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- Abstract：In order to explore and compare the status of forestry industry construction in countries around the world and to promote the further construction of strong forestry industry in China， a performance evaluation system was developed to assess forestry sector competitiveness. Utilizing data from the Food and Agriculture Organization （FAO） of the United Nations database， covering the top 50 countries or economies in forestry import and export values from 2001 to 2020， this study employed entropy weighting to assign weights to indicators and calculate the composite index for comparative analysis. The entropy weight method was utilized to allocate weights to indicators and measure the comprehensive index of each country for comparative analysis. The results indicate that： 1） At the beginning of the 21st century， China ranked among the leading nations in the forestry industry but displayed characteristics of being “big but not fine”. Subsequently， China implemented forestry industry development policies to stabilize its position within the top five nations in the forestry industry by leveraging China’s international forestry influence. 2） While the ranking of industry powerhouses and quasi-forestry industry powerhouses remain generally stable， the development across all dimensions is marked as uneven and insufficient. 3） The obstacle dimension hindering China’s forestry industry powerhouse development is forestry resource competitiveness， while the advantage dimension lies in the impact of forestry globalization competitiveness. Aiming to align with the internationalization process of the emerging forestry industry， based on the international comparisons， China’s inspiration is put forwarded from three perspectives of China’s position， country comparisons and dimensions of advantages and disadvantages.Keywords：forestry industry;China;green transformation;competitiveness performance;ecological product value realization83|32|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08
- Abstract：To promote agricultural and forestry enterprises to better share the dividends of digital transformation， improve their innovation efficiency and achieve the driving role of common prosperity for agricultural and forestry enterprises， based on panel data of 235 A-share agricultural and forestry listed companies from 2009 to 2020， this study uses the two-way fixed effect model to empirically analyze the impact of digital transformation on the innovation efficiency of agricultural and forestry enterprises. The results show that： 1） There is a significant inverted U-shaped impact between digital transformation and the innovation efficiency of agricultural and forestry enterprises. A moderate level of digitization is beneficial for improving innovation efficiency， and when the level goes beyond a certain critical point， the improvement of digitization has a negative impact on innovation efficiency. 2） Digital transformation affects the level of enterprise risk taking through the inverted U-shaped curve effect， thereby affecting innovation efficiency and promoting the inverted U-shaped relationship between digital transformation and innovation efficiency. 3） The academic experience of corporate executives negatively regulates the inverted U-shaped relationship between digital transformation and innovation efficiency of agricultural and forestry enterprises. To sum up， not only should enterprises and executive teams play an active role， but also the government should speed up the construction of new agricultural infrastructure and standard system， strengthen the pertinence of policies， improve the public service platform for digital transformation， and accelerate the pace of agricultural modernization to promote the construction of agricultural power.Keywords：digital transformation;innovation efficiency;agricultural and forestry enterprises;inverted U-shape;corporate executives60|40|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08
Forest resource richness, value realization of ecological products and income increase of rural residents AI Introduction
Abstract：To study the impact of forest resources and their ecological product value realization on the income growth of rural residents， this study first theoretically analyzes the impact of forest resource richness and ecological product value realization on the income growth of rural residents. Then， using an macro statistical data from 31 provinces （municipalities， autonomous regions） in China from 2006 to 2020（The data do not include those of Hong Kong， Macao and Taiwan regions. The same below.）， quantitative analysis and testing were conducted. Meanwhile， further analysis on the impact of forest resource richness and the realization of ecological product value on the income gap between farmers and urban-rural residents at different income levels was conducted. The findings are as follows： 1） The incremental improvement of forest resources and the realization of the value of ecological products are beneficial to the improvement of rural residents’ income and the results are robust. 2） Heterogeneity analysis shows that the improvement of forest resource quality and the realization of forest ecological product value have a more significant impact on resource abundant but economically underdeveloped areas； However， the increase in forest resources does not promote the income growth of rural residents in the region. 3） The mechanism test discovers that the richness of forest resources and the value of ecological products have a synergistic effect on the increase of farmers’ income， which can improve the level of livability and employment in rural areas， and thus increase the income of rural residents. 4） Further analysis shows that the realization of forest resource richness and the value of its ecological products can narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas and within rural areas， which is of great significance to the realization of the goal of common prosperity. Finally， this study puts forward some policy suggestions to effectively utilize the advantages of regional forest resources and ecological products to increase rural residents’ income and promote common prosperity.Keywords：forest resources;realizing the value of ecological products;income growth;livability and employment level in rural areas;common prosperity45|21|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08High yield and stability evaluation of winter wheat varieties in Hebei Province by combining AMMI model and BLUP method AI Introduction
