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Effect of application of pig manure hydrochar on maize seedings growth and soil nutrients AI Introduction
Abstract：To investigate the effects of pig manure-derived hydrochar on soil nutrients and corn seedling growth， a maize pot experiment was conducted under four treatments： a control （CK）， raw pig manure （PM）， pig manure-derived hydrochar produced at 220 °C （HC220） and 260 °C （HC260）， respectively. The seedling height and dry weight of maize， along with soil organic carbon， nitrogen and phosphorus content/fractions， were determined by potassium-dichromate oxidation， Kjeldahl digestion， NaCl/KCl extraction and the molybdenum-blue methods， respectively. The results indicated that： Compared to the CK treatment， neither HC220 nor HC260 treatments significantly affected the seedling height and dry weight， yet both significantly increased soil organic carbon content by 74.7% and 94.4%， total nitrogen by 55.1% and 55.1%， and otal phosphorus by 65.0% and 80.0% （P<0.05）. The HC220 treatment also significantly increased soil available phosphorus content by 11.5% relative to CK （P<0.05）. Compared to the PM treatment， the HC220 and HC260 treatments significantly increased seedling height by 39.2% and 32.8%， seedling dry weight by 77.5% and 56.3%， soil organic carbon content by 32.4% and 47.4%， total nitrogen content by 15.2% and 15.2%， and total phosphorus content by 26.9% and 38.5%， respectively. Meanwhile， the HC220 and HC260 treatments significantly reduced nitrate content by 7.89% and 8.35%， ammonium content by 78.8% and 78.7%， available phosphorus content by 42.7% and 50.6%（P<0.05）， compared with the PM treatment. Using the potassium permanganate oxidation method and the Hedley phosphorus fractionation method for further chemical fractionation of the soil organic carbon and phosphorus pools. it was found that the pig manure-derived hydrochar application significantly increased the content and proportion of stable organic carbon fraction and the content of Ca-bound phosphorus （indicated by HCl-Pi fraction） in the soil. The above positive effects were amplified with the increase in hydrochar production temperature. In conclusion， pig manure-derived hydrochar improves soil fertility， enhances organic carbon stability， regulates phosphorus release， and promotes maize seedling growth compared with traditional pig manure fertilizer.Keywords：pig manure;hydrochar;maize growth;soil nutrients208|89|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-22Effects of Fenlong tillage depth on the growth dynamics and water use efficiency of maize: Quantitative analysis and model validation AI Introduction
Abstract：To explore the optimal Fenlong tillage depth for increasing yield and improving quality of maize in arid regions of Northwest China， a field experiment was conducted in 2023 at Nuanquan Farm，in Ningxia. Taking maize variety ‘Tianci 19’ as the experimental material， four deep tillage treatments with depths of 30 （FL30）， 40 （FL40）， 50 （FL50）， and 60 cm （FL60） were set up， with traditional rotary tillage15 cm as the control （CK）.By continuously monitored the changing trends of biomass indicators such as maize plant height， stem diameter， root activity， yield components， and dry matter accumulation， the influence law of different deep tillage depths on maize growth dynamics and final yield was obtained. Based on the actual water consumption and yield， combined with the simulation of canopy coverage and dry matter distribution by the AquaCrop model， the water use efficiency of maize under deep tillage conditions was further calculated. The results showed that： FL60 increased plant height by 9.4% （285.6 ± 12.3 cm） at tasseling stage compared to CK， while FL40 exhibited the highest stem diameter increment （6.76%）. FL60 enhanced root activity by 65.86% （P<0.05） at the seedling stage， and FL40 showed superior root vitality ，with a 24.31%- 47.28% increase from tasseling to maturity.FL60 achieved optimal yield components， including ear length （19.83 ± 2.05 cm）， 100-grain weight （32.07 ± 2.26 g）， and grain yield （15.73 ± 0.80 t/hm2）， with a 57.14% yield increase over CK. FL60 also demonstrated the highest WUE （59.62 kg/hm2·mm）， representing a 101.42% improvement compared to CK. AquaCrop simulations indicated that FL60 achieved the highest canopy coverage （88%） and dry matter accumulation （224.80 ± 15.78 g/plant）， with high model accuracy （R2≥0.89， NRMSE≤8.52%）. In summary， the optimal recommended smashing-ridging depth for achieving increased yield and improved quality of maize under the experimental conditions is 50 to 60 cm in arid region of Ningxia.Keywords：Fenlong cultivation;maize;production;water use efficiency;AquaCrop model126|31|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-22Effects of spider diversity on pest control and rice yield under different production systems AI Introduction
Abstract：To assess the control effect of spider diversity on rice pests under different management practices and its impact on rice yield under different agricultural production systems，this study measured key biological indicators， the richness， abundance， Shannon diversity， and Simpson dominance of predatory spiders， as well as the abundance of rice planthoppers， niche width and niche overlap indices， and rice yield. Using generalized linear models， three production systems， conventional （standard chemical inputs）， green （reduced chemical inputs）， and organic （no synthetic inputs）， were comparaed to evaluate their differences in spider diversity， biocontrol effects on planthoppers， and impacts on rice yields. The results showed that： 1） The richness （P=0.001）， abundance （P=0.008）， Shannon diversity index （P=0.011）， and Simpson’s index （P=0.007） of spiders in organic rice fields were significantly higher than those in conventional and green rice fields. However， the abundance of rice planthoppers in organic rice fields was only significantly higher than that in conventional rice fields （P=0.023）. 2） In green and conventional rice fields， the population dynamics of rice planthoppers were similar， with low insect density from the early tillering stage to the flowering stage， and a significant increase during the milking stage to the ripening stage. In contrast， the insect density in organic rice fields significantly increased from the jointing stage. 3） In organic and conventional rice fields， the number of spiders was generally higher than that of rice planthoppers during various developmental stages of rice， while the number of rice planthoppers exceeded that of spiders after the milking stage in green rice fields. 4） The spider species with a strong control effect on rice planthoppers in conventional， green， and organic rice fields were respectively Chrysso octomaculata ， Xysticus sp.1， and Hypsosinga pygmaea . 5） The yield of green rice fields was significantly higher than that of organic rice fields （P=0.009）， and the rice yield was negatively correlated with spider abundance （P=0.049）， richness （P<0.001）， and diversity index （P=0.019）. Therefore， the rational application of pesticides and fertilizers is crucial for enhancing the diversity of natural enemies， and optimizing agricultural production systems is of great significance for achieving sustainable rice production.Keywords：production system;organic production;pest control;spider diversity;rice developmental stage88|34|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-22Influence of crop rotation and straw returning to the field on soil porosity and organic carbon distribution AI Introduction
