed germination,seedling growth and its physiological function,but at higher concentration,it can inhibit plant growth through disrupting the cell membrane,degrading protein and chlorophyll.The results of this study suggested that PEG can make dormant seed rapidly active using a proper concentration of PEG solution to soak,and improve the efficiency of seed breeding,which lays a foundation for the PEG widely application in agriculture.Keywords：hulless barley;polyethylene glycol;seed germination;seedling growth;seedling drought-resistance0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to understand the changing rule of microclimate factors in fruit tree-wheat intercropping system in Tarim basin,Xinjiang,we studied the microclimate of jujube-wheat,apricot-wheat and walnut-wheat intercrops systems.The microclimate factors were measured in jujube-wheat,apricot-wheat and walnut-wheat intercropping systems by using KS4000 handheld meteorological observation station and SUNSCAN canopy analysis system.The results showed that all the microclimate factors,such as the average wind speed,air temperature,soil temperature,photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) and diffuse radiation are obviously decreased,relative humidity is increased sharply in wheat canopy compared to monocultural field.Similar trend was also discovered in jujube-wheat,apricot-wheat and walnut-wheat intercropping systems.The fruit tree-wheat intercropping cultivation mode could improve the field microclimate,and prevent the dry-hot wind,dust and strong convective severe weather damage to crops,which regularly occurs in Tarim basin,and thus could also provide an important ecological protection for agricultural production.Keywords：fruit tree;wheat;intercropping system;photosynthetically active radiation;microclimate1|12|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The simulation in distribution of photosynthetically active radiation within plant canopy has a great significance in studying physiological and ecological processes of plant.Monte-Carlo Ray-tracing(MCRT) model is one of the most effective models which are based on computer science to simulate the distribution in virtual plant canopy.The settings of parameters in MCRT model are the key point to improve the reliability of simulation.In order to get the optimal parameters,we designed a kind of virtual sensor to get the interception ratio for validating the simulated 3D PAR distribution with MCRT approach.In this paper,we utilized MCRT model to simulate the distribution of photosynthetically active radiation within tobacco canopy for quantify the impacts of parameters on simulations.Finally,we compared the results between field measurements and simulations to verify the feasibility of MCRT model.The result of this research provided with a reference for MCRTs application in simulating the three-dimensional light distribution in crop canopy.Keywords：photosynthetically active radiation;canopy light distribution;ray tracing;three dimensional computer graphic;virtual plant0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：This paper is concerned on To improving the accuracy of near-infrared soil moisture sensor and further understanding the effect of different calibration methods on prediction result of soil moisture,An approach is presented to estimate surface soil moisture from reflectance data in the wavelength of 1 940 and 1 800 nm.With two calibration methods,the reflectance values were normalized by that of maximum.Linear and nonlinear models between soil moisture content and relative absorption band depth and linear and non-linear models between soil moisture content and relative reflectance respectively were determined through calibration.The experiments were made with black soil samples to supply data for calibration of the models and .The independent data sets were used for validation of the models.The prediction results indicated high precision for absorption depth models(linear and non-liner ones),with the root mean squared errors(RMSE) of 2.88% and 5.83% respectively.The linear and non-linear models of reflectance method had RMSE of 2.89% and 2.95%.But the accuracy of non-linear model of reflectance method was highest compared with other three models.The validation results indicated the effect of calibration method on accuracy of soil moisture prediction.All of these four models could meet the requirement of soil moisture measurement.Keywords：near infrared;soil moisture;reflectance;absorption depth;model0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To study the effects of paclobutrazol on growth,dry matter accumulation and distribution among Tamarix chinensis and Cistanche tubulosa,changes of chlorophyll content,net photosynthetic rate,biomass and non-structural carbohydrate content were studied under different paclobutrazol levels.The results showed that:1) Plant height of T. chinensis decreased along with application of paclobutrazol.2) Under spraying paclobutrazol condition the chlorophyll content and the net photosynthetic rate of T.chinensis improved 19.4%-70.4% and 19.0%-69.4% respectively.3) The distribution proportion of the dry matter of C.tubulosa was also increased after treatment with paclobutrazol.4) The content and accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates of C.tubulosa were higher than