Abstract：In order to effectively identify and evaluate the yield， stability and adaptability of winter wheat varieties in Hebei Province， and to select superior wheat varieties suitable for widespread cultivation in this region， a new variety evaluation system， namely WAASB （weighted average of absolute scores） and WAASBY （considers both stability （WAASB） and mean performance （dependent variable， Y）） were employed. Comprehensive analysis was then conducted on the yield data of 14 trial varieties from the water-saving group in 10 test sites in Hebei Province during 2018—2019 winter wheat season. The AMMI （additive main effect and multiplicative interaction） model showed that environment effects were the main source of variation， followed by the interaction between genotype and environment， and genotype effects accounted for the smallest proportion. In terms of model diagnosis， AMMI 2 and GGE 2 were used as suitable models for the AMMI family and GGE models by FR test. The ratios of genotype and environment interaction （GE） signals and GGE signals accounted for 84.06% and 85.25%， respectively. The principal component analysis of various stability factors showed that the first two principal component axes collectively explained 78.5% of the variance. The grain yield was highly positively correlated with stability factors based on the mixed effects model and the geometric adaptability index. According to the GY ×WAASB biplot， ‘HH1704’ ‘ZN202’ ‘ZX8482’ ‘MG729’ ‘JH16415’ and ‘Sta14’ were selected as the varieties with outstanding high yield and good stability. Among the selected varieties， ‘ZX8482’ had the highest WAASBY score， which performed the best among the tested varieties， while ‘HK4242’ had the lowest WAASBY score， which performed the worst. The suitable varieties to be promoted in Dacaozhuang， Shenzhou and Yongnian were ‘HH1704’ and ‘ZN202’. The suitable varieties for planting in Handan and Luquan were ‘HK4242’ and ‘MG729’. It was also found that variety ‘ZX8482’ was suitable for planting in Shenzhou， Xinji， Xingtai and Yongnian. In conclusion， the use of the mixed linear model stability index （WAASB） and simultaneous selection index （WAASBY） can provide a basis for the demonstration and promotion of winter wheat varieties in Hebei Province.Keywords：AMMI model;BLUP technology;WAASB;WAASBY;METs67|27|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Adaptability evaluation and screening of different potato varieties (lines) in the mountainous region of northern Nepal AI Introduction
Abstract：To identify the optimal potato varieties （lines） suitable to be planted in the northern mountainous areas of Nepal， 12 potato varieties （lines）， ‘Longshu 7’ ‘Longshu 10’ ‘Longshu 14’ ‘LK99’ ‘L0109-4’ ‘Yunshu 105’ ‘Yunshu 603’ ‘ Ziyun 1’ ‘Mira’ ‘Qingshu 9’ ‘Emma 1’ and ‘Emma 2’ ， were introduced. ‘Rosita’， the main locally planted variety， was used as a control （CK）. Variety （line） comparison trials were conducted in the northern mountainous areas of Nepal from 2019 to 2021. The phenological period， agronomic traits， tuber traits， disease occurrence， organoleptic evaluation， yield traits， and yield performance were thoroughly studied. The comprehensive qualities of these 13 varieties （lines） were analyzed by Principal Component Analysis （PCA）. The results showed that： All 13 potato varieties （lines） tested were able to mature； All varieties （lines） did not develop mosaic virus disease， bacterial wilt and early blight. ‘Yunshu 105’ ‘Yunshu 603’ and ‘Ziyun 1’ developed the lowest ratio of plants infected late blight and with disease index of 0； The average annual yield of ‘Yunshu 105’ was 23.94 t/hm2， which is 72.73% higher than that of CK. The average annual yield of ‘Qingshu 9’ was 21.01 t/hm2， which was 51.59% higher than that of CK； The organoleptic scores of steamed ‘Yunshu 105’ was 82.6， it has aroma fragrant， high acceptance， and above moderate comprehensive evaluation； The top four comprehensive scores in the principal component analysis of tuber nutritional qualities were ‘Emma 1’‘Longshu 14’‘Longshu 7’ and ‘ Yunshu 105’. In summary， in terms of the current situation of lacking of high-yield variety in Nepal， ‘Yunshu 105’ is optimal to be promoted in the northern mountainous areas of Nepal to improve production， ‘Qingshu 9’ is suitable to be promoted as high-yield variety， ‘Emma 1’ ‘Longshu 14’ and ‘Longshu 7’ could be the alternative high-quality varieties for Nepal.Keywords：Nepal;potatoes;yield;nutritional qualities;principal component analysis42|26|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Effects of nitrogen application on starch accumulation and related ultrastructure in potato tuber AI Introduction
Abstract：In order to determine the regulatory effects of nitrogen application on starch accumulation and related ultrastructure in potato tuber of different starch type varieties， the high-starch variety ‘Kexin 22’ and low-starch variety ‘Kexin 19’ were selected and treated with nitrogen application rates of 0 （CK）， 75， 150， 225 and 300 kg/hm2， respectively. The starch content， starch yield and the number and particle size of starch granules and amyloid bodies in tubers under different nitrogen application were measured. The relationship between starch content and starch granules and amyloid bodies in potato tubers was analyzed. The results showed that： The starch content of tubers of ‘Kexin 22’ and ‘Kexin 19’ varieties decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate when nitrogen application rate was 0 to 300 kg/hm2. The starch content of tuber of the both varieties reached the highest values when nitrogen application rate was 0 （CK） kg/hm2. The starch yield of tuber of the two varieties increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application. When the nitrogen application rate was 150 kg/hm2， the starch yield of high-starch variety ‘Kexin 22’ reached the highest， which was 11.27 t/hm2. The starch yield of low-starch variety ‘Kexin 19’ reached 8.99 t/hm2 when the nitrogen rate was 225 kg/hm2. The number of starch granules and amyloid bodies in the tubers of the two varieties showed a decreasing trend with the increase of N application rate， and the average particle size of starch granules and amyloid bodies showed a decreasing trend with the increase of N application rate， resulting in a decreasing trend of microscopic starch granule content in the tubers of the two varieties with the increase of N application rate. It was consistent with the decreasing trend of starch content in the tubers with the increase of N application rate. The proportion of starch granules and amyloid bodies with diameter （d）<30 μm increased with the increase of N application rate， and the proportion of starch granules and amyloid bodies （d ≥30-50 μm and ≥50 μm） decreased with the increase of N application rate. When the nitrogen rate was 0 （CK） kg/hm2， the number and size of starch granules and amyloids of the two varieties were the largest， the proportion of starch granules and amyloids （d <30 μm） was the lowest， and the proportion of starch granules and amyloids （d ≥30-50 and ≥50 μm） was the highest. In conclusion， the starch accumulation and related ultrastructure of potato tubers of different starch potato varieties were greatly affected by nitrogen application. Therefore， the suitable nitrogen application should be determined according to the starch content， starch yield and ultrastructure changes of starch granules and starch bodies in the tubers of different starch type potato varieties.Keywords：potatoes;nitrogen application amount;tuber;starch content;starch yield;starch granules;amyloplast36|25|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Effects of different concentrations and application methods of liquid digestate on the growth of Chinese cabbage AI Introduction
