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Environment-resource duality of meteorological conditions：The dialectical relationship and regulatory mechanism in agricultural production AI Introduction
Abstract：Meteorological conditions exhibit unique duality characteristic in agricultural production： As environmental conditions， they affect the physiological processes of agricultural production； as a resource condition， it directly participates in the growth and development process of crops. To deeply reveal the impact of meteorological conditions on agricultural production， starting from the role of meteorological conditions in agricultural production， this article explores the connotation of the “environment-resource duality” of meteorological conditions and their mechanism of action on agricultural production. The main results are as follows： The meteorological environment is the foundation of meteorological resources， and meteorological resources are the available parts of the meteorological environment. Essentially， the meteorological environment and meteorological resources are different value dimensions of the same system. When the meteorological environment is suitable， it can be transformed into meteorological resources. Technical conditions can broaden the suitable range of meteorological environments and promote the transformation of more meteorological environments into resources. The process of crop growth and development， as well as products and quality formation are the result of the dual synergistic effect of meteorological conditions. Critical threshold and nonlinear response are the key nodes and mechanisms of duality transformation. The critical threshold depends on the interaction of element intensity， time series combination and crop physiological stages. In conclusion， the “environment-resource duality” of meteorological conditions provides a fundamental framework for the design of climate resilience systems and is of great significance for fostering new quality productivity and promoting sustainable agricultural development.Keywords：meteorological condition;the environment-resource duality of meteorological conditions;agricultural response;coupling transformation mechanism;new quality productivity;Climate-resilient agriculture121|23|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-04-10- Abstract：To identify wheat stripe rust resistance-related genes， this study conducted a comprehensive analysis of transcriptome data from interactions between wheat with Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici （Pst）， Puccinia triticina， Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici， Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici， and Fusarium graminearum. This analysis led to the screening and identification of a receptor-like kinase gene， TaCRK25， which is exclusively significantly upregulated in compatible interactions between wheat and Pst. To further elucidate the function of TaCRK25， quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR）， a Nicotiana benthamiana transient expression system， and Barley stripe mosaic virus-mediated virus-induced gene silencing （BSMV-VIGS） were utilized. The results indicated that：1） TaCRK25 expression was significantly upregulated during the early stages of wheat Pst infection. 2） The TaCRK25 protein localized to both the plasma membrane and cytoplasm. 3） Silencing TaCRK25 using BSMV-VIGS， followed by inoculation with the virulent Pst CYR31， resulted in significantly reduced spore production on leaves， inhibited hyphal growth， and markedly enhanced resistance. Conversely， plants inoculated with the avirulent Pst CYR23 exhibited a highly resistant phenotype. In conclusion， TaCRK25 facilitates stripe rust infection by negatively regulating wheat immune responses. This study identifies a novel gene target for integrated management and resistance breeding against wheat stripe rust.Keywords：wheat stripe rust;cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase;gene silencing;negative regulation98|17|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-04-10
- Abstract：To investigate salt-tolerance genes and related metabolic pathways in wheat， the wheat variety ‘Ningchun 4’ （CK） and a salt-tolerant mutant （Mut） were used as materials. The seedlings were exposed to 250 mmol/L NaCl stress， and morphological indicators including seedling height， fresh weight and dry weight of the aboveground parts， and fresh and dry weight of roots were observed during 0-7 d post salt stress treatment. Cell membrane permeability， malondialdehyde content， osmolytes， antioxidant enzyme activities， and leaf Na+ and K+ contents were determined at 0，12， 24 and 48 h after treatment， and transcriptome sequencing analysis was subsequently conducted. The results showed that： Compared with CK， the leaf yellowing of Mut were significantly slowed down， the fresh and dry weight of the aboveground parts and root fresh weight were increased under salt stress， while the root dry weight and root-to-shoot ratio showed no significant differences. Under salt stress， Mut showed no significant differences in cell membrane permeability， malondialdehyde， proline， and soluble sugar content at 12 h， Mut exhibited reduced cell membrane permeability and malondialdehyde， with significantly increased proline and soluble sugars at 24 and 48 h. At 12， 24， and 48 h under salt stress， Mut displayed significantly increased peroxidase and catalase activities， significantly decreased Na+ content， while no significant difference in K+ contend compared with CK； the Na+/K+ ratio in Mut was significantly reduced at 48 h. Time-series transcriptome analysis indicated that at 0 h of salt stress， the differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in pathways related to cutin， suberin， wax biosynthesis and plant hormone signal transduction； at 12 h， phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and cutin， suberin and wax biosynthesis pathways； at 24 h， cutin， suberin， and wax biosynthesis and amino acid metabolism pathways； at 48 h， ribosome biosynthesis and MAPK signaling pathways. Protein interaction network analysis showed that the core genes encode proteins containing WD40 domains. In summary， under salt stress， the mutant （Mut） effectively regulates key physiological processes such as osmotic balance and antioxidant system by activating expression of genes related to secondary metabolism and signal transduction， thereby enhancing the salt tolerance of wheat seedlings.Keywords：wheat;salt stress;mutant;transcriptome analysis;differentially expressed genes103|21|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-04-10