those of controls when 1.0 to 2.0 g/L of paclobutrazol was applied.5) The optimal concentration for paclobutrazol treatment was 1.5 to 2.0 g/L.It is evident that the spraying paclobutrazol could increase the dry matter of C. tubulosa by inhibiting plant height and improving net photosynthetic rate of T.chinensis.Keywords：paclobutrazol;Tamarix chinensis;Cistanche tubulosa;photosynthesis;dry matter distribution0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To study the use of Tamarix in windbreak and sand fixation,eight introduced Tamarix and two local spp.were cultivated in Guanzhong Region and different growth indexes of these Tamarix spp.were measured to analyze the growth adaptability in Guanzhong Area.The results indicated that there existed a significant difference in plant height,ground diameter and crown width among these different Tamarix spp..According to the clustering analysis result of the plant height,ten Tamarix spp.were divided into three classes.Meanwhile,there existed a significant positive correlation between the height and the ground diameter.The comparison of the three growth indexes showed that the worst adaptability of T.aphylla(Linn.) Karst,which can not live in Guanzhong Area.This species didnt germinate in the next year after cutting.The growth situation of four Tamarix spp.introduced from other provinces(T.hohenackeri Bunge,T.hohenackeri Bunge,T.albiflonum M.T. Liu and T.ramosissima Ledeb) was normal in all Tamarix spp.. T.gansuensis H.Z.Zhang introduced from other provinces showed a good state in the plant height(62 cm in the last test) and the ground diameter(4.3 cm in the last test),but with a small growing crown width(only 400 cm2).Compared with the two local spp.(T.austromongolica Nakai and T.laxa Willd.),only T.gallica L.introduced from the USA showed an obvious advantage in three growth indexes(the plant height is 72 cm,the ground diameter is 4.2 cm and the crown width is 4 500 cm2 in the last test),which was very suitable for introduction.Keywords：Tamarix;growth adaptability;introduce;Guanzhong Area1|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Tissue-specific expression of the A-IPTs genes in apple(Malus×Domestica Borkh.) were analyzed for further study of roles of MdIPTs in cytokinin biosynthesis and modifying tree form by genetic transformation in apple.In this study,the ‘Fuji’ apple(M.domestica Borkh.cv.Fuji) and its plantlets in vitro were used as materials and semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) was conducted to study expression levels of seven A-IPTs in shoot tips,young leaves,internodes,bark tissues,leaf buds,flora buds,flowers at balloon stage,open flowers,young fruits and roots of ‘Fuji’ apple.The results showed that MdIPT3a and MdIPT1b were detected in all tested tissues and organs.The expression lever of MdIPT3a was higher than that of MdIPT1b.MdIPT5a expressed highly in flowers,while MdIPT5b in shoot tips and young leaves.The weak expression of MdIPT1a was detected in roots,bark tissue,and leaf buds,while MdIPT3b was only detected in internodes of plantlets in vitro.MdIPT7a wasnt detected in all tested tissues.Seven A-IPTs exhibit tissue-specific expression and highly homologous genes in pairs in apple had different expression profiles.0|6|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Young ‘Fuji’(Malus×Domestica Borkh.) apple plants were used to study the effects of various pruning methods(Cutting back and bending) on the photosynthetic characteristics of new shoots.The results showed that branch bending significantly increased the leaf chlorophyll content and blade thickness.The cutting back treatment significantly increased the leaf Pn,E and Gs,but reduced the Ci.Bending treatment,on the other hand,increased the leaf Ci,but decreased Pn and E,Gs basically the same with control group.Leaf ΦPSⅡ and qP of cutting back treatment was significantly higher than that of other treatment in the whole experimental process.Little difference was found in leaf ΦPSⅡ and qP between control group and bending treatment.These results indicated that leaf photosynthetic electron transport activity of PSⅡ was higher in cutting back treatment.More energy was used for CO2 assimilation.The energy used by heat dissipation was relatively small.In contrast,leaf photosynthetic electron transport activity of PSⅡ was lower in branch bending treatment.More energy was used by heat dissipation,The energy for CO2 assimilationwas relatively small.0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To analyze the expressing patterns of VvFT and VvTFL1A genes in grapevine different stage inflorescences,RT-PCR,in-situ hybridization and yeast two hybrid system were used to study the function of VvFT and VvTFL1A in the floral development of "xiangfei" grapevine.The results indicated that VvFT and VvTFL1A genes had an obvious different expression patterns in different organs.VvFT was expressed in inflorescences and regulated the whole development of flower.However,VvTFL1A genes had little influence on the flower development of grapevine,indicating that they might have an different functions in the flower development in grapevine.Meanwhile,yeast two hybrid assay demonstrated that VvFT and VvTFL1A protein both could interact with VvFD to different extent.They could function together with VvFD in the flower development in