Abstract：To explore the effects of long-term crop rotation on soil physical structure and organic carbon， a total of seven treatments， namely potato continuous cropping， maize continuous cropping， soybean continuous cropping， soybean-maize rotation， soybean-potato rotation， maize-maize-potato rotation， and soybean-maize-potato rotation， were set up at the Soil Management and Ecological Restoration Scientific Observation and Experiment Base located in Arong Banner， Hulun Buir City， Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from 2022 to 2023 by taking potato continuous cropping as control. The effects of different treatments on soil bulk density， total porosity， capillary porosity， organic carbon content， organic carbon storage， and organic carbon stratification rate during harvest period were determined. The results showed that： Compared to the continuous cropping treatment of potatoes， maize-maize-potato rotation treatment， soybean-maize rotation treatment， and maize continuous cropping treatment significantly reduced the soil bulk density in the 0-10， 10-20， and 20-40 cm soil layers， which were respectively significantly reduced by 13.96% to 19.94%， 13.05% to 21.83%， and 12.53% to 22.72% in different soil layers （P<0.05）. The rotation treatment of soybean-maize and the continuous cropping treatment of maize in the 40-60 cm soil layer significantly reduced by 12.46% to 17.47% （P<0.05）. Maize-maize-potato rotation treatment， soybean-maize rotation treatment， and maize continuous cropping treatment could significantly increase the total soil porosity in the 0-10， 10-20， and 20-40 cm soil layers. The different soil layers were significantly increased by 7.57% to 10.82%， 7.35% to 12.56%， and 7.42% to 13.35%， respectively. The rotation treatment of soybean-maize and the continuous cropping treatment of maize in the 40-60 cm soil layer significantly increased by 7.42% to 10.64% （P<0.05）. The capillary porosity of the soil in the 0-10 cm soil layer treated with maize-maize-potato rotation and soybean-maize rotation increased significantly by 5.37% to 7.86% （P<0.05）. The soil organic carbon content significantly increased by 10.23% to 36.78% in the 0-10 cm soil layer treated with rotation of soybean-maize-potato and rotation of maize-maize-potato. The rotation treatment of maize-maize-potato in the 10-20 cm soil layer significantly increased by 16.65% to 33.77%. The rotation treatments of maize-maize-potato and soybean-maize-potato in the 20-40 cm soil layer significantly increased by 28.74% to 53.66%. The rotation treatment of soybean-maize-potato in the 60-80 cm soil layer significantly increased by 10.89% to 13.00%. The rotation treatment of soybean-maize in the 80-100 cm soil layer significantly increased by 16.67% to 19.28% （P<0.05）. Soybean-maize-potato rotation and soybean-potato rotation treatments increased the organic carbon storage in the soil layers at depths of 0-10 and 0-20 cm. Soybean-maize-potato rotation and maize-maize-potato rotation can increase the organic carbon storage in the soil layers at depths of 0-40， 0-60， 0-80， and 0-100 cm， respectively. The first and second stratification rate decreased in the maize-maize-potato rotation treatment and the soybean-maize-potato rotation treatment， while the third and fourth stratification rate increased in the maize-maize-potato rotation treatment. To sum up， the optimal crop rotation model for the black soil agro-pastoral ecotone in Inner Mongolia is soybean-maize rotation， followed by the soybean-maize-potato and maize-maize-potato rotations.Keywords：the black soil agro-pastoral ecotone;crop rotation;soil physical structure;soil organic carbon;organic carbon stratification rate64|26|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-22- Abstract：To investigate the effects of irrigation and biochar regulation on soil quality and potato yield， a drip irrigation experiment under plastic mulch was conducted in central arid area of Ningxia from May to October 2024， using ‘Ningshu 19’ potato as the test material. A completely randomized block design was adopted with three irrigation treatments of 1 260 （W1）， 1 680 （W2）， and 2 100 m3/hm2 （W3）， and three biochar treatments of 5 （B1）， 15 （B2）， and 25 t/hm2 （B3）， with a local non-irrigated and non-biochar treatment as the control （CK）， totaling ten treatments. Soil indicators including soil organic carbon （SOC）， readily oxidizable organic carbon （ROC）， dissolved organic carbon （DOC）， particulate organic carbon （POC）， microbial biomass carbon （MBC）， total nitrogen （TN）， total phosphorus （TP）， total potassium （TK）， and potato yield were determined under different irrigation and biochar treatments. The relationships among irrigation amount， biochar application rate， soil organic carbon and its fractions， microbial biomass properties， nutrient contents， and yield were analyzed. In addition， the key driving factors influencing potato yield were identified based on Random Forest and structural equation modeling. The results showed that： 1） In the 0–20 cm soil layer， irrigation and biochar regulation treatments significantly increased soil organic carbon （SOC） and its fractions （P<0.05）. Compared to the control （CK）， the W2B3 treatment achieved the highest levels of SOC， ROC， POC， and MBC， with increases of 75.55%， 73.99%， 79.74%， and 80.91%， respectively. The highest content of DOC was observed under the W2B2 treatment， which was 80.18% higher than that of CK. 2） Under the same irrigation conditions， the soil carbon pool management index decreased in the order of B3>B2>B1. Under the same biochar conditions， the carbon pool management index showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with increasing irrigation amount. 3） Different combinations of irrigation and biochar application improved the soil quality index to varying degrees. Based on the calculated results and the classification of comprehensive soil fertility levels， treatments W2B2， W2B3， and W3B3 were categorized as grade II. 4） The results of the structural equation model showed that irrigation was the key driving factor affecting potato yield， while biochar influenced yield indirectly by enhancing soil organic carbon， nutrient contents， and microbial biomass. In summary， an irrigation rate of 1 680 m3/hm2 combined with a biochar application rate of 15 t/hm2 （W2B2） was identified as the optimal irrigation and biochar strategy for potato production under mulch drip irrigation in the arid central region of Ningxia.Keywords：biochar;potato;soil organic carbon;soil quality;yield;irrigation capacity74|21|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-22
Effects of different straw returning methods on maize yield and economic benefits in black soil region AI Introduction
