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- Abstract：This study reviewed a total of 51 documents on management policy of crop straw released by the state council and relevant ministries and commissions from 1949 to July 2015.It showed that:In the early stage (1949-1978), the policy was mainly established to promote returning of straw to field, and improve supply of rural energy;In the medium stage (1979-2007), the governments began to focus on promoting comprehensive utilization of crop straw such as energy, feed, and medium materials.The first document of prohibiting straw from burning was released in 1999;In the recent stage (2008-2015), governments more and more emphasized on crop straw management for combine utilization of retaining to soil and industrialized large-scale uses and supervised farmers to carry out comprehensive utilization of crop straw consciously.At present, a huge contradiction still existed between straw burning which leading to heavy air pollution and the great potential for recycling utilization.In conclusion, it is important to conduct a county-level survey to improve its sustainable commercial scale utilization.Keywords：straw resource;biomass;national policy;burning prohibited;comprehensive utilization1|9|10<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to further clarify the effect of pH buffer on the stress resistance of winter wheat, pot experiments were carried out with normal water and drought stress conditions after anthesis in the greenhouse.Two pH phosphate buffer solutions (pH 5.5 and pH 7.5) were sprayed after drought stress, changes of relative conductivity, photosynthetic characteristics, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in flag leaf as well as grain yield were investigated.The results showed that drought stress significantly increased the leaf relative conductivity.However, plasma membrane was more relatively stable in the two pH buffer solution treatments.The effects of drought stress on flag leaf photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm) and SPAD value were significantly alleviated in buffer solutions treatments, especially for pH 5.5.Drought stress increased the activities of leaf antioxidant enzymes including CAT, POD and SOD.Two buffer solutions further improved the activities of CAT and POD, in which pH 5.5 buffer solution had greater effect on CAT, while pH 7.5 buffer solution had greater effect on POD.The grain weight per spike was significantly reduced under drought stress.However, the reduction was significantly smaller under two pH buffer solutions than control.This study clarified that pH buffer solution could stabilize cell membrane, increase leaf antioxidant capacity, maintain leaf photosynthetic ability to a certain extent and thus mitigate the adverse effects of drought stress on yield.Keywords：winter wheat;pH buffer solution;drought stress;antioxidant enzyme;photosynthetic characteristics1|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The effects of different fertilization modes on dry matter accumulation and yield of spring maize in red soil upland were studied by conducting plot field trial.The treatments were conventional fertilization+organic fertilizer used to the whole plough layer (T1), conventional fertilization+organic fertilizer with hole application (T2), conventional fertilization+potassium (T3) and conventional fertilization only (CK).The results showed that:The SPAD of leaves of spring maize under different fertilization modes were conventional fertilization+organic fertilizer with hole application > conventional fertilization+organic fertilizer used to the whole plough layer > conventional fertilization+potassium > conventional fertilization;And the leaf area per plant and leaf area index of spring maize were conventional fertilization+organic fertilizer with hole application > conventional fertilization+organic fertilizer used to the whole plough layer > conventional fertilization+potassium > conventional fertilization;The dry weight of root under conventional fertilization+organic fertilizer used to the whole plough layer and conventional fertilization+organic fertilizer with hole application treatments are heavier than that under other treatment;Plants under conventional fertilization+organic fertilizer with hole application treatment displayed the largest dry weight of both stem and leaves at jointing stage, heading stage and maturing stage;The results indicated that organic fertilizer with hole application significantly increased the ear length, kernel number, number of grains in an ear and 100-grains weight than that of the conventional fertilization.The grain yield of spring maize with different fertilization modes were conventional fertilization+organic fertilizer with hole application > conventional fertilization+organic fertilizer used to the whole plough layer > conventional fertilization+potassium > conventional fertilization.Meanwhile, the grain yield of spring maize with conventional fertilization+organic fertilizer used to the whole plough layer, conventional fertilization+organic fertilizer with hole application and conventional fertilization+potassium were increased by 6.59%, 25.40% and 3.32%, respectively, compared with the conventional fertilization.The results clearly demonstrated that the dry matter accumulation, grain yield of