Abstract：Aiming at the difficulty in liquid digestate treatment in current biogas plants and the problem of excessive application of chemical fertilizers in modern agriculture， this study pretreated liquid digestate with different dilution proportions by microbial inoculants to obtain liquid fertilizers with different concentrations of liquid digestate explored. The effects of different concentrations of liquid digestate and its application methods （leaf spraying and watering） on the growth indexes， photosynthetic indexes and quality indexes of potted cabbage were explored. The results showed that： Low concentration of liquid digestate promoted the growth and development of Chinese cabbage by foliar spraying， and applying liquid digestate with a dilution of 15 to 20 times was the best. High concentration liquid digestate significantly improved the growth and quality indexes of Chinese cabbage， and the effect was better than that of chemical fertilizer treatment group. The optimal application plan was diluted by 1.5 times. Under the same nitrogen level， the effect of high concentration liquid digestate for irrigation on the growth and quality of Chinese cabbage was better than that of low concentration liquid digestate for foliar spraying. High concentration liquid digestate had the potential to replace chemical fertilizer， while low concentration liquid digestate could be used as a topdressing method to supplement nutrients. In conclusion， using liquid digestate pretreated by microbial agents as liquid fertilizer to cultivate Chinese cabbage can not only significantly improve its growth quality， but also reduce the application of chemical fertilizer. It has important practical significance for increasing crop income and protecting environment.Keywords：liquid digestate;applying method;Chinese cabbage;growth index;photosynthetic index;quality index59|40|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Effects of nitrogen and sulfur interaction on the gross flavor intensity and activities of key enzymes in Chinese chives AI Introduction
Abstract：In order to clarify the effects of nitrogen and sulfur interaction on the total spiciness level of Chinese chive plants and the activities of key enzymes for nitrogen and sulfur assimilation， one Chinese chive variety ‘Jingjiu No.1’ was used as the test material and treated with hydroponic mode. Treatments of three different nitrogen concentrations （N1， N2， N3=6， 12， 18 mmol/L） and three different sulfur concentrations （S1， S2， S3=2， 4， 8 mmol/L） combination were set in a randomized block design. The dynamic changes of enzymatic pyruvate content （EPY） and activities of nitrate reductase （NR）， glutamine synthetase （GS）， ATP-sulfatase （ATPS） and oxyacetylserine （thiol） lyase （OAS-TL） in leaves of Chinese chives were determined at four different growth stages of 7 d， 14 d， 21 d and 28 d. The results showed that： The content of EPY at the first three periods of 7 d， 14 d and 21 d was significantly lower than that at the 28 d period. There were significant differences in NR activity in different growth cycles， and the interaction between nitrogen and sulfur was obvious. The response of GS activity was intense and its lowest level occurred at 28 d. The activity of ATPS was the lowest at 7 d and the response was not very significant in the middle and late stages. The activity of OAS-TL showed a steady upward trend， but its sensitivity to nitrogen and sulfur was lower than other assimilation enzymes. In summary， during the development of Chinese chive， the single effect of either nitrogen or sulfur is generally much lower， and the interaction between nitrogen and sulfur is dominant. The improvement of sulfur assimilation ability of Chinese chive plants is closely related to nitrogen level， and nitrogen and sulfur participate in each other’s assimilation process. Considering comprehensively， the nitrogen concentration of the hydroponic Chinese chive nutrient solution is 12 mmol/L， and the sulfur concentration is 2 to 4 mmol/L is recommended. This study provides a theoretical basis for the rational application of nitrogen and sulfur elements in hydroponic Chinese chives.Keywords：Chinese chives;nitrogen;sulfur;flavor intensity;enzyme activities;interaction effect31|28|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Isolation and identification of a pathogenic bacterium causing soft rot of Phalaenopsis in Zhejiang Province and variety resistance evaluation AI Introduction
Abstract：In order to clarify the pathogen species of soft rot of Phalaenopsis in Zhejiang Province and the difference in disease resistance of different Phalaenopsis varieties， the pathogen of Phalaenopsis soft rot was isolated and identified by the morphology， physiological and biochemical characteristics of bacteria and phylogenetic analysis. The resistance of different Phalaenopsis varieties to soft rot was evaluated by in vitro leaf inoculation method. The results showed that： 1） The pathogenic of Phalaenopsis soft rot were Gram-negative bacteria. The colonies were milky white round or nearly round on nutrient agar （NA） medium （without glucose）， and the colonies were light purple on nutrient glycerol manganese （NGM） medium. The single bacterium was observed to be rod-shaped. 2） Based on 16S rRNA， dnaX， gapA and recA genes， a multi-gene phylogenetic tree was constructed， and the analysis showed that strain B belongs to the same branch as Dickeya fangzhongdai B16. 3） The resistance of 40 Phalaenopsis varieties to soft rot in vitro was evaluated. It was discovered that there are 1 high resistant variety ‘ES L20’， 1 resistant variety， 14 moderately resistant varieties， 18 susceptible varieties and 6 highly susceptible varieties were identified. In this study， the pathogen causing soft rot of Phalaenopsis in Zhejiang Province was identified， and the resistance information of some Phalaenopsis varieties was provided. This study laid a foundation for further research on the characteristics of disease occurrence and prevention methods and breeding disease-resistant varieties.Keywords：Phalaenopsis;soft rot;pathogen identification;Dickeya fangzhongdai;resistance evaluation97|26|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Effects of fermented milk on liver lipid metabolism and intestinal flora in obese mice AI Introduction
Abstract：To analyze the effects of fermented milk on liver lipid metabolism and intestinal microbiota in obese mice， sixty C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into five groups： control group （CON）， model group （MD）， Yishanfu group （YG）， low concentration fermented milk intervention group （LFG）， and high concentration fermented milk intervention group （HFG）. After successful modeling of obesity， a 6-week gastric lavage was performed. At the end of the experiment， the weight and length of the mice were measured after fasting， the LEE'S index was calculated， the blood was collected for biochemical indicators and pathological changes in liver tissue were observed， and cecal contents were obtained from mice for gut microbiota sequencing. The results showed that ：1） Compared with CON， the body weight， LEE’S index， ALT， and AST of MD mice were significantly increased （P<0.01）， indicating that the obesity model was successfully established. 