Abstract：To explore the effects of different straw returning methods on maize yield and economic benefits in the black soil region of Northeast China， a 7-year from 2017 to 2023 fixed-site experiment was conducted. The study investigated physical and chemical properties， maize growth and development， and their economic benefits under four treatments： conventional tillage without straw returning （CT）， plough tillage with straw returning （PTSR）， rotary tillage with straw returning （RTSR）， and no⁃tillage with straw returning （NTSR）. The results indicate that： 1） Different straw returning methods primarily affect the soil bulk density at the >10-20 cm soil depth， with the order of magnitude being CT>NTSR>RTSR>PTSR； after 6 years of straw returning， the differences in soil organic matter content among treatments reached significant levels （P<0.05）. Compared with CT， the soil organic matter content in 0-5 cm soil layer of NTSR treatment increased significantly by 19.9 %， while the PTSR treatment increased by 19.8% in the >20-30 cm soil layer. PTSR， RTSR， and NTSR significantly increased the soil water content in the 5 cm soil layer. During the sowing to emergence （S-VE）， the soil water content under PTSR， RTSR， and NTSR treatments increased by 6.1%-13.7%， 7.5%-40.1%， and 39.6%-61.1%， the soil temperature decreased by -0.12-2.07， 1.35-2.50， and 2.76-4.00 ℃， respectively. 2） Compared to CT， the growth period of PTSR was consistent with CT， RTSR delays the emergence time （VE） and maturity period （R6） by 1-4 days and 1-2 days respectively， and NTSR delays VE and R6 by 5-7 days and 3-4 days respectively. Compared with CT， NTSR reduced emergence rate and emergence uniformity by 3.8%-5.8%， 17.1%-39.5%， respectively. 3） The structural equation model showed that straw returning affected the emergence time by influencing soil water content and temperature， which in turn affects the number of ears and the 100-grain weight， further impacting the yield. 4）Soil water content and temperature are key factors affecting maize yield. In normal years， PTSR and RTSR effectively balanced soil water and temperature conflicting issues， ensuring yield； NTSR significantly reduces soil temperature， delays the growth process， and significantly reduces yield. 5）The economic benefits of different straw returning methods are quite different. PTSR has the highest economic benefit with subsidy policy support， and RTSR has the highest economic benefit without subsidy policy support. In conclusion， straw returning methods significantly altered soil physicochemical properties， influenced maize growth and development， and affected economic benefit. PTSR and RTSR are considered suitable straw returning practices for the black soil region.Keywords：black soil;maize;straw return;yield70|29|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-22- Abstract：To explore the function of Turnip mosaic virus gene TuRBCS01 in Chinese cabbage， and to enrich the germplasm resources， the TuMV resistant ‘Guan 291’ near-isogenic line was constructed using 49 pairs of InDel or SSR codominant markers as the background makers which with good polymorphism and relatively uniform distribution on chromosomes， BrID10723 and mBr4055 as the foreground selection markers， Chinese cabbage TuMV susceptible backbone parental material ‘Guan 291’ as the reincarnation parent，TuMV-resistant source material ‘8407’ as the donor parent. The results showed that 1） the highest background recovery rate of BC2 generation reached 94.44%， the highest background recovery rate of BC3F1 generation was 97.96%； 2） In the BC3F2 generation， individuals could be obtained that fully recover the ‘Guan 291’ genome.After one more generation of self-pollination selection， a homozygous TuMV-resistant ‘Guan 291’ near-isogenic line could be obtained；3） No significant difference in bolting-related traits existed compared ‘Guan 291’ to some near-isogenic lines.The acquisition of these near-isogenic lines has laid the foundation for the cloning and functional study of the gene TuRBCS01.At the same time， it provides excellent germplasm materials for breeding of new TuMV resistant varieties in Chinese cabbage.Keywords：Chinese cabbage;TuMV;TuRBCS01 gene;marker-assisted selection;near-isogenic line42|21|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-22
Identification and evaluation of 112 pear germplasm resources for cold resistance based on differential thermal analysis AI Introduction
Abstract：The study was to establish a reliable and efficient method for evaluating cold hardiness of pear germplasm resources， identify the cold hardiness of pear germplasm resources， and screen highly cold-hardy germplasm. In this study，112 annual branches of pear germplasm resources were used as test materials. The low-temperature exothermic （LTE） temperatures of the branch tissues were determined using differential thermal analysis （DTA） system and the temperature-injury regression equations （LT-I）， established.The cold resistance of the 112 pear germplasm resources was analyzed using the LTE indexes， and comprehensive cold hardiness evaluation and screening were conductedthrough comprehensive membership function analysis andcluster analysis. The results showed that：1） The LTE indicators of branches from 112 pear germplasm resources were significantly correlated and showed obvious differences. The average initial freezing temperature and average final freezing temperature of rootstocks and P. ussuriensis were the lowest， while those of P. communis were the highest. 2）There were differences in the temperature ranges of key injury degrees （LT20， LT50， LT100） among different types of pear germplasm branches， and the temperature ranges where the three key injury degrees occurred in rootstocks and P. ussuriensis were significantly lower than those in P. communis. 3） Cluster analysis based on membership functions categorized the germplasm into five groups， including 2 extremely cold-hardy gerplasm resources，17 highly cold-hardy gerplasm resources， 19 moderately cold-hardy gerplasm resources，46 low cold-hardy gerplasm resources， and 28 cold-sensitive gerplasm . Additionally， P. betulifolia （Hebei）， ‘Hanxiang’， ‘Nanguo’， ‘Xiaohuagai’， ‘Hanlu’， ‘Hansu’， and ‘Zaosu’ were screened as superior cold-resistant pear germplasms. In conclusion， this study provided technical support and theoretical basis for cold-hardy pear breeding and cold resistance mechanism analysis.Keywords：pear;germplasm resources;cold resistance;low-temperature exothermic;evaluation71|28|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-22Analysis on genetic diversity and construction of molecular identities for 43 samples of Phalaenopsis original species AI Introduction
Abstract：To analyze the genetic diversity of original Phalaenopsis germplasms and construct molecular identities， 43 samples were selected as test materials. TP-M13-SSR technology was employed to analyze their genetic diversity and construct molecular identities based on SSR fingerprinting. The results showed that：1）Among the 26 pairs of SSR polymorphic universal primers screened from those developed SSR primers based on simplified genome sequencing data， 24 pairs showed high polymorphism in the amplification of the experimental materials. The average number of observed alleles （Na） for the 26 primers was 2.681， the average number of effective alleles （Ne） was 1.894， the average expected heterozygosity （He） was 0.323， and the average observed heterozygosity （Ho） was 0.279. All loci showed He>Ho， and the average Shannon index （I） was 0.581. The results indicate that the level of heterozygosity in the test materials is extremely low， and genetic diversity is not high， which may be related to the fact that all experimental materials were original species， their forms， or varieties. 2）The primers screened in this experiment are suitable for the classification and evaluation of original Phalaenopsis germplasms. The clustering results and PCoA analysis of the 43 germplasm samples were consistent with the latest botanical classification of Phalaenopsis germplasms. 