spring maize and water use efficiency were significantly promoted by applying organic fertilizer with holing, which was the best choice for spring maize production.Keywords：spring maize;fertilization modes;dry matter;grain yield3|8|5<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to establish the model for crop nutrient diagnosis and yield estimation in ground cover rice production system (GCRPS) by spectral technique, the hyperspectral technique was applied to explore the canopy spectral features at the jointing and heading stages in GCRPS, and the relationships between crop spectral indices and rice nitrogen (N) contents as well as grain yields at five different rates of N fertilizer (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 (N) kg/hm2) were determined in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.The results showed the changing trends of the canopy spectral under different N fertilizer levels were similar at the jointing and heading stages, both showing a decreasing trend at visible band and an increasing trend at the near infrared waveband with the increasing of N fertilizer rate.The rice N contents had a close correlation with the ratio of vegetation index (RVI) and the green difference vegetation index (GNDVI) derived from the sensitive wavebands of 552 and 890 nm.The determinant coefficients (R2) of the regression equations for rice N contents ranged from 0.730 to 0.808 and the R2 for rice yield estimation equation using RVI at the jointing stage reached to 0.724.We concluded that the established regression equations in this study can be used to estimate rice N contents at the key rice growth stages and grain yield in study area.Keywords：rice;ground cover production system;spectral analysis;nutrition diagnosis;regression model3|7|6<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
Allelopathic effects of the water extracts of foxtail millet straw on maize growth at seedling stage
Abstract：The effects of different varieties of foxtail millet straw aqueous extracts on seed germination of maize were investigated by Petri dish and pot experiments the results showed that different varieties, plant parts and concentrations of had different effects.The decrease of concentration, root length and shoot length of maize showed growth promoting effect on the seed germination of maize.Especially under the treatment of 50 times dilution of the stem aqueous extracts of Zhangza 10, the root length increased 33%.And under the treatment of 50 times dilution of the leaf aqueous extracts of Zhangza 10, the shoot length increased by 20%.The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Y (Ⅱ) and ETR) of maize was first increased and then decreased by the aqueous extracts of foxtail millet at the seeding stage.The parameters of foxtail millet were the highest under the treatment of 50 times dilution.The leaf of Zhangza 10 and stem of Jingu 21 had greater influence on maize growth.The maximum photosynthetic efficiency of photosystem Ⅱ (Fv/Fm) was first decreased and then increased.Three parameters showed that the aqueous extracts of Zhangza 10 leaf and Jingu 21 stem displayed allelopathic promotion effect to maize at seedling stage.The allelochemical of foxtail millet straw promotes the germination of maize seeds and the growth of maize at appropriate concentration.2|7|7<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27- Abstract：The root-growth rhythm of different leguminous crops including soybean, black soybean, mung bean, pea, and broad bean in degraded grassland soil was studied by pot culture and rebar chain link mesh box cultivation methods.The results showed that:The root growth index of different leguminous crop followed an "S"-shaped growth model which classified as slow-increased period, rapid-increased period, peak period and decline period;Vertical distribution of roots had significant difference for all tested leguminous crops and the biomass of root system showed "T" shaped distribution model for vertical depth and root biomass followed the power curve model of decreasing successive reduction (Y=B0·XB1).According to the result of the study, it was found that black soybean, broad bean and soybean were more suitable for planting in the experimental conditions than mung bean and pea, among them, the black soybean and broad bean were preferred crops for this type of soil.This study provided a theoretical basis for the selection of suitable legume crops to improve the degraded grassland soil and increase the output of degraded grassland biomass.Keywords：degraded grassland soil;leguminous crop;root distribution;growth pattern of root and shoot0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To provide candidate genes resistant to late blight fungus for disease resistance breeding, the high resistance inbred line CLN2037E and susceptible inbred line 5# of tomato were used as experimental materials.Based on the previous results that the late blight resistance genes were located in the No.9 chromosome of CLN2037E by using molecular marker technique, we excavated the candidate genes optimally matching the EST in No.9 chromosome and revealed their response patterns by employing the differential cDNA library, tomato genome CDS database, bioinformatics technology and real time fluorescence quantitative PCR.The results showed that:A total of six