2） Compared with MD， the body weight， LEE'S index， ALT， and TC of the fermented milk intervention group mice were significantly reduced （P<0.01）， with AST and TG significantly reduced （P<0.05）. At the same time， the fatty degeneration of liver tissue in the fermented milk and Yishanfu group of mice was significantly improved， with almost no obvious fat vacuoles， indicating that fermented milk can inhibit the weight gain of obese mice， and improve their liver lipid metabolism function.3） Compared with MD， the diversity level of intestinal microbiota in the intervention group of mice showed a certain degree of recovery， especially in the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes.It indicated that fermented milk had a certain effect on the restoration of intestinal microbiota diversity in mice. In summary， this study clarified that effects of fermented milk on liver lipid metabolism and intestinal flora in obese mice， providing a theoretical basis for the development of functional fermented milk.Keywords：fermented milk;obesity;liver lipid metabolism;intestinal microbiota36|24|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08- Abstract：To systematically evaluate the maternal genetic diversity， population genetic structure and population genetic differentiation of the yak genetic resources in Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai Province， China at the molecular level， a total of 152 yaks from Gande， Banma， Jiuzhi， and Maduo Counties were collected and the corresponding mtDNA D-loop sequences were sequenced. The six yak populations were comprehensively analyzed after downloading 37 and 32 reported mtDNA D-loop sequences of Dari and Maqin yak populations from Genbank. The results showed that： 1） 57 polymorphic sites were detected in 221 mtDNA D-loop （636- 638 bp） sequences of six yak populations， including 8 single polymorphic sites and 49 parsimony informative sites. A total of 45 haplotypes were identified based on nucleotide variations， among which 1， 6， 5， 4， 7， 6 specific haplotypes were detected in Banma， Dari， Gande， Jiuzhi， Maduo， and Maqin yak populations， respectively. 2）The haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity of the six yak populations were 0.901 and 0.014， indicating abundant maternal genetic diversity in these yak populations. Among them， the highest haplotype diversity was found in the Gande yak population （Hd=0.951） and the lowest in the Jiuzhi yak population （Hd=0.818）. 3）Analysis of genetic differentiation and gene flow showed moderate genetic differentiation （0.05≤FST<0.15） and poor gene exchange between Jiuzhi yak population and Banma， Gande， and Maqin yak populations respectively. However， the FST values among other yak populations were lower （0<FST<0.05） and had a low genetic differentiation， indicating gene exchange was relatively frequent. 4）The clustering of Jiuzhi， Gande， and Banma yak populations was closer， while the clustering of Maduo， Maqin， and Dari yak populations was also closer. 5）Phylogenetic analysis showed that among the six yak populations， except for the Jiuzhi yak population， which was composed of three maternal lineages （i.e.， Mt-Ⅰ， Mt-Ⅱ， and Mt-Ⅲ）， the other yak populations were composed of two maternal lineages （Mt-Ⅰ and Mt-Ⅱ）. It was speculated that Jiuzhi yak population has three maternal origins， and the other yak populations have two maternal origins. In summary， the six yak populations in Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture all had unique maternal genetic information and relatively rich maternal genetic diversity. The overall genetic differentiation among the 6 yak populations was very weak. The clustering of Jiuzhi， Gande， and Banma yak populations was closer， while the clustering of Maduo， Maqin， and Dari yak populations was closer. Except for the Jiuzhi yak population with three maternal origins， the other yak populations had two maternal origins. This study will provide a theoretical basis for further reasonable protection， development， and utilization of yak genetic resources in Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai Province.Keywords：Yak;mtDNA D-loop region;genetic diversity;genetic differentiation;population structure;phylogeny55|28|5<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08
Expression analysis of mitochondrial autophagy factor in lung tissues of sheep naturally infected with Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus AI Introduction
Abstract：The purpose of this study was to analyze the quality of mitochondria and the expression of autophagy-related proteins in the mitochondria in the lung tissues of sheep naturally infected with Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus（JSRV）. In this study， the lung tissues of sheep naturally infected with JSRV were taken as the object of study. Histopathology， PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to identify naturally infected JSRV lung tissues. The morphological and structural changes of mitochondria in diseased sheep lung tissues were observed by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. Real-time quantitative PCR （RT-qPCR） and Western blot （WB） were used to detect the relative expression of mitochondrial related factors outer membrane protein 20 （TOMM20），inner membrane protein 23 （TIMM23） and heat shock protein 60 （HSP60） in sheep lung tissues of healthy and naturally infected JSRV diseased sheep. WB was used to detect the relative expression of autophagy-related factors Beclin1， LC3 and selective autophagy receptor p62 in lung mitochondrial proteins of diseased sheep. The results showed that： 1） The PCR results showed that the target band was consistent with the expected fragments of JSRV env. Alveolar type II cells in the diseased tissues showed mastoid hyperplasia and extended into the alveolar cavity under the light microscope， and the immunohistochemical results showed a large amount of JSRV Env expression was detected in the proliferative alveolar type II cells， but not in the negative control group. 2） Compared with the healthy control group， the transmission electron microscope showed a large number of mitochondrial damage in the diseased sheep group， and the damaged mitochondria were wrapped by mitochondrial autophagosomes with double membrane structure. The relative expression levels of mRNA and protein of TOMM20， TIMM23 and HSP60 were extremely significantly decreased （P<0.01）. 3） The relative expression of autophagy factors Beclin1 （P<0.05） and LC3 （P<0.01） were increased significantly， while the relative expression of p62 was significantly decreased （P<0.001）. In summary， we found there was severe mitochondrial damage and mitochondrial autophagy in the lung tissues of diseased sheep， providing a new research direction for the pathogenesis of JSRV.Keywords：Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus;sheep lung tissues;mitochondrial damage;mitophagy28|25|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Effects of biochar on the maturity, degradation of lignocellulose, and odor emissions of aerobic composting of grazing cashmere goat manure AI Introduction
Abstract：To study the effect of adding biochar on the composting process of goat manure， an aerobic composting experiment was conducted using goat manure and corn straw as composting materials and corn straw biochar as additives. The control group （CK） was not treated， while treatment groups 1， 2， and 3 （T1， T2， T3） were added in 5%， 10% and 15% biochar on a dry matter basis， respectively. The effects of biochar on the basic physicochemical properties， maturity， gas emission， and lignocellulose fractions of the compost were analyzed. The results showed that：1）Adding biochar could significantly increase the maximum temperature of compost （64.8 ℃） and prolong the duration of high temperature （7 days）， and increase the pH （P<0.01） at the end of composting， and reduce electrical conductivity.2）At the end of composting， the total nitrogen （TN） contents of CK， T1， T2 and T3 were 19.69， 19.92， 21.30 and 20.30 g/kg， respectively， and the seed germination indices were 149%， 154%， 189% and 186%， respectively. Compared with CK， T2 and T3 significantly increased the total nitrogen content at the end of composting （P<0.05）， reduced nitrogen loss in composting by 33.53% and 23.71%， and significantly improved the seed germination index of compost by 27% and 25% （P<0.05）. 