- Abstract：To enhance the capability of structured information extraction from wheat variety registration texts， which are characterized by dense terminology， data heterogeneity， multiple coexisting relations， and large inter-entity spans， and to address the limitations of existing methods in annotation dependency， domain adaptation， example selection， and prediction optimization， this study proposes a two-stage information extraction method for wheat variety approval documents based on large language models， termed Semantic-Masked and Progressive-Optimization （SMPO）. SMPO is centered on a semantic masking mechanism and a progressive dynamic knowledge calibration framework， constructing an information extraction pipeline tailored for few-shot in-context learning. Experiments were conducted on the in-house Wheat Variety Registration Dataset （WVRD） ， the public New York Times Dataset （NYT） and CoNLL04 datasets， and compared with in-context learning and discriminative methods. The results showed that： 1） In the first stage， the semantic masking mechanism can effectively construct deep semantic representations， improving the semantic alignment of example retrieval and the accuracy of initial predictions. 2） In the second stage， the knowledge-driven， multi-strategy progressive optimization effectively alleviates issues such as relation omission， semantic confusion， and relation hallucination， thereby improving the completeness， accuracy， and factuality of extracted results. 3） SMPO achieved F1 scores of 98.25%， 74.83%， and 67.01% on the WVRD， NYT， and CoNLL04 datasets， respectively. Compared with the traditional discriminative model CasRel， SMPO achieved a 6.39% improvement on WVRD， and also outperforms in-context learning methods such as C-ICL and CodeIE on the NYT and CoNLL04 datasets. In summary， SMPO method achieves flexible and efficient structured information extraction under a few-shot in-context learning paradigm without fine-tuning， exhibits strong generalization ability. This study provides technical support for the intelligent understanding and knowledge structuring of wheat variety registration and other domain-specific text.Keywords：wheat varieties;entity-relation extraction;structured information extraction;large language models;in-context learning37|15|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-04-10
Impact of supplemental saline water irrigation on dry matter production and yield of cotton in Southern Xinjiang AI Introduction
Abstract：To assess the effects of supplemental saline water irrigation at different salinity levels on cotton dry matter accumulation and yield， a field plot experiment was conducted continuously in 2023 and 2024 with cotton under mulch drip irrigation in Southern Xinjiang. Based on total irrigation quota of 4 800 m3/hm2， five different salinity levels of supplemental saline water， 3.5 （S3.5）， 5.0 （S5.0）， 6.5 （S6.5）， 8.0 （S8.0）， and 9.5 g/L （S9.5） were set. One supplemental irrigation （375 m3/hm2） was applied at the bud stage， and two supplemental irrigations （375 and 450 m3/hm2， respectively） were applied as needed during the flowering and boll-forming stage. The proportion of saline water irrigation accounted for 25% （1 200 m3/hm2） of the total irrigation amount. The control treatment （CK） followed local conventional field practice using freshwater without supplemental irrigation. Cotton plant height， stem diameter， leaf area index （LAI）， dry matter accumulation and distribution， yield， and water use efficiency of all treatments were determined. The results showed that：The mineralization degree of supplemental saline water reaches above 6.5 g/L significantly inhibited cotton plant height and stem diameter （P<0.05）. The LAI of all treatments peaked at the full flowering stage， with the S3.5 treatment showing the highest value in both years， with an average of 4.45. After the completion of supplemental irrigation， dry matter accumulation in the S3.5， S5.0， and S6.5 treatments increased by 2.54‑14.72 g/plant compared to CK， while the S8.0 and S9.5 treatments decreased by 1.86 and 9.83 g/plant， respectively， compared to CK. At the salinity level was ≤ 6.5 g/L， the boll number per plant in the S3.5 and S5.0 treatments was 6.8%‑13.5% higher than that of CK， and the seed cotton yield increased by 2.73%‑12.67%. Water use efficiency was optimal in the S3.5 treatment at 1.37 kg/m3. In summary， applying supplemental irrigation with saline water at a salinity level ≤ 6.5 g/L during the bud stage and flowering and boll-forming stage under a “freshwater-saving and saline supplementation”strategy can effectively promote cotton growth and dry matter accumulation， achieving the goal of “yield increase through supplementation” in the cotton-growing region of Southern Xinjiang.Keywords：cotton;saline water supplementary irrigation;salinity levels;dry matter;yield36|16|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-04-10Optimization of fertilization regime for fully organic nutrition cultivation of facility tomato based on TOPSIS comprehensive evaluation AI Introduction
Abstract：To determine the optimal organic fertilizer formulation and stage-specific fertilization strategy for tomato throughout the entire growth period in solar greenhouses of northern Shaanxi， tomato cultivar ‘Lisa’ was used as the experimental material. Five levels of organic fertilizer formulations were established based on the content of rapidly available nitrogen （550， 560， 585， 610， and 620 mg/100 g）， and five levels of single-application amounts of organic fertilizer at the flowering-fruit setting stage and the fruit expansion stage were set. A two-factor， five-level orthogonal rotation combination design was employed. A total of 9 treatments were established as follows （N∶P∶K contents in g/100 g； supply per application in g/plant）： 560∶559∶3 733， with 31.5 and 48.5 at flowering-fruit setting stage and fruit expansion stage， respectively （T1）； 560：559：3 733， 38.5 and 41.5 （T2）； 610：602：4 054， 31.5 g and 48.5 （T3）； 610：602：4 054， 38.5 and 41.5 g （T4）； 620：611：4 273， 35.0 and 45.0 g （T5）； 550：523：3 408， 35.0 and 45.0 g （T6）； 585：570：3 795， 30.0 and 50.0 g （T7）； 585：570：3 795， 40.0 and 40.0 （T8）； and 585：570：3 795， 35.0 g and 45.0 g （T9）. Topdressing was applied five times during each of the two stages， with a total fertilizer supply of 400 g/plant. The dry matter accumulation of different plant organs， leaf photosynthetic characteristics， fruit yield， nitrogen， phosphorus and potassium contents in fruits， and fruit quality parameters were determined. The analytic hierarchy process （AHP）， entropy weight method， and game theory weighting were integrated to determine indicator weights， and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution （TOPSIS） was applied for comprehensive evaluation to identify the optimal fertilization strategy. The results showed that：Different organic fertilizer combinations caused significant differences in tomato plant growth， biomass accumulation， fruit yield， and fruit quality among treatments. At harvest， in terms of vegetative growth， T2 exhibited the highest root and leaf dry weights， reaching 12.30 and 164.47 g/plant， respectively， whereas T9 showed the highest stem dry weight （63.18 g/plant）. Fruit dry weight was highest in T4 （331.10 g/plant）. In terms of fruit quality and yield， tomatoes grown under T1 and T2 exhibited superior comprehensive quality performance， while T2 achieved the highest yield （9 067.62 kg/667 m2）， representing a 5.61% increase compared with the lowest-yielding treatment （T7）. During the fruit enlargement stage， the net photosynthetic rate （Pn） of T2 was significantly higher than that of other treatments， exceeding