3） Based on the amplification results， six pairs of core primers were selected to construct unique molecular ID for each germplasm. This study achieved rapid molecular identification of Phalaenopsis germplasm resources， laying a foundation for the subsequent collection， preservation， evaluation， and utilization of Phalaenopsis germplasm resources.Keywords：Phalaenopsis;genetic diversity;TP-M13-SSR;molecular identities47|20|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-22- Abstract：To understand the development trend of microbial pesticide industry， this paper uses CiteSpace software to analyze the development history， research hotspots， emerging trends and knowledge structure of microbial pesticide research in the past ten years. The results showed that： 1） Since 2018， the number of published papers on microbial pesticides in the Web of Science （WOS） core set database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI） database has shown a continuous upward trend. 2） China， the United States and Italy have made significant contributions and have great influence in this field. 3） The research hotspots mainly focus on pest resistance management， induced systemic resistance， stress， soil remediation， diversity and sustainable agriculture. 4） The research hotspots are constantly evolving and changing. In the early stage， the WOS database mainly focused on pest resistance management， diversity and soil improvement， while in the later stage， it paid more attention to the interaction relationship and mechanism of microorganism-plant-pathogen in the later stage. The preliminary studies on CNKI database focused on strain screening and field effects， and later more attention was paid to the promotion and application of products. 5） In the WOS database， the period from 2000 to 2025 is a prosperous period for the production of microbial knowledge base. The research on antagonistic characteristics and mechanism of action is at the core position. Combined with microbiome analysis technology， it constitutes an important theoretical and technical basis in this field. In the future， strain resource mining， strain improvement， mechanism interpretation， fermentation process and dosage form innovation will be the focus of attention. The research results contribute to understanding the development trend of microbial pesticide research at home and abroad， and providing a scientific map and direction guidance for future research in the field of microbial pesticide.Keywords：microbial pesticide;visual analysis;bibliometrics;CiteSpace78|25|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-22
Research status and progress analysis of runoff inversion retrieval based on CiteSpace AI Introduction
Abstract：To analyze the development trends， cooperation relationships and research status of remote sensing inversion of runoff at home and abroad. this study is based on the databases of CNKI and WOS， the keywords “remote sensing runoff” “runoff retrieval” “remote sensing data”， “runoff” and “runoff inversion”，“remote sensing”and “river discharge” were searched and screend， respectively. A total of 1 726 literatures in the field of runoff remote sensing inversion from 2000 to 2023 were obtained. The CiteSpace software was used to analyze the literature in terms of six aspects： publication time， institution， country， author， periodicals and keywords. The results showed that： 1） Since 2000， the number of domestic and foreign literature has shown a trend of slow growth followed by high growth. The abrupt change in the number of Chinese literature publications occurred in 2015， and the abrupt change in the number of English literature publications occurred in 2012. 2） The United States， China and France ranked the top three in terms of the number of publications in this field， of which the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the California Institute of Technology as the main publishing institutions. The authors of the study， Bjerklie D M and Smith L C， are the most highly cited authors. Remote Sensing of Environment and Journal of Hydrology journals are highly cited journals. 3） Keywords clustering can be categorized into six directions， and the number of publications has increased since 2000， of which direction 5 （training deep learning models for inverting runoff volume based on long time series data） has seen the most significant increase in publications， and since 2019， the number of publications has far exceeded other directions， becoming a research hotspot in the field of runoff remote sensing inversion.4） The development of research hotspots in CNKI database can be divided into two stages. The first phase （2000-2015） is the traditional hydrological modelling period， which focuses on the hydrological modelling of the traditional physical mechanism， and the second phase （2016-2023） is the period of rapid development of technological convergence， which introduces the more advanced mathematical and physical models in the international field for inversion. The development of research hotspots in the WOS is also divided into two phases， the first phase （2000-2012） is the multi-model exploration period， mainly trying to multivariate model inversion of runoff， and the second phase is the （2013-2023） fusion development period， mainly focusing on out the research on the fusion of mathematical and physical models and multi-methods， and from the point of view of the first appearance of the research content， the English literature tends to be earlier than the Chinese literature. Future research should focus on the fusion of multi-source data， model improvement and optimization， adaptation of basin characteristics inversion methods， and investigation of impact mechanisms.Keywords：runoff inversion;runoff;CiteSpace;satellite remote sensing;knowledge graph;digital twin watershed41|24|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-22A review of brucellosis prevention and control research: Economic attributes and governance mechanisms AI Introduction
Abstract：Brucellosis， as a typical zoonosis， continuously poses a threat to the sustainable development of China's livestock industry and the health of relevant personnel. Previous studies related to brucellosis have generally focused on the epidemiological characteristics，pathogenesis and control measures， lacking comprehensive analysis of its economic attributes and governance mechanisms. Therefore， this article systematically reviewed current research results related to brucellosis， focusing on comprehensive analysis and prospects from the perspectives of economic attributes， impact assessment， stakeholders’ behavior， and governance mechanism. The results showed that ： 1） Brucellosis has negative externalities and uncertainties in occurrence and transmission. The prevention and control of brucellosis exhibit characteristics of information asymmetry among stakeholders， positive externalities in investment， uncertainty in outcomes， and potential economies of scale in biosafety investment.2） Brucellosis has various impacts on animals and humans， including direct and indirect， explicit and implicit， tangible and intangible effects. It is usually measured from two aspects： economic losses and health damage. 