gravevine.0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The vector p-G2-p24 contained Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2(GLRaV-2)p24 protein gene was used to amplify sense/anti-sense strands(300 bp in size) and full sequence of p24 protein gene,respectively.PCR products of complete sequence of p24 protein gene were digested with HindⅢ/SacⅠ and cloned to the expression vector pCsuper 1300+ to obtain recombinant vector pCsuper1300-p24.The positive sense and anti-sense strands were separately inserted into the middle vector pBSint which contains an intron,to produce pBSint-p24-F-R.The obtained recombinant middle vector pBSint-p24-F-R was digested with SalⅠ and SacⅠ,and the restricted products were cloned into the expression vector pCsuper 1300+ to construct the ihpRNA vector pCsuper-p24-F-R.The pCsuper1300-p24 and pCsuper-p24-F-R were transformed into Nicotiana benthamiana mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens,respectively.PCR and RT-PCR testing showed that 34 T0 and 12 T1 positive lines expressing p24,and 17 T0 and 7 T1 lines that transformed with the pCsuper1300-p24-F-R were obtained,respectively.These results could provide experimental materials for the function study of p24 and creation of grapevine germplasms with resistance to viruses by RNAi technology.0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To investigate the inheritance of plastid DNA in the interspecific crossing of Genus Cucumis,the DNA sequences in partial region of chloroplast Matk-trnK and rbcL-accD gene from cucumis allotetraploid(Cucumis×hytivus Chen and Kirkbride.)S5 selfing progeny,cultivated cucumber 'BeijingJietou’(C.sativus L.) the paternal parents and the wild Cucumis species(C.hystrix Chakr.) the maternal parents,were comparatively analysed,using PCR sequencing method.Eighteen polymorphic loci were detected in 2 036 bp length Matk-trnK gene region,sixteen polymorphic loci in allotetroploid as the its maternal parents,two as its paternal parents.Nineteen polymorphic loci were detected in 945 bp length rbcL-accD gene region,eighteen polymorphic loci in allotetraploid as its maternal parents,only one as its paternal parents.The result demonstrated that plastid genomes was maternal inheritance pattern in hystrix×sativusin species crosssing among Genus Cucumis.Keywords：Cucumis;plastid;polymorphic loci;maternal inheritance0|6|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The study is to explore the diversity of rumen bacteria of anaerobic culture in vitro.The research methods included polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE),cluster analysis and PCA.CMC,PCS,J and K mediums were used in this trial and three rumen content samples were incubated at 37 and 50℃ respectively.Some common and special bands were identified at the same time.The results showed that the DGGE profiles of different mediums were significantly to each other at 37℃,although it had the higher number of bands which the average bands of CMC and k mediums were 20 and 27.The similarity coefficient between J and CMC medium was 0.84,and it reduced to 0.75 between J and PCS medium.The DGGE profiles of different mediums were similar to each other at 50℃,it had the lower number of bands,and the average samples of CMC and k mediums were only with 15 bands.However,the coefficient between CMC and PCS medium was 0.89,while the similarity coefficient between J and PCS medium could get 0.97.Streptococcus macedonicus was predominant in the upper G1 tract.The special bands in rumen content were Escherichia coli,Firmicutes and Brevundimonas.Furthermore,the diversity of rumen bacterial of anaerobic culture to some extent was affected by cellulose enrichment conditions in vitro.Keywords：PCR-DGGE;rumen bacterial;cellulose;cluster analysis;PCA2|6|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Hatchability has a close relationship with the physical characters of hatching eggs.To establish a set of selective criteria of hatching eggs fitting for Lüeyang chicken and to further improve its hatchability,this experiment was carried out to determine the relationship of eggshell color,egg weight,eggshell thick,egg shape index,ratio of egg water loss in 18 d and hatchability.550 hatching eggs were randomly selected to hatch from eggs laid by 20 000 Lüeyang chickens within one week.The results showed that eggshell color and eggshell thick have no a significant effect on hatchability(P>0.05).Hatchability(77.13%) of small size eggs was the highest compared to ones of medium(74.77%) and large size(73.39%) eggs,however the difference did not reach statistical significance(P>0.05).The ratio of egg water loss in 18 d had a negative effect on hatchability despite it was not significant(P>0.05).Egg shape index had a significant effect on hatchability(P<0.05),where hatchability of round eggs(ratio of the maximum breadth and length:079-0.85,83.19%) is superior to ones of normal shape(0.74-0.78,76.07%) and narrow shape eggs(0.68-0.73,69.31%).Correlation analysis showed that there are significant weak correlations between several egg traits(r=0.092－0.165,P<0.05).The data indicated that several indexes are relevant to hatchability to some extents,of which the effect of egg shape index on hatchability is the most significant one.Thus,it recommends that round eggs should be preferably selected for hatching eggs of Lueyang