them by 11.71% to 17.30%. In addition， T2 maintained the highest total potassium content in fruits at 40， 60， and 80 d after treatment， with values of 37.45， 42.01， and 46.96 mg/g， respectively. Comprehensive evaluation using the TOPSIS method indicated that T2 had the highest relative closeness coefficient （Cj=0.960）， demonstrating the best overall performance. In conclusion， the organic fertilizer regime with an N：P：K ratio of 560：559：3 733 （mg/100 g）， combined with application rates of 38.5 g/plant at the flowering and fruit-setting stage and 41.5 g/plant at the fruit enlargement stage （T2） was identified as the optimal fertilization strategy to achieve coordinated improvements in yield and fruit quality of spring tomato cultivated in solar greenhouses in northern Shaanxi.Keywords：tomato;organic fertilizer formulation;orthogonal rotation combination design;TOPSIS;yield28|16|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-04-10- Abstract：To address the decline in plant disease resistance caused by soil iron deficiency， this study screened siderophore-high-yielding Aspergillus strains from garlic rhizosphere soil. The strains were identified through morphological observation and gene sequence analysis. The ability of the strains to produce iron carriers was determined using the Chrome Azurol S （CAS） qualitative-quantitative assay. Physiological indices in tomatoes such as biomass and chlorophyll content were employed using Hoagland’s iron-deficient hydroponic system and pot experiments with different saline-alkaline soils. Furthermore， the antibacterial activity and control effects of the strains against tomato wilt disease were comprehensively evaluated through experiments such as plate confrontation， spore germination inhibition， tomato defense enzyme activity assays， and saline-alkaline soil prevention and controly. The results showed that two siderophore-high-yielding Aspergillus strains were isolated， namely Aspergillus neoniger YNAU-S1 and Aspergillus fumigatus YNAU-S2， with siderophore units （Su） of 79.30% and 65.47%， respectively. Whether in saline-alkaline or neutral soils， inoculation with YNAU-S1 can significantly alleviate iron-deficiency-induced chlorosis in tomatoes， promoted plant growth， and enhanced iron absorption. Antifungal tests revealed that YNAU-S1 and YNAU-S2 inhibited the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici （FOL） by 75.02% and 73.22%， respectively. Further investigation demonstrated that iron-deficiency-induced fermentation broth significantly suppressed FOL spore germination and enhanced tomato plant resistance. Correlation analysis indicated there was a significant positive relationship between siderophore yield and resistance level. Under saline-alkaline soil pot conditions， the iron-deficiency-induced fermentation broth of YNAU-S1 promoted iron absorption in tomatoes while achieving a relative control efficacy of 80.77% against Fusarium wilt. In conclusion， the garlic rhizosphere Aspergillus strains synergistically regulate “iron nutrition supply-pathogen inhibition-resistance activation” through siderophore secretion， providing efficient candidate strains and a theoretical basis for improving iron nutrition and green control of soil-borne diseases in tomatoes grown in saline-alkaline soils.Keywords：Aspergillus neoniger;Aspergillus fumigatus;siderophore;iron-deficiency chlorosis in tomatoes;Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici28|19|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-04-10
- Abstract：To the study was to analyze the differences in physiological indicators of different cold resistant and drought resistant grape varieties during winter， and reveal the causes and key periods of grape overwintering death. Three grape varieties with different cold resistant and drought resistant abilities （cold resistant and drought resistant ability： ‘Red Globe’<‘Meili’<‘140902’） were subjected to natural overwintering experiments for two consecutive years， and multidimensional analysis was conducted based on phenotype， physiology， and environment. The results showed that： 1） The germination rate of ‘140902’ during the two-year overwintering period was around 70% at the end of March， and the aboveground parts of ‘Meili’ and ‘Red Globe’ died at the end of March. At this time， the germination rate of ‘Meili’ was≤10%， and the germination rate of ‘Red Globe’ was 3.33%. 2） The average accumulation of proline during the two-year overwintering period of ‘140902’ was 31.87 μg/g， which was higher than that of ‘Meili’ （20.69 μg/g） and ‘Red Globe’ （14.05 μg/g）； Soluble sugars accumulate rapidly from December 20， 2023 to January 9， 2024， and from January 9 to 30， 2025， which was faster than the accumulation of low and medium cold resistant and drought resistant varieties； The growth rates of ascorbic acid content were 20.44% and 16.34%， respectively， which were lower than those of low to medium cold and drought resistant varieties. 3） The end of January to the mid of February and the entire month of March were two critical periods， during which the survival rate of low to medium cold and drought resistant varieties drops sharply. 4） Through regression analysis， the survival rate of the medium resistant variety （line） ‘Meili’ was most affected by ascorbic acid， while the survival rate of the low resistant variety （line） ‘Red Globe’ was most affected by total moisture content. This study clarifies the core regulatory mechanisms and key environmental stress nodes for overwintering survival of different cold resistant and drought resistant grape varieties， providing theoretical basis and practical reference for grape stress resistant breeding and optimization of soil free cultivation techniques in northern regions.Keywords：cold and drought-resistant grape varieties;key metabolites;critical period;survival rate;natural overwintering32|21|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-04-10
The research on improving the allelopathy of hydroponic strawberries by electrolytic degradation AI Introduction
Abstract：This study used to explore the effects of electro-degradation technology on the allelopathy of hydroponic strawberries， aiming to address the allelopathic issues in strawberry monoculture. Hydroponic strawberries were used as test materials. Three treatments were set up in the experiment：the control group （CK， no replacement of nutrient solution regular supplementation nutrient solution）， electro-degradation treatment group （T1， 24 hours of electro-degradation treatment per week， replacement of the nutrient solution every two months）， and the regular replacement group （T2， replacement of the nutrient solution every two weeks）. The nutrient solution was treated with electro-degradation， and its effects on strawberry growth， photosynthesis， fruit yield， and soluble solids content were analyzed. The results showed that in the plant-free experiment， after 24 hours of electro-degradation treatment， the concentrations of calcium and magnesium in the nutrient solution remained almost unchanged， while the concentration of iron decreased by 36.36%. However， the electrical conductivity （EC value）， pH， and temperature