3） Risk factors for brucellosis infection cover the entire process of livestock breeding， slaughtering， processing， and handling of meat， milk， and other products. There are differences in brucellosis prevention and control behavior towards brucellosis among groups from different areas， ages， education， and occupations. Overall， there is room for improvement in stakeholders’ behavior towards brucellosis.4） The current governance mechanism for brucellosis mainly consists of three aspects： first， the selection and combination of centralized and decentralized governance； second， the cooperation mechanism between public and private sectors； third， the collaborative mechanism among different administrative departments. It is suggested that strengthening the coordination and application of brucellosis monitor data， further research on the of stakeholders’ behavioral patterns， and the cooperative governance mechanism optimization， and exploring the application of new technologies and models to optimize mechanisms for brucellosis control， such as departmental collaboration and public-private partnerships， and to build a more resilient governance system.Keywords：brucellosis;zoonosis;economic attributes;goverance mechanisms42|22|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-22Skin feather follicle density and Wnt3a mRNA expression in different hybrid combinations of yellow-feathered chicken AI Introduction
Abstract：The present study was conducted with the objective of investigating the differences in skin feather follicle density and its correlation with Wnt3a mRNA expression in different hybrid combinations of yellow-feathered chickens. The experiment was conducted on the basis of four specialized strains， which were bred from local native chicken breeds and fast-sized yellow chicken resources. A total of six binary hybrid combinations （WT， RT， KW， TW， KR and TR） were designed by incomplete double-row crosses. The skin follicle density and Wnt3a mRNA expression levels of diverse skin regions （i.e. back， breast and thigh） of these hybrid combinations were systematically assessed， and a comprehensive correlation analysis was conducted. The results demonstrated that：1）The body weights of the different hybrids were not significantly different （P＞0.05）， and the body weights of the hybrids sired by fast-sized yellow chicken （W and R strains） were higher than the others. 2） The feather follicle densities of the various hybrids exhibited significant variation （P<0.05）， with the follicle density of the hybrids sired by the local breeds （K and T strains） being higher than that of the other hybrids. 3） A statistically significant discrepancy （P<0.05） was identified in the feather follicle density and Wnt3a mRNA expression levels among the distinct anatomical regions of the hybrid subjects. A gradient distribution pattern was observed， with higher levels in the back region followed by the breast and then the thigh. A positive correlation was identified between follicle density and Wnt3a mRNA expression， with varying degrees across different hybrids. 4） A negative correlation was identified between feather follicle density and body weight with varying degrees across different hybrids. In summary， the present study compared the differences in skin feather follicle density among different hybrid combinations of yellow-feathered chickens， confirming the regulatory role of the Wnt3a gene in feather follicle development and revealing the potential existence of a genetic antagonism between growth rate and feather follicle development， which provided a theoretical basis for the molecular breeding strategy to balance growth rate and carcass appearance traits in the selection and breeding of high-quality yellow-feathered chickens.Keywords：yellow-feathered chicken;hybrid combination;skin feather follicle density;Wnt3a;correlation analysis41|17|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-22- Abstract：The study was to investigate the differences in antimicrobial resistance （AMR） and the distribution of resistance genes between Escherichia coli isolates from chicken fecal samples and the environment samples in large-scale layer farms in Xinjiang under China's antimicrobial reduction policy， and to elucidate the association with the implementation of this policy， and to guide rational clinical antimicrobial use based on resistance phenotypes. In this study， a total of 500 chicken fecal samples and 141 environmental samples were collected using sterile swabs from five large-scale layer farms in Wujiaqu， Manas， Tacheng， Yanqi， and Kashi. Escherichia coli was isolated and identified from these samples， and the minimum inhibitory concentrations （MICs） of 10 antibiotics were determined using the agar dilution method， and 7 antimicrobial resistance genes were detected by PCR. The results showed as follows： 1） 496 strains of Escherichia coli were isolated， with an isolation rate of 77.3% （496/641）. The isolation rates in each region， from highest to lowest， were as follows： Tacheng （88.6%， 117/132）， Yanqi （79.8%， 99/124）， Kashi （79.2%， 99/125）， Manas （71.8%， 102/142）， and Wujiaqu （66.7%， 79/118）. 2） Environmental-source Escherichia coli isolates exhibited significantly higher overall AMR than fecal-source isolates. Among the ten antibiotics tested， high resistance rates （≥60.0%） were observed for seven antibiotics （70.0%） in environmental isolates， which was significantly higher than that for four antibiotics （40.0%） in fecal isolates. Specifically， environmental isolates exhibited significantly higher resistance rates to ampicillin， florfenicol， tetracycline， and enrofloxacin compared to fecal-source isolates. 3） The detection rates of the tet（A） gene exceeded 70.0% in both fecal-source and environmental-source isolates. The detection rates of the blaTEM and floR genes were significantly higher in environmental-source isolates. In contrast， the blaNDM and mcr-1 genes were detected only in the fecal-source strains. In conclusion， under the antimicrobial reduction policy framework， variations in the prevalence of Escherichia coli among isolates from chicken fecal sources and environmental sources were observed across layer farms in 5 regions of Xinjiang， China. Environmental-source Escherichia coli isolates exhibited significantly higher antimicrobial resistance than fecal isolates， indicating that residual antibiotics in farm environments may drive the enrichment and dissemination of resistance genes. It is recommended to optimize antimicrobial usage based on regional resistance profiles， strengthening manure management and environmental disinfection and disrupting the “feces-water-soil” transmission chain to curb the spread of antimicrobial resistance.Keywords：large-scale layer farm;Escherichia coli;chicken fecal source;environmental source;drug resistance36|15|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-22