candidate genes were found resistant to late blight. Solyc09g097960, Solyc09g082810 and Solyc09g065760 were all induced in the 5# and CLN2037E tomato inbred lines; Solyc09g092030 was inhibited in both lines. Solyc09g090430 was not response to late blight in these two inbred lines;The expression of Solyc09g008670 was suppressed in the 5# inbred line, but accelerated in CLN2037E.Furthermore, in order to verify its function, overexpression and VIGS vectors of Solyc09g008670 were constructed.The results will provide the theory basis for understanding resistance mechanism and resistance breeding.Keywords：tomato;late blight;resistance genes;response patterns;disease resistance breeding0|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The aim of this study was to improve light use efficiency (LUE) and electric-energy use efficiency (EUE) by optimizing light intensities in a controlled environment.Three light intensities of 200, 300 and 400 μmol/(m2·s) with the ratio of red and blue light (1:1) were set and described as L200, L300 and L400, respectively.The results showed that 1) By calculating dry weight obtained during the cultivation, EUE under L300 treatment was 0.948%, 5.22% and 46.6% higher than those under L200 and L400 treatments, respectively;LUE under L200 treatment was 4.17%, 12.0% and 59.3% higher than those under L300 and L400 treatments, respectively.2) For lettuce harvested, fresh weight and dry weight were both the greatest under L300 treatment, which were 41.3 and 2.58 g respectively.The former was 23.5% and 25.2% higher than those under L200 and L400 treatments, respectively;the latter was 28.4% and 12.8% higher than those (under L200 and L400 treatments, respectively.3) Meanwhile, the content of soluble sugar increased and nitrate decreased under L300 treatment compared with those under L200 treatment and no significant difference was found between L300 and L400 treatments.Based on the above analysis, it is concluded that the light intensity of 300 μmol/(m2·s) can be recommended as optimal light intensity under red and blue light for lettuce growth.Keywords：lettuce;light-emitting diode;light intensity;light use efficiency;electric-energy use efficiency2|8|7<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In the process of pesticide use, the active ingredients may be lost or degraded because of unstable physicochemical property and improper application methods.Formulations for controlled release of pesticide not only protect the active ingredient from environmental damage, but also reduce the dosage and frequency of pesticide use and in favor of environmental protection.It is one of the important development directions of pesticide formulations in future.To acquire continuous innovation and development for formulations for controlled release of pesticide, the current research status for the main preparation methods was summarized, the domestic situation of registration, research and development (mainly pesticides microcapsules) in China were briefly introduced, and the main presence problems of the research and development were analyzed too.We hope the further promotion of controlled release technology can provide more effective way for the efficient, economic and safe use of pesticides.Keywords：pesticide;formulations for controlled release;research and application3|12|5<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Thirty-six male pigs were randomly allocated to three experimental groups (n=12):immunocastrates, surgical castrates and intact controls.Serum concentrations of testosterone, triglyceride and glucose and lipid metabolism enzyme in the liver were determined.The mRNA expressions of metabolism-related genes in the liver were quantified by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR technique.The results showed that:Active immunization against GnRH increased serum triglyceride, significantly reduced serum testosterone (P<0.05);Compared with intact controls, immunocastration of male pig significantly increased the capacity of fatty acid syntheses (FAS) and acetyl CoA-carboxylase (ACC) (P<0.05), and mRNA expression levels of FAS, ACC and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) (P<0.05); However, significantly reduced the levels of hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR γ) in the liver (P<0.05) while the serum triglyceride concentrations and hepatic FAS, ACC and sterol regulatory element binding proteins-1c (SREBP-1c) mRNA levels in immunocastrates were still significantly lower than in surgical castrates.Taken together, active immunization against GnRH improves the capacity of fat synthesis in the liver, but which is still remained at a lower level than that of surgical castrates.Keywords：GnRH;active immunization;liver;lipid metabolism;male pig0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：This study was aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of single and combined of arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) and their joint action on human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2).The mechanism of oxidative damage on HepG2 was also investigated.The HepG2 cells were cultured by adding 2.65, 3.15, 3.65, 4.15, 4.65 μg/mL of As and 160, 190, 220, 250, 280 μg/ml of Pb, respectively;And the joint action of As+Pb was conducted at the concentration ratio of 1:55.The