3）Compared with CK， T1， T2， and T3 can reduce NH3 cumulative emissions by 25.25%， 40.50% and 28.89%， respectively， and reduce H2S cumulative emissions by 26.33%， 29.50% and 30.09%， respectively. 4）At the end of composting， the degradation rates of cellulose， hemicellulose and lignin in the four groups were in the range of 48.76%-56.29%， 37.60%-48.13%， and 6.65%-14.20%， respectively. The cellulose degradation rates in the treatment groups （T1（52.90%），T2（53.81%）， T3（56.29%）） were all higher than that in the control group （48.76%） （P<0.05）， with an improvement of 8.48% to 15.44%.The hemicellulose degradation rates of T2 （48.13%） and T3 （47.8%） were significantly higher than that of CK （38.43%） （P<0.05）， with an increase of 24.37% and 25.22%， respectively. The lignin degradation rate of T2 （14.2%） was significantly higher than that of T1 （11.20%） and T3 （10.37%） （P<0.05）， and was also significantly higher than that of CK （6.65%） （P<0.05）. Compared with CK， the lignin degradation rates of treatment groups increased by 56.08% to 113.04%. In conclusion， under the experimental conditions of this study， the addition of biochar to goat manure compost can effectively reduce nitrogen loss and odor emissions during composting of goat manure under grazing conditions. promote lignocellulose degradation， and increase the germination index and maturity of the compost， and enhance the quality of the compost product. Therefore， it is recommended that the amount of biochar added be 10% of the dry weight.Keywords：goat manure;biochar;aerobic composting;carbon nitrogen ratio;lignocellulose36|29|5<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08- Abstract：In response to the current problems of insufficient thermal insulation and heat preservation in dairy barns in cold regions of China， this study used a combination of the thermal evaluation of the building and heat stress assessment of the cows. The thermal resistances of the enclosure structure of the open barn and the closed window barn in the cold region were measured. The summer thermal environment conditions in the barns were tested and analyzed. The temperature-humidity index （THI） and the skin temperature index for cows （STIC） were used to assess heat stress of the cows. The predictive calculations of theoretical values for the thermal environment in winter in a barn were carried out based on previous studies. The comfort effect of the thermal environment in dairy barns with different building forms in cold regions was studied. The results showed that the thermal resistance and roof thermal resistance of both open and enclosed windowed barns met the requirements， but the thermal resistance of the side walls was significantly lower than the minimum thermal resistance required for the region. In the summer， both types of barns provided a relatively comfortable thermal environment in the cold region. The heat stress was not a serious problem for cows in the barns. However， in the winter， the indoor temperature in both types of barns did not meet the requirements. This study concluded that the open barn could not provide the suitable thermal environment inside the barn in the cold regions of the country. This study recommends the use of a closed windowed barn， which should have a thermal resistance value ≥1.137 m2·K/W for the walls and ≥1.459 m2·K/W for the roof.Keywords：construction forms;thermal environment;environment comfort;barns35|30|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08
- Abstract：In order to gain an in-depth and systematic understanding of the research advances and current applications of near-infrared spectroscopy （NIRS） in the study of agricultural waste composting， a literature search was conducted based on the Web of Science core database and the CNKI database. ‘Near-infrared spectroscopy’，‘agricultural waste’，‘composting’ and ‘aerobic fermentation’ were used as keywords. A total of 58 relevant literature articles were screened through this search. Subsequently， a synthesis and summary of existing research work were undertaken， which focused on three aspects of composting fundamental characteristic detection， process monitoring and quality assessment. The results are as follows： 1）To improve the accuracy of models in detecting basic composting features， it’s important to increase the number of samples， identify relevant spectral bands， and adapt different algorithms； 2）Effective real-time monitoring of the composting process using NIRS requires refining universal models and improving hardware to ensure greater sensitivity and reliability； 3）Further improvements in the NIRS evaluation system for composting can be achieved through methods like transfer learning， predicting multiple characteristics simultaneously， and grading quality. These contribute to better accuracy and reliability in assessments. Looking ahead， the integration of NIRS with emerging technologies such as machine learning， deep learning， computer vision and hyperspectral imaging is expected to create new opportunities for data-intensive scientific exploration in agriculture and provide practical guidance for on-site monitoring and quality control in agricultural waste composting.Keywords：near-infrared spectroscopy;agricultural waste;compost;process monitoring;quality assessment38|27|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08
Rapid prediction of reducing sugar and soluble protein content in fermented bran based on NIR quantitative analysis model AI Introduction
Abstract：This study aims to establish a quantitative analysis model that can quickly predict the content of reducing sugars and soluble proteins in fermented wheat bran（FWB）. FWB was taken as the study material， and the reducing sugar and soluble protein contents of the samples were determined by the colorimetric method of 3，5-dinitrosalicylic acid （3，5-dinitrosalicylic acid， DNS） and the BCA protein concentration assay （Bicinchoninic Acid Assay， BCA）， respectively. Using Near infrared spectrum instrument （NIR） combined with Partial least squares regression （PLS）， the pre-processing method， the optimal wavelength and the coefficient of determination R2 of the principal component factors were compared， and a quantitative model for the rapid detection of NIR in the content of reducing sugars and soluble proteins in FWB were established. The results showed that： 1） The pretreatment method of quantitative model of reduced sugar in fermented wheat bran used First derivative （FD）+ Second derivative （SD）+ Standard normal variate （SNV）. When the spectral range was 908-1 670 nm and the number of principal factors was 7， the model had the best performance. The determination coefficient Rc2 was 0.904 8， and the square error corrected （SEC） was 1.576 1. The Relative percentage difference （RPD） was 3.240 8. The determination coefficient Rp2 of the external validation set was 0.954 9， and the P value between the measured values of the validation set samples of reducing sugar active ingredients and the predicted values of NIR spectra was 0.959 5>0.05. 