- Abstract：The posture of sheep is closely linked to their health and welfare. With the growing demand for smart livestock farming， automatic and accurate detection of sheep posture has become increasingly important. This study proposes a novel RDS-Mask R-CNN algorithm for sheep posture detection based on the Mask R-CNN baseline. Res2Net101 is employed as the feature extraction network， and the deformable convolution network （DCN） is introduced to more accurately capture posture features of sheep in different positions， while the soft non-maximum suppression （Soft NMS） algorithm is used to achieve accurate segmentation of overlapping instances. The results show that： 1） Comparison of object detection framework algorithms： Compared with the classic YOLOv3 and Faster R-CNN in this field， the proposed algorithm has improved mean average precision （mAP） by 16.68% and 8.64%， respectively. 2） Comparison of algorithms with different improvement strategies： The proposed algorithm increases the bounding box mean average precision （Bbox mAP） by 6.21% and segmentation mean average precision （Segm mAP） by 6.61% compared to the baseline， reaching 87.34% and 81.50%， respectively. 3） Compared with Mask R-CNN， the proposed model improved bounding box average precision （Bbox AP） by 6.84% and 5.58%，respectively， and segmentation average precision （Segm AP） by 7.25% and 5.17%， respectively， in recognizing the standing and lying postures of sheep. 4） Model interpretability visualization： This indicates that RDS-Mask R-CNN can accurately capture the deep features of key body parts in sheep’s standing and lying postures， demonstrating the feasibility and interpretability of automatic detection by the model. In conclusion， the proposed RDS-Mask R-CNN algorithm effectively improves the accuracy of sheep posture detection， providing technical support for smart livestock farming.Keywords：sheep posture recognition;RDS-Mask R-CNN;deformable convolution network42|21|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-22
- Abstract：To address the problem of control performance degradation caused by long-term weather prediction errors in optimal control of greenhouse climate， a control objective model that represents the profit obtained in the control process was established based on lettuce and energy-related market prices in Beijing. Beijing’s annual weather data， collected from the weather station， were used as the reference for long-term weather predictions. Three methods， including Gaussian white noise， time series reversal， and time substitution， were used to generate weather prediction errors. These transformed weather data were then used as real weather data for simulations. A greenhouse-lettuce mechanistic model was taken as the system model for simulations. The control performance was analyzed for the two-time-scale decomposed Receding Horizon Optimal Control （RHOC）. Its yield， cost， and profit were compared with those from the traditional Model Predictive Control （MPC）. The results showed that： MPC exhibited superior performance only under perfect weather predictions， whereas RHOC improved the profit by 1.24%， 20.59%， and 21.32% respectively compared to MPC in scenarios with Gaussian white noise， time series reversal， and time substitution. The quantitative analysis in this study confirmed the superiority of the two-time-scale optimal control of greenhouse climate， and provided data support for the online implementation of control algorithms.Keywords：two-time-scale decomposition;greenhouse climate;optimal control;model predictive control;profit37|26|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-22
Corn field weed detection method based on improved YOLOv5s AI Introduction
Abstract：To address the challenges of insufficient real-time performance， complex model structures， low detection accuracy， and difficulties in mobile deployment for seedling and weed detection in maize fields， this study proposes an improved YOLOv5s-based weed detection method. A lightweight GhostNetV3 module was embedded to reduce computational cost and parameter size to accelerate inference speed and meet mobile deployment requirements. A coordinate attention （CA） mechanism was introduced into the backbone feature extraction network to enhance the representation of effective features by strengthening spatial information while suppressing irrelevant interference， thus improving detection accuracy. Furthermore， the efficient intersection over union （EIoU） loss was adopted to replace the traditional generalized intersection over union （GIoU） loss， improving bounding box regression precision， convergence efficiency， and localization accuracy. Data augmentation techniques were also applied to increase the diversity of training samples， effectively alleviating the problems of insufficient data and complex background interference， and enhancing model robustness. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves the performance in maize field weed detection. Compared with the baseline YOLOv5s model， the precision， recall， and mean average precision of the proposed method increased by 3.7%， 7.7%， and 3.4%， and reached 95.9%， 85.8%， and 88.6%， respectively. Its floating-point operations， parameter size， and model size were reduced by 54.3%， 53.9%， and 50%. These results indicate that the proposed method achieves both lightweight and high efficiency while maintaining detection accuracy.Keywords：weed detection;lightweight;attention mechanism;loss function;image recognition54|22|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-22Construction of governance models and countermeasures for abandoned farmland in small watersheds of the mountainous areas in Southern China AI Introduction
Abstract：To effectively address the issue of cultivated land abandonment and improve the economic benefits of abandoned land management， based on the current situation and distribution characteristics of cultivated land abandonment across the country， through literature review and investigations and experiences in counties and cities such as Fuzhou， Nanping， and Sanming in Fujian Province， the abandoned lands in small watersheds of southern mountainous areas were selected as the main research object. The main causes and distribution of abandoned land were summarized and analyzed， and the impact of cultivated land abandonment on food safety production was elaborated. Taking Fujian Province as an example， the main experiences in constructing a circular agriculture model to manage abandoned land in small watersheds of mountainous areas were systematically summarized. The results show that： 1） For the management of abandoned land in smallwatersheds， it is necessary to reduce production costs by improving agricultural production infrastructure， realizing intelligent planting in mountain valley fields of small watersheds， and developing characteristic industries. 2） Guided by policies， incentive and subsidy measures should be introduced， land use should be changed， special aquaculture and forage grass planting should be developed to form an industrial cycle and increase economic benefits. In summary， it is recommended to change the land use of cultivated land in small watersheds in the south. Forage grass can be planted on the cultivated land in smal watersheds， replacing grain with grass to develop livestock and poultry breeding such as cattle， sheep， grass carp， and geese. Leisure and cultural tourism can also be developed， and the construction land in small watersheds can be increased to combine agricultural production with farming culture， thereby improving the economic benefits of developing abandoned land in small watersheds.Keywords：southern mountainous areas;small watershed;abandoned land;management model35|26|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-22International comparison and countermeasure improvement for the protection of aquatic germplasm resources in China AI Introduction