of the nutrient solution remained stable without significant changes. Additionally， the content of benzoic acid in the nutrient solution was significantly reduced by 75%（P<0.05）. In terms of plant growth， the plant height of the T1 treatment was significantly higher than that of CK and T2（P<0.05）， with plant height increasing by 29.6% and 16.7%， respectively. The fresh weight increased by 72.0% and 36.9%， respectively. The relative chlorophyll content （SPAD value） increased by 10.8% and 4.0%respectively. . Regarding photosynthesis， the transpiration rate of the T1 treatment increased by 158.33% and 55.00%， and the net photosynthetic rate significantly increased significantly by 70.04% compared to CK（P<0.05）. In terms of fruit yield， the single-plant yield of the T1 treatment was the highest， reaching 165 g（P<0.05）， which was significantly higher than that of CK， but there was no significant difference compared to T2 treatment. In conclusion， electro-degradation technology is an effective means of improving the growth environment of hydroponic strawberries and can provide technical support for sustainable hydroponic production.Keywords：strawberry;hydroponics;root exudates;electrochemical degradation;fruit yield;photosynthesis29|14|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-04-10Epidemiological characteristics and antimicrobial resistance gene profiles of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae from chickens in Xinjiang AI Introduction
Abstract：To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and antimicrobial resistance genes of extended-spectrum β-lactamase （ESBL）-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae （K. pneumoniae） in layer farms in Xinjiang， fecal samples were collected from six layer farms across five regions. K. pneumoniae isolates were obtained and identified， and ESBL-producing strains were screened using the CLSI-recommended confirmatory test. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the broth microdilution method. Whole-genome sequencing was conducted for ESBL-producing isolates from different regions to analyze their resistance genes and plasmid replicon types. A phylogenetic tree based on the core genome was constructed. The results showed that： 1） A total of 39 strains of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae were identified in 1 155 chickens fecal samples， with a detection rate of 3.5%. 2） The resistance rates of all ESBL isolates to tetracycline， cefotaxime， and ciprofloxacin were 89.7%， 87.2% and 84.6%， respectively， and they were all susceptible to meropenem. The multi-drug resistant rate was 97.4%. 3） Among the 35 ESBL-producing strains from different regions， 66 resistance genes across 12 categories were detected. The most prevalent genes were blaSHV， oqxA， and oqxB （all 97.1%）. A total of 14 strains were found to carry the tmexCD-TOprJ efflux pump gene conferring tigecycline resistance， mainly distributed in ST37 （11/14）. 4） Twelve plasmid replicon types were identified； 82.9% （29/35） of isolates harbored at least one replicon， with IncFIB（K） being the most common （72.4%）. 5） Twelve sequence types （STs） were identified among the 35 strains， reflecting high genetic diversity. No evidence of cross-regional clonal dissemination was found； However， tight clustering of ST37， ST307， ST5116， and ST200 was observed within the Tacheng farm. In conclusion， although the detection rate of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae in Xinjiang layer farms was relatively low， the isolates exhibited broad resistance spectra， carried multiple resistance genes and plasmid replicons， and showed evidence of clonal transmission in certain farms. These results highlight the need for strengthened regional monitoring and control measures for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.Keywords：extended-spectrum β-lactamases;Klebsiella pneumoniae;antimicrobial resistance genes;plasmids22|13|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-04-10- Abstract：A method was developed for the simultaneous determination of sulfamethoxazole and its seven metabolites in pig manure by solid phase extraction-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （ SPE-UPLC-MS/MS ）. The samples were ultrasonically extracted three times by McIlvaine-Na2 EDTA buffer and organic mixed solid phase extraction solution， respectively. After enrichment and purification by solid phase extraction system， nitrogen blowing， re-solution and filtration， UPLC-MS/MS separation and detection were carried out with methanol and 2 mmol/L ammonium formate as mobile phase. The results showed that： 1） In the concentration range of 0.01-200 μg/L， sulfamethoxazole and its seven metabolites in pig manure showed a linear relationship with the corresponding peak area. The standard curve R2 of all targets was greater than 0.99， the detection limit was 0.004-0.017 μg/kg， and the limit of quantitation was 0.18-0.51 μg/kg. 2） The average recoveries of the eight target compounds at four spiked concentrations of 1，100，1000，10 000 μg/kg were 60.0%-99.7%， and the relative standard deviations were 0.4%-5.0%， the repeatability and accuracy were good. 3） This method was suitable for the simultaneous determination of sulfamethoxazole and its seven metabolites in pig manure， and provides a reliable analysis method for the monitoring and risk assessment of antibiotic pollution in pig manure. In summary， the method is simple， sensitive and meets the requirements of experimental analysis. It can be used for the simultaneous determination of SMX and its seven metabolites residues in pig manure.Keywords：pig manure;sulfamethoxazole;metabolites;antibiotic drug residues26|12|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-04-10
Effects of reference population construction strategies on genotype imputation accuracy in Suzi pigs AI Introduction
Abstract：To systematically evaluate the effects of different reference population construction strategies on genotype imputation accuracy in Suzi pigs， this study constructed local reference populations using genomic data from multiple pig breeds and comparatively evaluated it using PHARP and 1KCIGP public genotype imputation platforms. Imputation performance was assessed by simulating missing genotypes through 10 replicates of 5-fold cross-validation， and imputation accuracy was quantified using concordance rate （CR）， parental origin concordance （POC）， and the coefficient of determination （R²）， with the aim of comparing the effects of different reference population construction strategies and public imputation platforms on imputation accuracy. The results showed that： 1） The highest imputation accuracy was achieved when the reference population consisted of individuals from the same genetic lineage as the target population （Suzi pigs）， with R² and POC reaching of 0.98 and 0.97， respectively. 2） When a single external breed was used as the reference population， Berkshire pigs provided the best imputation performance for Suzi pigs， with an R² of 0.81. 