2） The pretreatment method for quantitative model of fermented wheat bran soluble protein was First derivative （FD）+ Second derivative （SD）+ Standard normal variate （SNV）. When the spectral range was 908-1 670 nm and the number of principal factors was 10， the model had the best performance. The determination coefficient Rc2 was 0.938 2， and the corrected square error corrected （SEC） was 2.003. The Relative percentage difference （RPD） was 4.021 9. The coefficient of determination （Rp2） of the external validation set was 0.994 4， and the P value between the measured values of the validation set samples and the predicted values of the NIR spectra of the soluble active components was 0.901 9>0.05. To sum up， established NIR spectral quantitative model in the study has good stability and accuracy， and can be used to rapidly predict the contents of reducing sugar and soluble protein in FWB samples.Keywords：near infrared spectroscopy;stoichiometric method;quantitative analysis model;active ingredient;fermented bran35|28|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08- Abstract：Current seed sorting machines on the market are mostly traditional mechanical or semi-automatic type， which have low automation level and low sorting accuracy. In view of the problem， an intelligent seed sorting machine was designed based on machine vision technology. It is composed of transmission system， seed-feeding system， image acquisition system， seed-screening system and control system. Taking the ‘Zheng Dan 958’ corn seeds as the research object， the horizontal distance of the seed flow and the transmission speed of the conveyor belt is tested as the preferential conditions to determine the pressure value of the optimal air pump and the controller pulse frequency. A total of 960 seed samples （The number of high-quality and inferior seeds was 824 and 136， respectively.） are identified by the target detection model. The quality of the seeds was evaluated， and the seed state is marked and coordinate recorded. The PLC （SIMATIC S7-200 CN， CPU224XP） sorting module was used to control the direct-action solenoid valve set to perform sorting tests on the seeds. The results show that： 1） The pressure value of the optimal combination air pump is 0.3 MPa， and the controller pulse frequency is 3 175 Hz. 2） The recognition rate of high quality and inferior seeds was 93.69% and 91.91%， respectively， and the seed sorting rate was 89.6%. In conclusion， the machine can effectively meet the seed sorting requirements.Keywords：machine vision;seed sorting machine;seed;line scan camera;PLC40|20|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08
Influence of plastic shed on the growth and yield quality of tomato under the suitable mechanized cultivation model AI Introduction
Abstract：In order to explore the effect of the plastic greenhouse suitable mechanized cultivation mode on tomato plant growth and yield quality in Ningxia region， different ridge and spacing distances （190 （A1）， 210 cm （A2）） + different densities （1 800 （B1）， 2 200 （B2）， and 2 500 plants/667 m2 （B3））， single （H1） and double （H2） row planting + different densities were designed. Cultivation was carried out for two stubbles （summer and fall stubble in 2019 and early spring stubble in 2020） to study the growth and yield quality characteristics of tomato under the two cultivation models. The results showed that the growth， yield， quality and quality of tomato were better at 190 cm spacing than those at 210 cm spacing. The yield and average single fruit weight of tomato were the highest （8 841 kg/667 m2 and 171 g）， which were 35.3% and 9.4% higher than those of the A2B1 treatment， respectively. When the spacing of row was the same， the soluble sugar content of tomato fruits at low planting densities was significantly higher than that of the high planting density treatment. Under the condition of 190 cm spacing of rows， the single and double row cultivation pattern test was carried out， and it was found that in the afternoon time （15：00 -17：00） the tomato plants in the west side of the single row had the highest light transmittance， which was significantly higher than that in the east side of the single row and in the east and west sides of the double rows. The light transmittances of the tomatoes in the east side of the single row in the 1st， 2nd and 3th row were higher than that of the east side of the double row of the various row by 35.6%， 20.3% and 18.2%， respectively. The yield of tomato in single and double row planting mode showed the trend of decreasing yield with increasing density. When the densities were B1， B2 and B3， the yields of single-row planting were higher than that of double-row planting by 12.8%， 19.4% and 10.2%， respectively， and the VC content of tomato in single-row planting modes was significantly higher than that of double-row planting. In conclusion， the single-row planting pattern with the spacing of 190 cm and the density of 1 800 plants per 667 m2 was suitable for summer-autumn and early-spring stubble tomatoes in plastic greenhouses in Ningxia.Keywords：tomato;mechanization;cultivation pattern;yield;quality37|21|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Information extraction of agricultural greenhouses types based on object-oriented multi-level multi-scale segmentation AI Introduction
Abstract：In order to refine the extraction and identification and classification of different agricultural shed types， this study takes different shed types in Hetao Irrigation District of Inner Mongolia as the research object， and based on Sentinel-2A satellite data， adopts object-oriented combined with multi-layer and multi-scale segmentation technology and threshold classification method to extract information on shed types and carry out accuracy evaluation and analysis research on the final extraction results. Firstly， the Estimation of Scale Parameter2 （ESP2） method is used to perform hierarchical segmentation and the optimal segmentation scales were obtained for different levels. Then， the spectral features， indices feature， geometric features and the textural features were extracted and optimized on the optimal segmentation scale to obtain the optimal feature combination. A threshold classification method of multi-level multi scale segmentation methodology was developed to map the different types of greenhouses. The results indicated that the overall accuracy of mapping different types of greenhouses achieved 94.8%， and the Kappa coefficient was 0.93. The producer’s and user’s accuracy of plastic greenhouse were 95.3% and 96.6%， respectively. While， the producer’s and user’s accuracy of single roof greenhouse were 88.5% and 92.6%， respectively. The object-oriented multi-level multi-scale segmentation methodology for mapping different types of greenhouses considers the different optimal segmentation scales of different ground objects at different levels respectively， therefore this method can suppress the over-segmentation or sub-segmentation problems and reduce the misclassification/missing ratio. Therefore， the combination of the high-resolution satellite data with object-oriented multi-level multi-scale segmentation method mapping different types of greenhouses can effectively improve the mapping accuracy and provide a certain reference for the technical system for precious mapping of ground object distribution.Keywords：greenhouses types;precious mapping;Sentinel-2 satellite data;object-based image analysis;multi-level multi-scale segmentation22|13|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Progress and future directions in cultivated land assessment research: A focus on changes in resource cognition AI Introduction