chicken.Keywords：chicken;hatching eggs;physical parameter;hatchability0|6|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The study investigated the biochemical properties of muscle protein from grass carp by evaluating the content of salt soluble protein and sulfhydryl group,Ca2+-ATPase activity when the grass carp experienced three freezing methods :A,-60℃ for 24 h then -20℃ frozen storage;B,-40℃ for 24 h then -20℃ frozen storage;C,-20℃ frozen storage.Results showed that the content of salt soluble protein and sulfhydryl group,Ca2+-ATPase activity of fillets treated by different freezing methods decreased as time.During frozen storage,the content of salt soluble protein for A treatment was significantly higher than that of C treatment(P<0.05) before 6 weeks,and there was no significant difference between B and C treatments(P>0.05).The content of sulfhydryl group for A group was significantly higher than that of C group(P<0.05) before 4 weeks,and no significant differences were found between A and B,B and C groups(P>0.05).Ca2+-ATPase activity declined quickly at 2nd week and remained a low level.During chilling storage,the content of salt soluble protein and sulfhydryl group were declining,and the Ca2+-ATPase activity fluctuated but was still at a very low value.So low temperature freezing treatment before frozen storage had remarkable effect on solubility of actomyosin and sulfhydryl content,except for Ca2+-ATPase activity,which could reduce the protein denaturation,and the lower temperature the better effectiveness.Keywords：freezing treatments;grass carp fillets;myofibrillar protein;frozen denaturation0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Grass carp(Ctenopharynodon idellus) scales were hydrolysed using papain,flavourzyme and complex enzyme(m(papain):m(flavourzyme=1:1)),respectively.The effects of scales protein hydrolysates as bio-preservative for fish-balls preservation were evaluated by comparing these two treatments,fish-ball added scales protein hydrolysates and an untreated control.The quality of fish-balls was assessed with whiteness,water loss,gel properties( hardness springiness),sensory quality,total viable counts and total volatile basic nitrogen w(TVB-N) during storage at 4℃.The results indicated that the grass carp scales protein hydrolysates could decrease the water loss,maintain the whiteness,hardness and springiness of fish-balls.During storage,the sensory scores of fish-balls added grass carp fish scales protein hydrolysates were higher than control groups,while the total bacteria counts and w(TVB-N) were lower than control groups significantly(P＜0.05).It suggested that grass carp scales protein hydrolysates had a good antibacterial property and could extend the shelf life of fish-balls.Among the three kinds of protein hydrolysates,papain hydrolysates was the most effective,which could significantly prolong the shelf life of fish-balls for 2-4 d.Keywords：sliver carp;grass carp;protein hydrolysate;fish-ball;preservation;physicochemical properties1|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to improve the utilization of greenhouse hanging sprayer,and to make it possible for one sprayer to cover the whole area of the greenhouse,the control system for automatic transferring of greenhouse hanging sprayer was designed based on PLC communication.Using the SIEMENS PPI communicaiton between 2 SIEMENSE S7-200 PLCs,the system combined two controlers in different machines as one.The Modbus communication protocal between SIEMENS S7-200 PLC and Delta VFD-M motor controler made it possible for the real-time adjusting of the sprayer running speed,thus allowing the sprayer to run under a low and safe speed during the transferring period,and a relatively high running speed during the working period.The position sensors at different positions decided whether the sprayer was in the transferring period or the working period.Through proper programming of the control flow,the sprayer and the transfer cart cooperated effectively,the cart carried the sprayer to the next working position after work finished in one row,the system stopped working when all the rows were covered.Experiments have proved that the control system was of high stability.Compared with manual transferring,which costs about 30 m in general,the automatic transferring is remarkably time-saving.Under the running speed of 0.15 m/s,the transfer cart has a positioning precision lower than 1 mm,and the whole transferring process consumes only 185 s,which is about 10 times shorter than the manual transferring.Comprehensive consideration suggests the speed of 0.15 m/s as the most appropriate running speed for the transfer cart.Keywords：hanging sprayer;automatic transferring;PLC communication;pesticides0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：For the problems of the low degree of automation of existing silage round baler control system,the unstable number of bale net laps and the big deviation of bale weight,a new automatic baler control system was designed by integrating PLC,human-machine interface touch screen and analog module and equipped with appropriate sensors and actuators with STEP7-Micro/WIN software for programming.This system had a visual,simple interface and took certain measures of software and hardware to avoid interference.Through test,the system was verified that baling laps