Abstract：By using legal text sorting methods， comparative analysis and case study， this study systematically sorts out the domestic laws and regulations related to the protection of aquatic germplasm resources from the three levels of laws， administrative regulations and departmental rules. The legal system of aquatic germplasm resources protection in China is compared with that in developed countries to discuss the shortcomings of the existing laws and regulations in China. The results show that there are some problems such as low legal status， uncoordinated legislation， lack of resource utilization rules， and lack of legal responsibility mechanism existing in the laws and regulations of aquatic germplasm resources protection in China. In response to the above problems， this study put forward relevant countermeasures from the aspects of improving the multi-level legal and regulatory system of aquatic germplasm resources protection， constructing the assessment and monitoring system of aquatic germplasm resources， clarifying the legal basis of responsibility and benefit distribution， and establishing the punishment and relief mechanism of aquatic germplasm resources damage combined with the actual situation of China and relevant international experience.Keywords：aquatic germplasm resources;aquatic genetic resources;laws and regulations;improve countermeasures;legislating37|19|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-22- Abstract：This study aimed to clarify the evolutionary characteristics and institutional logics of China's policies for livestock and poultry farming pollution control， and optimize policy design to enhance governance efficiency. A total of national level 102 policies on livestock and poultry farming pollution control issued from 2001 to 2024 were evaluated by constructing a three-dimensional analytical framework of “tool-objective-efficacy”. The content analysis method and the PMC index model were comprehensively used . The study finds that： The policy objective of livestock and poultry farming pollution control is to transform and upgrade from “terminal prevention and control” to “ecological cycle”， but the transformation of the ecological value objective is not sufficient. The policy tools for livestock and poultry farming pollution control have long relied on command-and-control instruments， and the coordination between economic incentives and social voluntary tools is weak. The policy effectiveness of livestock and poultry pollution control is constrained by the incomplete coverage of the main body， insufficient sectoral synergy， and inadequate long-term planning， resulting in the lack of institutional articulation between policies， forming the shortcomings of governance effectiveness. Based on this， this study propose to optimize the policy toolbox， strengthen the market-based incentive mechanism， and improve the long-term governance of “planting and breeding cycle” to break the inertia of the governance model in the governance of livestock and poultry farming pollution， and to provide decision-making reference for the optimization of the governance path.Keywords：livestock and poultry farming pollution control;policy tools;policy objective;policy effectiveness;institutional logic;PMC index model32|15|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-22
- Abstract：This study aimed to accurately assess the carbon efficiency of China’s animal husbandry and reveal its evolution patterns and influencing factors. Based on the panel data of 31 provinces （municipalities and autonomous regions） in China from 2007 to 2023 （the statistical data do not include Hong Kong， Macao and Taiwan regions. The same below）， the current characteristics， dynamic evolution laws and spatial spillover effects of carbon efficiency in China's animal husbandry were analyzed using carbon emission coefficient， Kernel density estimation， Markov chain and spatial Durbin model， and its influencing factors were also explored. The results show that： 1） From 2007 to 2023， the carbon efficiency of China's animal husbandry has risen in a fluctuating manner. Based on the evolution characteristics of carbon efficiency， the evolution process of the national animal husbandry carbon efficiency can be roughly divided into four stages： medium speed， low speed， high growth， and fluctuating decline. 2） The carbon efficiency of animal husbandry in various provinces shows an "unbalanced" feature. The overall carbon efficiency of animal husbandry shows a "high in the east and low in the west" stepwise distribution pattern. The highest is in Jiangsu， while Xizang and Qinghai are the lowest. Compared with the beginning of the period， the carbon efficiency of all provinces except Shanghai has increased， while Xizang has the largest increase. 3） During the research period， the evolution process of carbon efficiency in animal husbandry showed agglomeration characteristics and a trend of two-level differentiation， and simultaneously demonstrated path dependence and proximity effects. 4） The level of industrial agglomeration has a U-shaped relationship with the carbon efficiency of animal husbandry， and the level of industrial agglomeration has a significant spatial spillover effect. The improvement of environmental regulation level， urbanization level and animal husbandry science and technology level has a promoting effect on the carbon efficiency of animal husbandry， while the income level of farmers has the opposite effect. Meanwhile， the level of urbanization shows a negative spatial spillover effect， while the income level of farmers is the opposite.Keywords：carbon efficiency;dynamic evolution;spillover effect;animal husbandry34|21|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-22
Can improvement in rural residents’s digital literacy promote their cultural consumption expenditure? AI Introduction
Abstract：Aiming at the problem of digital divide restricting farmers’ cultural consumption problem， using 451 survey data from 8 districts of Beijing in 2023， this study uses the instrumental variable method to analyze the impact of rural residents’ digital literacy improvement on rural households’ cultural consumption. The results show that the average level of cultural consumption of rural households in Beijing is 1 489.929 yuan， and the level of traditional cultural consumption is still higher than that of digital cultural consumption. The improvement of the digital literacy of rural residents can significantly improve the cultural consumption level of rural families and has a stronger effect on the improvement of the traditional cultural consumption level. This effect is mainly reflected in the middle-aged rural residents with high digital literacy， high education level and convenient village logistics. The way of this effect is to improve the level of family income， enhance the ability of information acquisition and broaden the social network. After overcoming the endogenous bias， the research results are still robust. Therefore， the government should strengthen digital literacy training， improve the level of cultural supply in combination with group differences， and enhance the rural logistics system to create a good external environment for promoting rural residents’ cultural consumption and help consumption growth.Keywords：digital literacy;cultural consumption;information acquisition;social networks34|18|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-22Impact of farmers’ digital literacy on planting structure: An empirical analysis based on the China rural revitalization survey in 2020 AI Introduction