3） The inclusion of Berkshire and Erhualian pigs into a multi-breed combined reference population effectively improved the imputation accuracy for Suzi pigs. 4） With respect to imputation platforms， PHARP exhibited a slightly higher R² （0.85） than 1KCIGP （0.83）， whereas 1KCIGP achieved a significantly higher CR （0.62） than PHARP （0.45）， which is considered a more critical indicator. In conclusion， for local deveoped pig breeds containing local breed ancestry， it was recommended to prioritize the use of same genetic lineage reference populations for genotype imputation； when reference population size is limited， the 1KCIGP platform represents a suitable alternative. In addition， constructing multi-breed reference populations that include several ancestral breeds of the target population is an effective strategy for obtaining relatively accurate imputed genotypes. This study provides practical reference population construction strategies for genotype imputation in local deveoped pig breeds under limited reference resources and offers important methodological support for the efficient application of genomic information in genetic evaluation and genomic selection of locally developed pig breeds.Keywords：Suzi pig;genotype imputation;imputation accuracy;reference population construction;public imputation platform26|14|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-04-10- Abstract：To explore the specific mechanism of circANKEF1 as a molecular sponge targeting miRNAs and mRNAs in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of bovine preadipocytes， in this study， potential target miRNAs of circANKEF1 were screened by RNA-seq on preadipocytes overexpressing circANKEF1， and the targeting relationships between the candidate miRNAs， circANKEF1， and target mRNAs were determined by dual luciferase reporter assay. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction （qRT-PCR） and Western blot （WB） were employed to detect the relative expression levels of mRNA and protein of adipogenic marker genes （PPARγ， C/EBPα） and proliferation marker genes （PCNA， CDK2）. Oil Red O staining was conducted to evaluate lipid droplet accumulation. Cell Counting Kit-8 （CCK-8） and 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine （EdU） incorporation assay were used to assess cell proliferation. The results showed that： 1） A total of 53 differentially expressed miRNAs （31 upregulated and 22 downregulated） were identified after circANKEF1 overexpression. 2） Through target regulation analysis， it was found that circANKEF1 could interact with miR-183， miR-127， and miR-129. 3） miR-183， miR-127， and miR-129 affected the proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes through their respective target genes EGR1， MAPK4 and CDK6. In conclusion， circANKEF1 can regulate the proliferation and differentiation of bovine preadipocytes through the miR-183/EGR1， miR-127/MAPK4， and miR-129/CDK6 axes. This study provides a novel theoretical basis for an in-depth understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying intramuscular fat development in beef cattle.Keywords：cattle;preadipocytes;molecular sponge;circANKEF1;miRNA19|17|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-04-10
- Abstract：In wide-row， high-density apple orchards， the spatial mismatch between traditional vertical lifting devices and spindle-shaped tree canopies often results in poor working postures and excessive physical lstrain on the upper limbs and lower back of operators. To address this issue， an inclined lifting device was designed in this study. A multi-objective optimization model integrating canopy geometry， ergonomic principles， and platform stability was established， with the operational area maximized as the objective and the lumbar force and anti-overturning stability taken as constraints. The inclination angle and maximum extension length of the device were optimized using the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II（NSGA-II）. The results show that the Pareto-optimal parameters obtained are an inclination angle of 74.4° and a maximum extension length of 1 524.4 mm. Field comparative experiments demonstrate that， compared with the vertical lifting device， the inclined lifting device increases the probability of the operational trajectory falling within the ergonomic comfort window by 56.43%， and reduces the lumbar muscle activation level by 58.80%. The proposed device effectively improves the platform’s adaptability to spindle-shaped canopies， significantly lowers the operator’s physiological load， and provides a new direction for the development of efficient and low-strain orchard equipment.Keywords：inclined lifting device;work applicability;parameter optimization;NSGA-II algorithm32|26|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-04-10
- Abstract：To address the scarcity of reliability data and the neglect of customer requirements in traditional prediction methods for no-till planters， this paper proposes a reliability prediction method based on Quality Function Deployment （QFD）， with a case study on the 2BMFJ no-till precision soybean planter for wheat stubble fields. By constructing a three-level correlation matrix linking “Customer requirements” to “Technical characteristics” and then to “Subsystems”， ten categories of customer requirements（encompassing failure prevention and operation quality） were transformed into seven quantifiable technical indicators， including criticality， technology maturity， and environmental harshness. An auto-correlation matrix was utilized to adjust the indicator weights， and a reliability prediction scoring matrix was developed to calculate the subsystem failure rates hierarchically. The results indicate a comprehensive machine reliability of 98.69%. The transmission subsystem （failure rate 0.533 3%） and the straw cleaning and mulching subsystem （failure rate 0.463 6%） were identified as weak links due to issues such as straw entanglement and high-load clogging. This method effectively overcomes the limitations of traditional models in terms of data scarcity and disconnection from user needs， providing a basis for the reliability design and optimization of critical components in no-till planters.Keywords：no-till planter;reliability prediction;Quality Function Deployment （QFD）;customer demands;house of quality;wheat stubble soybean18|20|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-04-10
- Abstract：To address the recurrent issues of multiple-seed filling and seed jamming commonly encountered in mechanical maize seed metering devices， a cell-type precision maize metering device with an adjustable slot length was developed. Based on an analysis of the overall structure and operating principle， a mechanical model of maize seeds during the filling stage was established， and the structural parameters of the cell slot were determined in combination with seed shape characteristics. A DEM-MBD coupled simulation approach was employed to evaluate the seed metering performance， and a multi-factor response surface methodology was applied to investigate the effects of slot length， roller diameter， and seeder angular velocity on seed metering quality indices. On this basis， a quadratic regression orthogonal rotational combination design was conducted using the DEM-MBD coupled simulation. The results indicate that the optimal performance was achieved with a slot length of 6 mm， a roller diameter of 25.86 mm， and a seeder angular velocity of 2.72 rad/s， yielding a qualified index of 91.99%， a missing index of 2.89%， and a multiple index of 5.12%. Bench validation tests showed a qualified index of 90.37%， a missing index of 3.98%， and a multiple index of 5.65%， with deviations of less than 5% from the simulation results， satisfying the requirements of precision maize planting. The findings of this study provide a valuable reference for the design and performance optimization of mechanical maize seed metering devices.Keywords：maize;cell-type seed metering device;precision seeding;structural design;DEM-MBD simulation26|22|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-04-10