cell viability was assayed by MTT method after 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure.The quantitative analysis of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) was carried out to investigate oxidative damage.The results showed that:After 24, 48 and 72 h exposure of As, the IC50 values were 4.20, 4.03 and 3.74 g/mL, respectively;After 24, 48 and 72 h exposure of Pb, the IC50 values were 228.01, 205.46 and 203.40 μg/mL, respectively;After 24, 48 and 72 h exposure of the joint action of As+Pb, the IC50 values were 3.10、3.17、3.18 μg/mL, respectively;The HepG2 exposed in As, Pb and As+Pb with different concentration and time resulted in significant lower levels of cell viability and inhibition of cell growth (P<0.05);As and Pb as well as the joint action of As+Pb caused significant higher levels of LDH, ROS and MDA (P<0.05), but the GSH level showed significant lower level (P<0.05).In conclusion, the joint action of As+Pb displayed a stronger effect on cytotoxicity than that of As and Pb.The cytotoxicity order was As+Pb > As > Pb, indicating an antagonistic effect.The reactive oxygen and metabolites from oxidative stress may be an important factor for cytotoxicity.Keywords：arsenic;lead;HepG2;cytotoxicity;oxidative stress7|10|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To detect and characterize plasmid-mediated β-lactamase in E.coli isolates derived from livestock and poultry, the prevalence of β-lactamase in E.coli isolates was investigated by conventional test.Genotypes of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpC were detected by PCR;Genetic transmission of β-lactamase genes was carried by plasmid conjugation experiment;Antimicrobial susceptibility of donors and transconjugants was tested by using broth micro dilution method.The results showed that the detection rates of carbapenemase, metallo-β-lactamase, ESBLs and AmpC in 467 E.coli isolates were 0.00%, 0.00%, 36.83% and 13.70%, respectively;The prevalence rates of blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaOXA, blaCIT and blaDHA in 176 β-lactamase positive strains were 84.09%, 60.80%, 14.77%, 35.80% and 1.70%, respectively;The positive rate of plasmid conjugation was 50.00% in the study, and the majority of transconjugants had acquired antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypes originated from parental isolates.In conclusion, ESBLs or/and AmpC producing strains exist widely among the isolates tested, blaTEM, blaCTX-M and blaCIT are dominant genetypes, and horizontal plasmid transfer plays a major role in the spread of β-lactamase genes in E.coli.Keywords：livestock and poultry;Escherichia coli;extended spectrum β-lactamase;AmpC;genotype1|7|6<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To evaluate and predict the freshness of sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) fillets during refrigerated storage, changes in quality [sensory assessment, logarithmic value of total aerobic counts (lg[TAC/(CFU/g)]), mass fraction of total volatile base nitrogen (w (TVB-N)) and K value] were investigated and corresponding model for quality prediction were established.Results showed that lg[TAC/(CFU/g)], w (TVB-N) and K value increased with the extension of refrigerated storage.There were high correlations among sensory assessment, lg[TAC/(CFU/g)], w (TVB-N) and K value in all samples (P<0.05).The model combined with kinetic model and RBF neural network predicted changes of sensory assessment, lg[TAC/(CFU/g)], K value and w (TVB-N) with the absolute value of relative error between predicted values and experimental values all within ±1%.The model take advantages of both the Arrhenius model (for the linear part of prediction) and RBF neural network (to predict nonlinear part), which could significantly improves the accuracy of quality prediction of sturgeon fillets during refrigerated storage.Keywords：sturgeon;kinetic model;RBF neural network;combinatorial model0|10|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To investigate the effect of domestic pressure cooking on some antioxidant component and antioxidant capacity of mung beans, different cooking time and pressure were tested in terms of total phenols, total flavonoids, DPPH free-radical scavenging activity (DPPH), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC) values were tested by using normal atmospheric cooking as control.The results showed that the contents of the total flavonoids were highly correlated with all the three antioxidant capacity parameters, which all decreased significantly compared with the uncooked sample.However, the retention rates of total flavonoid content as well as the three antioxidant capacity parameters were comparable in pressure cooked samples with those of the normal cooked control.Keywords：mung beans;domestic pressure cooking;antioxidant capacity;total phenols;total flavonoids0|7|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In the view of lacking a collision model between peanuts and key parts of harvesting equipment and provide an important reference in parameter setting for CFD-EDEM simulation, a restitution coefficient measuring device based on kinematics was designed, and the restitution coefficient of peanut was measured and analyzed by experiment.Research on the collision materials, the thickness of collision materials, the mass of