Abstract：Given the increasingly serious problem of the “non-grainization” of planting structure， based on the data of China rural revitalization survey （CRRS） in 2020， this study empirically tests the effect and mechanism of farmers’ digital literacy on planting structure. The results show that： 1） Farmers’ digital literacy significantly promotes the “non-grainization” of planting structure， and the conclusion is still valid after multiple robustness tests； 2） The impact of farmers’ digital literacy on planting structure is heterogeneous， especially in the older generation （farmers aged>50） and high-income group （households with per capita income≥the median per capita income of sample households）； 3） Farmers’ digital literacy mainly affects the planting structure through the mediating effect of market participation and financial support. In light of these findings， the following policy recommendations are proposed： Establishing a food security-oriented digital literacy promotion mechanism， focusing on promoting the digital literacy of key farmers， optimize the digital empowerment mechanism of market participation and financial support， and promote the deep integration of digital technology and food production.Keywords：farmers’ digital literacy;planting structure;non-grainization;food security34|21|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-22Impact of property rights stability and willingness to engage in agriculture on farmers’ adoption of green production technologies AI Introduction
Abstract：Green production technology plays a crucial role in ensuring the quality and safety of agricultural products as well as promoting sustainable development in agriculture. Based on a set of micro-survey data from 611 rice farmers in Jiangxi Province， this study employs endogenous transformation Probit model to empirically analyze the impact of property rights stability on farmers’ adoption behavior towards green production technology. Additionally， it explores the mediating role of farming intention and utilizes threshold model to further examine differences in adoption behavior based on different business scales. The results indicate that： 1） property rights stability has a significant positive effect on farmers’ adoption of green production technology. Confirmed farmers demonstrate significantly higher probabilities of adopting green production technology compared to non-confirmed farmers. 2） Farming intention mediates the relationship between property rights stability and farmers' adoption behavior towards green production technology， accounting for 49.65% of the total effect. Enhancing farming intention through stabilizing land ownership rights improves the likelihood of adopting green production technology among farmers. 3） Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the effects of land ownership stability on farmers' adoption behavior vary across different business scales. The promotion effect is notably stronger for scale households within the confirmed ownership group compared to small-scale farmers within the same group. Conversely， for farmers in the unconfirmed ownership group， the property rights stability has a more pronounced impact on small-scale farmers' adoption of green production technology. Therefore， when promoting green production technology， governments need to consider heterogeneity among farmers based on their operation scale and implement tailored policies accordingly.Keywords：property rights stability;green production technology;agricultural willingness;endogenous conversion;threshold effect32|16|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-22- Abstract：To investigate strategies or enhancing farmers’ participation in rural public goods provision and stimulate rural endogenous development， this study empirically explore the effect of social capital on the farmers’ participation in rural public goods provision by using the Hierarchical Linear Model （HLM）. Based on survey data from 923 households across 93 villages in Hebei， Shaanxi， Jiangsu， and Fujian provinces， the influence the mechanism is examined by employing a moderated mediation model from the perspective of farmers’ participation willingness， farmers’ family income and village elite capacity. The key findings reveal that： 1） Social capital accumulation promotes farmers’ participation with strengthened social networks facilitating information dissemination and social supervision， and active social engagement reinforces farmers’ collective responsibility. 2） Village-level factors account for 43.5% of participation variance， where publicly releasing the participation list effectively increases engagement probabilities. However， farmers residing in villages with higher collective economic income and longer distances from the county government are less likely to participate in rural public goods provision. 3） Social capital affects farmers’ participation behavior by influencing their willingness to participate. Family income has a significant positive moderating effect on the transformation of willingness to participation behavior， while the capacity of village elite plays a negative moderating effect. Based on this， to enhance farmers’ participation in rural public goods provision， the local government should cultivate farmers’ social capital by encouraging social activities and strengthening social norms and optimize the function of the rural elites in promoting rural governance and improve the capacity of rural elites.Keywords：social capital;farmers’ participation;rural public goods provision;rural elite capacity;family income24|22|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-22
- Abstract：In order to explore the practical approach to improve the quality and upgrading of China-Africa agricultural cooperation， tthe new connotation of China-Africa agricultural cooperation is revealed under the background of global governance. The problem representation of China-Africa agricultural cooperation is clarified， and then a framework for analyzing cooperation resilience is constructed . The results show that： 1） In the context of China and Africa’s participation in global governance， the China-Africa agricultural cooperation presents new connotations of embedding global governance objectives， multi-agent participation and open mechanism coordination， taking capacity building as the core， and building cross-cultural communication and trust. 2） From the perspective of cooperative resilience， the stability， adaptability and sustainability of the China-Africa agricultural cooperation projects are insufficient， which hinders the transition of cooperation to high-quality development. 3） Both China and Africa need to coordinate the governance pattern， institutional framework， resource network， technical system， cultural ecology and other aspects to build a resilient system of agricultural cooperation and consolidate the internal support to improve the quality of cooperation. The study expands the theoretical perspective and practical path of cooperation resilience orientation to promote the quality improvement of China-Africa agricultural cooperation.Keywords：global governance;China-Africa agricultural cooperation;cooperation resilience;cooperation quality;analytical framework24|14|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-22