- Abstract：To address the issues of variable visual features of maize weeds in complex field environments in hilly and mountainous areas， insufficient accuracy of traditional segmentation models， and difficulty in balancing lightweight design and real-time performance， this study proposes an improved DeepLabV3+ semantic segmentation model for high-precision weed identification and density extraction. Methodologically， the lightweight MobileNetV2 network replaces the original Xception backbone. A SEMA-ASPP module integrating a channel attention mechanism （Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks， SE-Net） and an adaptive activation function （Meta-ACONC） is designed to replace the ReLU function in the original Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling module， aiming to enhance multi-scale feature extraction capability and generalization performance. An Efficient Local Attention （ELA） mechanism is introduced into the decoder to optimize weed edge segmentation. Meanwhile， a combined strategy of cross-entropy loss and Dice coefficient loss is adopted to effectively address the imbalance between target and background regions in the dataset. Experimental results show that： 1） While maintaining high segmentation accuracy， the improved model significantly enhances computational efficiency. Its mean intersection over Union （mIoU） and mean Pixel Accuracy （mPA） reach 92.72% and 95.05%， respectively， representing improvements of 3.22 and 2.95 percentage points over the original DeepLabV3+model. 2） The model’s computational cost and parameter count are only 51.84 GFLOPS and 5.89×106， accounting for 31.04% and 10.77% of the original model， respectively， with an inference speed reaching 120.51 frames per second on GPU. 3） Compared with mainstream models including DeepLabV3+， SegFormer， PSPNet， U-Net and HRNet， the proposed model achieves lower computational cost and faster inference speed while ensuring comparable or high segmentation accuracy. Based on the segmentation results， a sliding window scanning algorithm is further employed to extract weed density. The coefficient of determination R2 for the linear regression between the predicted and actual density reaches 0.981， which verifing the reliability of the model. The proposed model achieves a favorable balance among accuracy， efficiency and lightweighting design， providing technical support for variable-rate spraying in precision agriculture.Keywords：maize weed;density extraction;semantic segmentation;DeepLabV3+;lightweight model;attention mechanism23|15|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-04-10
- Abstract：To investigate the transformation characteristics of different chemical forms of phosphorus during composting of different animal manures， five types of manure ， pig manure （PM）， cattle dung （CD）， sheep manure （SM）， chicken manure （CM）， and duck manure （DM）， were selected as research objects. Phosphorus fractions were extracted using the Hedley sequential fractionation method， and changes in phosphorus speciation and bioavailability during the 30 d composting process were analyzed. In addition， 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing was employed to explore the microbial mechanisms driving phosphorus transformation. The results indicate that： The proportion of available phosphorus in PM and CD composts remained above 50% throughout the process， indicating relatively high phosphorus availability potential. CM compost effectively promoted phosphorus activation， with the Olsen-P content increasing by 71.73%. The proportion of available phosphorus components increased by 8.41%. SM and DM composts were dominated by bound phosphorus components， which enhanced phosphorus stability. PM， CD， and CM composts had higher phosphorus availability and were suitable for rapid phosphorus supply， whereas the proportion of bound phosphorus in SM and DM composts increased by 20.84% and 2.07%， respectively， indicatingSM and DM composts were more suitable as slow-release phosphorus fertilizers. Redundancy analysis results showed that： phosphorus activation and release during composting were closely related to the activity of specific microbial genera. Bacillus was enriched in livestock manure composts， and Thermobifida was enriched in poultry manure composts， both playing dominant roles during the thermophilic phase. In summary， there were significant differences in phosphorus availability among different animal manure composts. These findings provide a scientific basis for efficient processing of livestock and poultry manure to enhance phosphorus utilization efficiency， and reduce agricultural P pollution.Keywords：livestock and poultry manure composting;phosphorus forms;bioavailability;microbial mediation35|17|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-04-10
Assessment of anaerobic fermentation technology for agricultural waste based on economic and technical indicators AI Introduction
Abstract：To comprehensively and systematically evaluate the technical feasibility and economic rationality of the anaerobic co-digestion technology for multi-component substrates， this study adopted a techno-economic analysis model and coupled it with dynamic analysis methods that account for the time value of money. The impacts of construction costs， operation and management costs as well as product revenues on the net present value， internal rate of return ， and payback period under four scenarios： anaerobic wet fermentation of cow dung， anaerobic dry fermentation of the binary mixture of cow dung and tomato vines， anaerobic dry fermentation of the binary mixture of cow dung and cucumber vines， anaerobic wet fermentation of the multi-material mixture of cow dung， corn stover and vegetable waste. The results showed that： 1） All four scenarios are economically feasible for profit generation under the conditions of this study. 2） The anaerobic wet fermentation of the multi-component mixture of cow dung， corn stover and vegetable waste achieved the optimal investment benefit， with a 20-year net present value of 20.858 million yuan， an internal rate of return of 36.7% and an investment payback period of only 3.5 years. 3） The benchmark discount rate， electricity sales price， power generation efficiency， heat sales price and biogas residue price have significant impacts on the economic benefits of the project， while the economic benefits are less sensitive to the prices of instruments and equipment. In conclusion， this research provides a scientific basis for the efficient resource utilization of agricultural waste and sustainable development in China’s agricultural industrial parks， and effectively promote the green， low-carbon transformation and upgrading of the agricultural industry.Keywords：agricultural industrial park;multi-materials;anaerobic fermentation;net present value;sensitivity analysis23|16|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-04-10Impact of different recirculation modes on carbon distribution and product characteristics during the biodrying process of biogas residue AI Introduction