peanut, the moisture content of peanut, the falling height and the variety of peanut's effect on the restitution coefficient of the peanuts of Silihong and Baisha was conducted by a mixed orthogonal experiment based on the scheme of L16 (44×23).The results show that the most significant factor is the collision material, followed by the mass of peanut, the moisture content of peanut, the falling height and the thickness of collision material, and the variety of peanut is the most insignificant factor.Under the condition that the thickness of Q235 steel is 1 mm, the Baisha peanut's moisture content is 17.5%, the falling height is 100 cm, and the mass of peanut is 1.3 g, the value of restitution coefficient reaches the maximum which is 0.426 7.Under the same conditions except the mass of peanut is 2.5 g and the moisture content is 8.3%, the max value of restitution coefficient is 0.3909.This study provides important reference for designing and developing high performance peanuts harvesting equipment.Keywords：peanut;collision test;restitution coefficient;elasticity0|7|16<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to improve seed vigor of Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC.seeds, the physical characteristics (length, width, projection area, color information) of B.chinensis (L.) DC.seeds was quickly identified by the Seed Identification software.The results showed that:Fresh weight, seedling length and simple activity index of B.chinensis (L.) DC.seedling increased gradually with the decrease of R(Red), S(Saturation), I(Intensity) and a(its position between red and green), and reached a significant or highly significant correlation.Selected by R≤40, S≤5, I≤17, a≤0, germination rate can be increased by 9.9% at most.The verification test shows that:After selection according to the above indicators, seed germination rate was improved from 56.0% to 65.0%, 62.0%, 64.0%, 59.0%;simple activity index was improved from 0.010 9 to 0.016 1, 0.017 8, 0.015 6, 0.012 7.These findings suggested that selection of seeds by R≤40, S≤5, I≤17, a≤0 can improve seed vigor.1|9|5<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to collect the data of soil water content in situ real-timely and accurately, this study used visible/near infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy technology to estimate soil water content in situ rapidly, by global partial least squares (PLS) modeling and local PLS modeling.The results showed that:For global PLS modeling, the decision coefficient (R2) and root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV) of the modeling set were 0.943 and 1.750%, respectively.The decision coefficient (R2) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) set were 0.956 and 1.260%, respectively.For local PLS modeling, two methods (i.e., Euclidean distance method and Mahalanobis distance method) for subset selection were used.The R2 of the two methods were 0.974 and 0.979, respectively.RMSEP were 0.976% and 0.943% respectively.This study suggests that it is feasible to measure soil water content in situ by using the Vis/NIR spectroscopy technology.And the result of local modeling was better than that of global modeling.Keywords：soil water content;Vis/NIR;partial least square;in situ;global modeling;local modeling0|8|4<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Land use function is the comprehensive embodiment of land use structure, so study the change of land use function can help improving the sustainability and reasonability of land use activities, reducing the unreasonable behavior of land resources.Huanghua City, which is the important ecological fragile area in Hebei Province, is taken as the study area.From the perspective of multifunctional land use, the land use during 2003-2012 is evaluated.And the state of land use function quantitative from the aspects of dynamic variation and spatial differentiation is analyzed.The results show that:1) The total function of land use in Huanghua City shows a rapid upward trend during 2003-2012.From the point of land use function implementation rate, the overall level of land use function in Huanghua City is still in a moderate level of sustainability, which remains to be improved further.The land use function of Huanghua City is developing towards multifunctional trend gradually, but the coordination degree is low.2) The spatial distribution of land use function in Huanghua City shows characteristics of the cluster, which include production function mainly concentrated in the western area away from the beach, the better ecological function area mainly concentrated in the northeast area and the social and economic function areas are mainly located in the middle areas.The results provide references for reasonable use of land use in Huanghua and help achieving the sustainable development of land resource.Keywords：land use function;dynamic variation;spatial differentiation;Huanghua City2|8|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Using the annual mean temperature and precipitation data from 44 meteorological observatories during 1955-2013, the evapotranspiration climate productive potential (TSPV) of Shaanxi province was analyzed by Thornthwaite Memoriai model.The results, which obtained on the basis of EOF analysis, R/S analysis and correlation analysis, showed that the annual mean