Abstract：The scientific assessment of cultivated land is crucial for sustainable land development， use and preservation. The enhanced understanding of cultivated land resources will propel the progression of research in cultivated land assessment. This study provides a comprehensive elucidation of the assessment， contemporary trends and future trajectories of cultivated land evaluation research. The paradigms， incidents， and policies that have influenced the perception of cultivated land resources from 1949 to 2023 are meticulously investigates， and the temporal characteristics of cultivated land resources are discussed. By employing methodologies such as literature review， bibliometric analysis and theoretical scrutiny， the study encapsulates the principal themes， policy reinforcement， technical methodologies， and notable accomplishments of cultivated land evaluation research across various phases. Furthermore， the future possibilities and key obstacles of cultivated land assessment research are outlined， and the needs of societal progression in today’s era are addressed. The results indicate that：1） The cognitive comprehension of cultivated land resources can be chronologically segmented into three phases： the resource ontology phase， the resource equilibrium phase， and the resource synthesis phase. The cognitive emphasis transitions from a unidimensional contemplation of cultivated land quantity to a multidimensional viewpoint that encompasses cultivated land quantity and quality， interrelationships between quantity-quality-ecology， and the amalgamation of physical and virtual cultivated land. Consequently， the research scope broadens from tangible resources such as suitable cultivated land to the global virtual cultivated land within the framework of near-distance coupling.2） Research on the assessment of cultivated land at each stage concentrates on the quantity， quality， and comprehensive use of cultivated land. The resource ontology phase emphasized the suitability assessment of land development， with a focus on the appropriateness of background elements. The resource equilibrium phase centered on enhancing the quality of intensively cultivated land and assesses the potential for sustainable use of cultivated land resources. The resource synthesis phase broadened the assessment subject to include virtual cultivated land in global food trade. The assessment content in this phase zeroes in on the multifunctionality of cultivated land and the balance and synergy among functions. Future research content in cultivated land assessment needs to align with the practical requirements of the evolving era. The assessment of cultivated land ontology should consider both the entity and its value. The assessment of cultivated land quality should correspond with the necessities of human well-being. The comprehensive assessment of cultivated land should pay more attention to multiple subjects and indicators. Based upon the theoretical and methodological level of assessment， it is necessary to bolster interdisciplinary integration， fully utilize new survey and monitoring methods， enrich the detailed data of cultivated land resources， and provide support for broadening resource cognition， enriching the assessment paradigm， and optimizing the cultivated land protection system further.Keywords：cultivated land resource;cultivated land assessment;food security;stage breakdown;outlook29|14|6<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Study on farmers’ ecological farming behavior based on CLT-VBN integration framework AI Introduction
Abstract：In order to find the key points to break the vicious circle of “treating the disease but not the soil” from the self-interest characteristics of farmers， this study integrated Construal Level Theory （CLT） and Value-Belief-Norm Theory （VBN）， and constructed a conceptual model of “psychological distance-consequence awareness-responsibility attribution-perception of regulation-ecological farming behavior” from the psychological distance （temporal， probabilistic and spatial distance） between farmers and ecological deterioration of cultivated land. The conceptual model was then tested by using the data of 402 grain growers in Shanxi Province and the PLS-SEM. The path differences of different types of ecological farming behaviors were analyzed. The results showed that： 1） The closer the probabilistic distance， the stronger the consequence awareness of ecological deterioration of farmland and the higher the perception of informal regulation related to ecological protection of farmland； The higher the implementation degree of ecological farming behavior， the more effects in strengthening the villagers’ sense of consequence and decreasing in sense of responsibility to improve their ecological farming behavior. 2） The closer the temporal distance is， the higher the degree of implementation of ecological farming behavior through the enhancement of their consequence awareness and the reduction of their responsibility attribution. At the same time， it will inhibit the implementation of behaviors by decreasing the perception of informal regulations， which will offset the indirect promotion of temporal distance to ecological farming behavior. The spatial distance enhances the implementation of ecological farming behaviors by increasing the consequence awareness， but it will be offset by the inhibition effect of the responsibility attribution. 3） Compared with pesticide reduction and the conservation tillage behavior， the psychological distance does not have a direct effect on fertilizer reduction behavior， and the increased perception of informal regulation reduces the degree of implementation of fertilizer reduction behavior. Therefore， it is an effective way to ensure the ecological security of farmland to establish a close link between farmland ecology and farmers’ production interests reasonably. The government should provide farmers with clear data and information on the relationship between farmland ecological deterioration and agricultural production， share and weaken the sense of ethical responsibility for farmland ecological protection among groups of farmers， strengthen their sense of profit from participating in farmland ecological protection， and enhance the technical availability and group atmosphere for implementing ecological farming behaviors.Keywords：construal level theory;value-belief-norm theory;psychological distance;consequence awareness;responsibility attribution;perception of regulation;ecological farming behavior24|16|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Advances in agricultural carbon emission research and visualization analysis of hotspots：Based on the CNKI and WOS databases AI Introduction
Abstract：To clarify the current status and frontier of agricultural carbon emissions research， this study systematically reviewed and selected relevant literature from the CNKI database and Web of Science core collection from 2010 to 2023. By using CiteSpace and VOSviewer software， comparative analysis and visualization of agricultural carbon emissions literature were conducted. The results indicate： 1） From 2010 to 2023， the number of publications in this field in China has been on the rise， with a significant increase after 2016. Although the quantity of Chinese publications is less than that of foreign scholars， Chinese researchers have shown rapid development and a gradual increase in international influence. 2） China’s research on agricultural carbon emissions has formed a relatively stable team， conducting extensive research in areas such as agricultural economic relations， collaborative emission reduction methods， and biochar. However， there is relatively limited collaboration between Chinese research teams and those of other countries， indicating the need for further strengthening. 