qualification rate was 100%,baling density maximum relative error was 3.9%.The performance of the new design could meet the expected requirements.Keywords：bundling machine;round baler;control system;PLC;anti-interference0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：According to the problems,such as small working width and unstable working quality,of the existing straw choppers,a new wide straw chopper was developed.The orthogonal test was designed for the evaluation of the factors that influence the chopped straw length and stubble height.The results showed that the machine forward speed,the flail knife shaft speed and ground clearance were very significant to the length of the straw chopped,and they were also very significant to the stubble height.Of the three flail knife shaft speed had the greatest impact on stubble height.Official evaluation testing indicated that the forward speed of the machines could be 6.9 km/h,cotton stalk crushing length was 126.8 mm and stubble height was 76.3 mm,which could meet the standard requirements.Keywords：crop;straw chopping;field mulch machine;flail knife2|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To investigate the effect of a chemical time temperature indicator(TTI) as a quality indicator for table grape,physicoche-mical index variations of table grape and the color change of TTI through different charging times(2 and 4 seconds) were carried out at different constant temperatures(0,5,10,20,25,30℃).It was identified that the overall color change of TTI was correlated well with the change of the grape quality at above mentioned temperatures when the charging time of TTI was set as 4 seconds.Furthermore,the effect of application for TTI was validated under non-isothermal conditions.The results showed that:1) The firmness change of table grape followed the first-order kinetic reaction equation,and the activation energy was 63.54 kJ/mol;2) The activation energies were 73.96 kJ/mol and 69.14 kJ/mol when charging times of TTI were set as 2 and 4 seconds,respectively;3) The difference between the activation energy values of the TTI and the activation energy value of grape quality losses were less than 20 kJ/mol,and the error(<15%) of the TTI prediction was proved acceptable.Therefore the chemical TTI could be considered as a good candidate to monitor grape quality losses.Keywords：table grape;time temperature indicator;activation energy;firmness;quality0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to simulate the evolution of ice crystal growth from the microscopic,regarding juice as water and solute in binary system,the phase-field model theory which had been widely used in the Phase transition of the microscopic structure at home and abroad was used to stimulate the ice growth.The influence of disturbance on crystal growth of lateral branch was discussed.By modifying anisotropic modulus and changing the anisotropic strength parameters,the suitable scope of the anisotropic strength parameters were to obtain to further study the effect of different crystallized time on the evolution of ice crystal growth.Results showed that the disturbance would influence the results of the growth of lateral branch,the growth of lateral branch wouldnt appear without disturbance;when the crystal anisotropic modulus valued 6,a hexagonal crystal structure could be simulated;the value of the Anisotropic strength parameter range was about 0.02 to get right simulation results of ice crystal growth evolution,too small or too big value would get unsatisfactory growth results.It validated the simulation results coincided well with experiment.Keywords：juice;phase-field;isothermal crystallization;crystal growth0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Using the farmer households survey data of land consolidation project,the willingness of farmer participation in the evaluation of agricultural land consolidation project was analyzed from the overall intention,individual characteristics,family characteristics,cognitive level and other aspects.The factors influencing farmer participation in the project for evaluating agricultural land consolidation was also quantitative analyzed.The results indicated that the farmers had high participation willingness,more than 80%.Different individual characteristics,family characteristics and level of awareness had different willingnesses in participating the evaluation.The influencing factors included the number of agricultural labor,farmers cognition degree on the agricultural land consolidation project appraisal,governments serious attention to the farmers suggestions about in rural planning and design,governments serious attention to the project policy propaganda.Other 8 factors such as sex,leadership,membership of the Communist Partyhad not significant influence on the farmers participation appraisal willingness in the agricultural land consolidation projects.Therefore,government should reform the existing agricultural land consolidation projects appraisal system.More attention should be paid on the evaluation of the role played by farmers in the different stages of the project.More training and policies propaganda are required.The farmers human capital and employment ability should be improved.The government should create some conditions for the circulation of cultivated land and farmers turn to