Abstract：To address the challenges of high moisture content， long treatment cycle， and low product added value of kitchen waste， this study developed a synergistic process combining anaerobic digestion and biodrying. The digestate residue generated from anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste was taken as the research object. Coupled experimentation， physicochemical parameters determination， gas emission monitoring， and comprehensive carbon flow analysis were adopted to investigate the effects of three digestate recirculation modes‑direct mixing， mixing after covering， and mixing after layered stacking‑on the carbon distribution and product characteristics （energy/fertilizer properties， germination index （GI）， and total nutrient content） of the bio-dried products. The aim was to identify the optimal mode balancing energy recovery and fertilizer production. The results showed that after 12 days of bio-drying， the product obtained under the treatment of 10% mature product recirculation with direct mixing realized dual utilization of both fuel and fertilizer. The GI of seeds treated with products from all experimental groups reached 186.2% to 229.8% after 15 days of bio-drying， which far exceeded the maturity standard for organic fertilizers （≥70%）. The results indicated that the products were suitable for direct soil application. The carbon utilization efficiency was increased by 14% to 17.8% compared with that of standalone anaerobic digestion （48.9%）， and among all treatments， the highest carbon utilization efficiency （66.7%） was achieved under the condition of layered addition of 10% recirculation product with mixing conducted on the 3rd day. In conclusion， the synergistic process of anaerobic digestion and bio-drying for kitchen waste achieves a “1+1>2” effect for synergistic enhancement of energy and fertilizer production. This study provided a theoretical and technical support for the high-value and low-carbon treatment of kitchen waste.Keywords：biogas residue;digestate;bio-drying;drying product recirculation;carbon utilization rate40|16|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-04-10- Abstract：Based on the survey data of 868 rice growers in Hubei， Heilongjiang and Guangxi provinces， this study analyzes the impact of public and private agricultural technology services on farmers’ adoption of soil testing and formula fertilization technology， as well as the role of information completeness in this process. The study found that： Firstly， compared with public agricultural technology services， private agricultural technology services have become a new driving force for farmers to adopt soil testing and formula fertilization technology， and there is a complementary relationship between the two. Secondly， public and private agricultural technology services significantly promote farmers’ adoption of soil testing and formula fertilization technology， and this conclusion is still valid even after solving the endogeneity problem. Thirdly， the analysis shows that there is a significant promoting effect between public and private agricultural technical services and farmers’ adoption of soil testing and formula fertilization technology. Mechanism analysis reveals that the collaborative extension helps farmers adopt soil testing and formula fertilization technology by improving information completeness. Therefore， it is crucial to improve the public and private agricultural technology service system， increase farmers’ information completeness on soil testing and formula fertilization technology， and strengthen cooperation between public agricultural technology service departments and agricultural supply stores to promote and apply testing soil and formula fertilization technology.Keywords：agricultural technology services;complementary effect;testing soil and formula fertilization technology;adoption behavior35|16|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-04-10
- Abstract：The idea of mutual-aid based food security and cooperation has run through China’s agricultural civilization for thousands of years， and is one of the main reasons for China’s agricultural self-sufficient since ancient times. The development of agriculture has experienced three stages of primitive agriculture， traditional agriculture and modern agriculture. The ideas and practices of mutual assistance and cooperation at different stages are different. This study focuses on four aspects， which are ecological mutual assistance， labor mutual assistance， regional mutual assistance and international mutual assistance The ancient and modern grain mutual aid and cooperation thoughts and the value of the traditional mutual aid and cooperation thought are summarized. In the new era， to ensure food security， it is necessary to build a green and ecological foundation for food production， deepen specialization and organizational cooperation and innovation， strengthen regional division of labor and cooperation， and practice the concept of global food security with win-win cooperation， so as to enhance the ability to guarantee food security under the new development pattern through mutual aid and cooperation.Keywords：food security;mutual assistance and cooperation;traditional agriculture;modern agriculture;cooperative thought24|18|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-04-10
Interactive relationship between carbon emission efficiency of the agri-food system and food security based on the Big Food Concept AI Introduction