temperature increases by 0.19℃/decade while the annual mean precipitation decrease by 0.84 mm/decade.The climate productivity slightly increased from the south-west to north-east region by the mean year by 1.31 kg/hm2.It showed significant correlation among climate productivity, temperature and precipitation.Besides, precipitation was a limited factor of climate productivity.The future climatic potential productivity is booming.The relevance between grain output and climatic productive potential is not remarkable.However, they displayed similar fluctuate pattern for an extended period of 59 years.The increasing of climatic efficiency year by year gives opportunity to the growth at an exciting weather condition.Keywords：climate;productive potential;precipitation and temperature;thornthwaite memorial model;spatiotemporal change5|8|10<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Taking rice as a particular researching object and from both sides of rice production and climate change, this paper analyzed the dynamic research of the impact of climate change on rice industry.We also acknowledged the academic viewpoint on the response of rice production to climate change based on "reduction" and "adaption".The analyses show that:among the current researches, there are problems of fuzzy standard and narrow scope in the accounting system of China's carbon emission by crops, especially rice.Besides, the research on the responsive strategies relates to "reduction" and "adaption" is relatively insufficiency.Strengthening the study on this will help to deepen and improve the research of mutual interaction mechanism of agriculture or crops and climate change.Keywords：agriculture;rice;climate change;adaption;carbon emission reduction;progress and prospect5|10|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to understand the regional animal disease losses, this paper proposes the loss evaluation method of standard-unit-epidemic-disease (SUED) by the study of disease loss evaluation research achievements and theory.At first, Shandong Province is taken as the standard area, and region loss assessment system is consist of economic loss, social loss, and environment loss.Then, the entropy method and "disease degree coefficient" are introduced to study the epidemic effects on Chifeng City (the area to be evaluated), which is a simulation analysis of "Standard-unit-epidemic-disease (SUED)" evaluation method.The results showed that, influenced by bird flu, the total loss of Shandong Province in 2013 was 87.6284 billion Yuan, and the loss of Chifeng city was 155.51 million Yuan, proved that the loss evaluation method can rapidly assess the probable losses arising from an animal epidemic in a region even if the related data is incomplete, which also provided a basis for decision makers to propose appropriate actions.Keywords：animal epidemics;economic loss evaluation;standard-unit-epidemic-disease;entropy method;disease degree coefficient0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method were adopted to evaluate the significance of elements and the perfect degree of internal control system of the rural cooperative financial institutions' credit risk.The results showed that:The elements in descending order of importance are:corporate governance mechanism, risk management departments function, information management, the degree of leader's attention, staff quality and risk responsibility implement etc.The perfect degree of internal control system of the rural cooperative financial institutions' credit risk is medium level at present, which has a great promotion space.Among all elements, the performance evaluation of the system control elements was the best, and the process control element was the worst.It indicated that the system construction was relatively sound.However the whole concept of risk control has not yet been well practiced in Shaanxi rural cooperative financial institutions' risk control.Keywords：rural cooperative financial institution;credit risk;internal control system;fuzzy comprehensive evaluation1|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：According to the actual survey data of Jiangsu, Shanghai and Hunan provinces in 2014, a Logit model was built to analyze the impact of work environment and work intensity on the flow of migrant workers.This study was undertaken in two steps.Firstly, the impact of work environment and work intensity on the rural labors moving out for non-farming job was analyzed.On this basis, their impact on the migrant workers' job flow was analyzed.The results showed that:1) The migrant workers working in developed urban has strong willingness to moving out for work, but the willingness of job flow was weak.2) The worse the work environment, the stronger the willingness of moving out for work and job flow 3) The intensity of work has positive impact on rural labor moving out.The greater the intensity of work, the stronger the willingness of moving out;but the impact of the work intensity on the willingness of migrant workers flow intention is not significant.In this study, other factors influencing the flow of migrant workers were also investigated;marital status and education level are significant impact factors.Keywords：migrant workers;work environment;work intensity;Logit model1|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