3） The most prolific institutions in terms of domestic and international publications are Chinese universities， with the Chinese Academy of Sciences， China Agricultural University， and Huazhong Agricultural University making significant contributions to the development of China’s agricultural carbon emissions. 4） The most highly cited document in China is ‘Research on spatial-temporal characteristics and affecting factors decomposition of agricultural carbon emission in China’， while the most internationally cited document is Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture； 5） Carbon calculation of agricultural emissions， research on methods and policies related to agricultural carbon reduction， remain popular research directions. In addition， the study of the mutual relationship between economic development and agricultural carbon emissions has gradually become a current research hotspot.Keywords：agricultural carbon emissions;bibliometrics;CiteSpace;co-occurrence analysis;research hotspot22|18|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08The evolution and emerging trends of domestic and foreign agricultural scale management research based on bibliometric analysis AI Introduction
Abstract：In order to summarize the general overview， research hotspots and future development trends of domestic and foreign agricultural scale operation， the Web of Science core collection and China Knowledge Network CSSCI database literature were used as the research object. HistCite and VOSviewer bibliometrics software were comprehensiely used to analyze and visualize the number of annual publications， highly cited authors， citation chronology charts， and hot keywords， and so on. The results showed that： 1） The annual publication volume of domestic and international agricultural large-scale operation shows a fluctuating upward trend， and the publications are concentrated in authoritative journals at home and abroad. 2） The research topics on international agricultural large-scale management are rich and closely corroborate each other. The focus of the research in the academic community has gradually shifted from economic benefits to social and ecological benefits in the early stage， mainly including the research directions of agricultural productivity， poverty， health and nutrition， food safety， climate change and resource environment. 3） Although the research on large-scale agricultural management in China has a late start， the research themes are more detailed in view of China’s special national conditions and agricultural situation， mainly including food security， farmers’ income， surface pollution， reform of property rights system， total factor productivity， and agricultural socialization services. In addition， under the influence of international trends， the research on agricultural scale operation in China has gradually shifted towards climate change and nutritional balance. To sum up， China needs to deepen the research from the aspects of constructing the basic theoretical system and research methodology innovation of agricultural large-scale operation， exploring the emerging research direction and strengthening the international exchanges and cooperation in the future.Keywords：agricultural scale operations;bibliometrics;HistCite;VOSviewer41|17|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08Mechanism of agricultural production trusteeship affecting farmer’s household income and its link heterogeneity AI Introduction
Abstract：Agricultural production trusteeship is an important means to solve the dual contradiction between farmers who want to farm and work at the same time， and its impact on farmers’ household income and the heterogeneity of its mechanism of action are still unclear. To address this issue， a theoretical framework of “agricultural production trusteeship-factor substitution-smallholders’ income” is constructed. Based on 2 060 samples from 44 counties of 11 provinces in China， the impact of agricultural trusteeship on the household income and its internal mechanism are analyzed. The results show that： 1） The agricultural production trusteeship is affected by internal and external factors such as trusteeship characteristics and planting characteristics； 2） Agricultural production trusteeship optimizes the income structure and increase the level of household income. Among them， the average treatment effect of agricultural production in descending order is wage income > planting income > transfer income； 3） Agricultural production trusteeship promotes the increase of agricultural income through two dimensions of labor division and material capital allocation， and there is heterogeneity in links. Among which the mediating effect from high to low is labor division > material capital allocation. The trusteeship of labor-intensive links such as cultivated land and storage mainly increases the income of farmer by optimizing the labor division， while technology-intensive links such as prevention and control mainly promote the increase of agricultural income by optimizing the material capital allocation.Keywords：agricultural production trusteeship;link heterogeneity;farmer’s household income;division of labor;physical capital allocation27|14|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08- Abstract：To promote the outsourcing behavior of farmers in agricultural socialized services with trust attributes， based on 1，080 farmers and their 4，999 data for decision making units related to rice cultivation， this study discusses the internal mechanism of how interpersonal trust and institutional trust influence farmers’ decisions to outsource rice plant protection UAV socialized service adoption. The findings are as follows： 1） Rural trust in China is no longer limited to the interpersonal trust of the “acquaintance society”， but has further expanded to the level of institutional trust. The interpersonal trust and institutional trust build multi-dimensional farmer trust， which influence the outsourcing behavior of farmers. During rice plant protection process， farmers’ trust plays a key role in outsourcing plant protection services； 2） The impact of farmers’ trust on outsourcing plant protection services is inconsistent across regions with different economic levels. In the Pearl River Delta of Guangdong， an economically developed region， both interpersonal trust and institutional trust promote farmers’ outsourcing of plant protection services. In the eastern， western， and northern parts of Guangdong， the economically underdeveloped regions， institutional trust significantly promotes farmers’ outsourcing behavior； 3） Plant protection service subsidies and rice planting insurance both play a role in facilitating the outsourcing of plant protection services. Subsidies provide farmers with opportunities to access information， directly promoting outsourcing. Rice planting insurance positively moderates farmers’ institutional trust in outsourcing behavior， addressing trust issues between supply and demand， and increasing farmers’ level of institutional trust. In conclusion， this study offers policy recommendations to guide local provision of plant protection services， including continuously improving plant protection service subsidies， implementing a compensation system for rice planting insurance policies， and enhancing plant protection service contracts， particularly provisions that ensure service quality.Keywords：UAV plant protection socialized service;trust goods;institutional trust;interpersonal trust;outsourcing behavior24|17|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-08