Abstract：To investigate the relationship between the carbon emission efficiency of the agri-food system and food security， this study calculated the carbon emission efficiency of the agri-food system and the level of food security for 30 provincial-level administrative regions in China from 2015 to 2022 （Data do not include those of Xizang， Hong Kong， Macao， and Taiwan regions. The same applies below）. A simultaneous equations model was employed to examine the interactive relationship and the underlying mediating mechanism between the two. The results indicate that： 1） The total carbon emissions of the agri-food system showed an increasing trend， yet the growth rate has slowed in recent years. There were significant disparities in carbon emission efficiency across regions， with improvements concentrated in eastern regions. 2） The spatial pattern of food security levels showed lower in the southwest and higher in the northeast. During the study period， food security levels generally improved. 3） A positive interactive relationship was observed between the carbon emission efficiency of the agri-food system and food security， moreover the climate change and industrial agglomeration effects played significant mediating roles. 4） Compared to the western region， the positive interaction in the eastern and central regions is markably more significant； With the increase of financial support， the positive interaction effect significantly strengthened. In conclusion， this study recommends promoting the application of low-carbon technologies and transitioning the energy structure， building an integrated industrial chain and policy system driven by industrial agglomeration to advance the low-carbon transformation of the agri-food system， and implementing differentiated support to facilitate the low-carbon transition of the agri-food system in western regions.Keywords：Big Food Concept;agricultural food system;carbon emission efficiency;food security28|15|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-04-10Cultivated land footprint caused by the changes in the food consumption structure of urban and rural residents and its enlightenment AI Introduction
Abstract：To understand the environmental problems caused by changes in the food consumption structure of residents， this study used the cultivated land footprint model to calculate the cultivated land footprint caused by various food consumption of urban and rural residents in China from 1981 to 2021. The cultivated land footprint intensity under four different food consumption scenarios was analyzed. Furthermore， the study projected the cultivated land footprints attributable to Chinese residents’ food consumption under these four scenarios for 2030， 2035， and 2050. The results show that： 1） The food consumption structure of residents is changing from one single food consumption structure dominated by grain to a diversified food consumption structure dominated by “grain， vegetables and meat”. While the consumption gap between urban and rural residents has gradually narrowed， a large gap still remians compared with the food-consumption pattern recommended by the dietary guidelines. 2） The cultivated land footprint intensity exhibits three distinct phases， which are stabilization phase， decay phase， and accelerated expansion phase. The disparity in cultivated-land footprint intensity between urban and rural areas shows a trend of first narrowing and then widening again. 3） By comparing the four different types of food consumption scenarios， the food consumption structure recommended by the dietary guidelines produces the least cultivated land footprint， while the animal-based food consumption structure generates the most. The cultivated land footprints of Chinese residents’ food consumption in 2030， 2035 and 2050 are estimated to be 0.853， 0.83 billion and 0.769 billion hm2 under the consumption scenarios recommended by the guidelines respectively， and the cultivated land footprint of food consumption in 2030， 2035 and 2050 are projected to be 1.678 billion to 2.251 billion， 1.648 billion to 2.211 billion and 1.512 billion to 2.029 billion hm2 under the animal-based food consumption scenario， respectively. Going forward， although China’s population is projected to keep declining， urban expansion and continuing dietary upgrading will still impose intensive challenges on the sustainable cultivated land use.Keywords：cultivated land protection;food consumption;cultivated land footprint;dietary guidelines;an all-encompassing approach to food21|25|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-04-10Impact of digital feasibility capability on farmers’ income growth and internal income gap AI Introduction
Abstract：To clarify the impact mechanism of digital feasibility capability on farmers’ income growth and internal income gap， this study combines Amartya Sen’s feasibility capability theory to measure and analyze farmers’ digital feasibility capability from multiple perspectives such as digital supply， digital application， and digital demand. The results show that digital feasibility capability significantly contributes to farmers’ income growth. The results of the sub-dimensions of digital feasibility capability also show that digital supply capacity， application capacity， and demand capacity have a significant positive impact on farmers’ income growth. The mechanism analysis shows that digital feasibility capability could affect farmers’ income growth by promoting e-commerce entrepreneurship and non-farm employment. The results of the heterogeneity analysis show that digital feasibility capability can not only promote the income increase of high-education farmers but also enhance the income of low-education farmers， and the income increase effect on low-education farmers is more prominent. Further analysis of the impact of digital feasibility capability on the internal income gap among farmers reveals that digital feasibilitycapability has a more substantial effect on increasing the income of relatively poor farmers， which can effectively reduce the relative deprivation index of the income of individual farmers ， narrow the farmers’ income disparity， and promote the realization of shared prosperity in the countryside.Keywords：digital feasibility capability;farmers’ income growth;farmers’ internal income disparity;relative poverty;feasibility capability theory18|16|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-04-10Does digital rural construction promote grain production in county areas? Empirical evidence from the national digital rural pilot policy AI Introduction
Abstract：To clarify the impact of digital village construction on grain production， this study takes the digital village pilot in 2020 as an empirical evidence and uses the difference-in-differences model to comprehensively examine the influence and mechanism of the digital village pilot policy on county-level grain production. The results show that： 1）The digital rural pilot policy significantly improves the level of grain production in this region. 2）The pilot policies of digital villages display more obvious yield-increasing effects in non-major grain-producing areas， regions with low labor transfer and low levels of digital inclusive finance development. 3）The digital village pilot policy increases county-level grain production by promoting agricultural technology progress， developing large-scale agricultural operations， and curbing non-grain use of farmland. 4）The digital rural pilot policy has negative spillover effects. The demonstration effect and knowledge spillover effect generated are greater than the suction effect， crowding-out effect， and planting substitution effect， which inhibit grain production in surrounding areas. Therefore， efforts should be made to expand tand enhance the pilot policy， deepen the mechanism of differentiated policy implementation， optimize the policy action pathways， and innovate regional compensation models.Keywords：digital rural construction;digital rural pilot;grain production in county areas;difference-in-differences model28|20|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-04-10