non-agricultural sector.Keywords：agricultural land consolidation projects;farmers participation;participatory evaluation;willingness of appraisal;Probit model0|6|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The purposes of this paper is to provide with an valuation methodology for construction land intensive use,by researching on the spatial distribution of construction land intensive use based on main functional areas,and putting forward regulative countermeasures of construction land intensive use based on main functional areas.The employed methods included clustering analysis and evaluation of the construction land intensive use index system.The results demonstrated that the core functions of the capital area in 2011 were in highly intensive utilization area,The extended area of city functions were in moderate intensive utilization area and low intensive utilization area.The new area of urban development,ecological conservation area were both in low intensive utilization area.In related evaluation,the new area of urban development and ecological conservation area had great potential for the construction land use.But the population were overload inthe core functions of the capital area and the extended area of city functions .It is concluded that the intensive use degree of construction land was consistent with the main functional areas.Keywords：intensive use of construction land;major function zone;Beijing City;valuation0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：On the basis of the survey on natural disaster resistance capacity of agricultural parks in Daxing,we select annual income,number of employees,ratio of facilities area,ratio of professional staff,percentage of people with high academic credentials,staff training times,then establish the index system to analyze and evaluate the resistance ability,and put forward relevant proposals to improve the capacity.The results showed that natural disasters occur frequently and had a wide coverage and diverse types.They made a significant impact on agricultural parks.About 72% had higher resistance capacity than the medium level.A small portions were weak in resistance capacity.The reasons were mainly concentrated in the lack of stuff quantity,low ratio of high academic researchers and professionals,and the lack of technical support of government.Keywords：agricultural parks;resistance;natural disaster;Daxing1|6|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to understand whether the farm produce can meet the need of people in China,the supportable capability,which is defined that energy supplied by various agriculture outputs can support population based on some standards,was used.The results indicated that since 1980s of the 20th century,the integrated outputs of Chinese agriculture had met the need of people for energy,especially the energy supplied by vegetal and animal produce had been affluence since 1998,based on the standard that a person can obtain energy of 10.88 kJ per day.However,because the energy supplied by grain was less than 80 percent of total energy,to fill the gap between the need and the energy supplied by grain should depend on the energy supplied by other vegetal and animal produce.Since 1994,fat supplied by farm produce has met the need of a person for ingestion of 70 gram fat per day;since 1998,protein supplied by animal produce has exceeded 30 percent and protein supplied by vegetables and fruits in vegetal produce has been increased.To increase the supportable capability of Chinese agriculture,some measures should be introduced:wastage of grain should be reduced to increase available supply of grain;productivity of agriculture should be improved and the rate of population increase should be controlled to increase quantity of farm produce occupied by per person;grain yield should be increased to ensure the need for grain;and structure of farm produce should be improved to optimize the nutrition structure of peoples diet.Keywords：farm produce;supportable capability;energy;nutrition;degree of satisfaction0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：This paper introduced the national and international research progress of vibration technology in modern agricultural production,and summarized the application of vibration technology in croping seeds,seed processing,fruit harvest,farming materials ordering etc.The discussions were mainly focused on the effect of vibration on agricultural material selection.Due to the wide variety of agricultural materials,and their complex appearance,irregular shape,uneven texture,it was difficult to determine physical parameters for vibration mechanics and mathematical modeling.So the suggestion that the paper gave was to increase the optimal design and basic research for mechanical properties of agricultural materials.In a word,the integration between the vibration technology and agricultural production material properties could achieve mechanization and automation of agricultural production of crop planting,harvesting,seed directional sorting,fertilizing and tillage operations,and provide a new technical support for enhancing the agricultural mechanization level.Keywords：vibration technology;agricultural production;vibrated seeding apparatus;orienting and ordering of agricultural material;automation1|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
