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- Abstract：To gain a comprehensive understanding of Ndt80-like protein functions and explore their potential as targets for antifungal drug development， a systematic literature search was conducted in this study by taking the keywords “Ndt80” “Ndt80-like protein” and “fungi”. The structure of Ndt80-like proteins and their roles in sexual reproduction， meiosis， environmental nutrient sensing， and cellular metabolic remodeling were summarized. The feasibility of developing antifungal drugs targeting these proteins was assessed. The results show that： 1） The DNA-binding domains of Ndt80-like proteins are highly conserved in both Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes， while their activation domains are highly variable. 2） Ndt80-like proteins are the key transcriptional activators that regulate sexual reproduction and meiosis in fungi. 3） These proteins integrate multiple nutrient signals to modulate fungal development and environmental adaptation. In summary， the fungal Ndt80-like proteins， as members of the p53-like superfamily of transcription factors， play a central role in regulating fungal sexual reproduction， growth and development， metabolic remodeling， environmental stress responses， and pathogenicity. They hold significant application potential for fungal disease control and the development of highly efficient industrial chassis strains.Keywords：Ndt80-like protein;Ndt80;VIB-1;FSD-1;fungi52|17|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-06
- Abstract：To study the effects of agricultural Jiaosu on seed germination and seedling growth of soybean， soybean variety ‘Zhonghuahuang No. 1’ was used as test material. In germination test， three concentrations of agricultural Jiaosu were set up， which diluted 80 × （J80），100 × （J100） and 120 × （J120）， and the control was water （CK）. The optimal concentration of Jiaosu soaking was selected according to the germination energy and germination rate. A two-factor pot experiment was conducted using seed soaking at the most suitable concentration combined with foliar spray of 200 × Jiaosu dilution solution. Four treatments were set up： Seed soaking with clear water + foliar spray with clear water （Z0P0）， seed soaking with Jiaosu + foliar spray with clear water （Z1P0）， seed soaking with clear water + foliar spray with Jiaosu （Z0P1）， and seed soaking with Jiaosu + foliar spray with Jiaosu （Z1P1）. The plant height， relative chlorophyll content （SPAD）， root length， plant dry matter weight and root shoot ratio were determined at 25 d after seedling emergence. The results showed that the germination energy and germination rate of seeds treated with J80， J100 and J120 were higher than those of CK. The germination rate of J80 was 90%， which was significantly higher than CK （82%） （P<0.05）. The suitable concentration of agricultural Jiaosu for soaking seeds is diluted 80 ×. In the pot experiment， plant height of Z1P1 was increased by 13.54% （P<0.05） compared to Z0P0， while the plant height of Z1P0 and Z0P1 was 3.26% and 5.23% higher than that of Z0P0. The root length of Z1P0 and Z1P1 increased by 60.12% and 43.87% compared to Z0P0 （P<0.05）， respectively ，and root length of Z0P1 was 26.08% higher than that of Z0P0. The seedling dry matter accumulation of Z1P0 and Z0P1 was increased by 47.48% and 34.33% compared with Z0P0， respectively （P<0.05）， while dry matter accumulation of Z1P1 seedlings was 22.85% higher than that of Z0P0. The SPAD of Z0P0， Z0P1 and Z1P1 was 7.99%， 8.49%， and 12.01% higher than that of Z1P0（P<0.05）. And all pot treatments had root shoot ratios <0.5. Comprehensive evaluation based on membership functions indicates that treatment Z1P1 has better effect on promoting soybean seedling growth than other treatments. In conclusion， seed soaking in 80 × diluted agricultural Jiaosu solution combined with spraying with a 200 × diluted Jiaosu solution （Z1P1） can effectively promote soybean seed germination， enhance seedling height and biomass accumulation of seedlings， which is conducive to achieving efficient and high-quality organic dry-farming soybean production.Keywords：agricultural Jiaosu;soybean;seed germination;seedling growth69|27|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-06
- Abstract：To explore the effects of different types biodegradable film mulching on dry matter’s accumulation， distribution and transport， and yield of maize， in Donghai Xin Village， Dalat Banner， Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. From 2023 to 2024， four mulching treatments， polyethylene mulch film （PE）， rapid biodegradable film （M1）， slow biodegradable film （M2） and medium-speed biodegradable film （M3） with no mulching treatment as a control （CK） were set in Donghai Xin Village， Dalat Banner， Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Soil moisture content， dry matter accumulation and yield of maize stems， leaves， bracts and ears were measured， and the dry matter accumulation and distribution and transport characteristics of maize under different treatments were analyzed. The results showed that： Compared with CK， the soil moisture content of 0-40 cm was significantly increased by both the biodegradable film and the polyethylene film treatment（P<0.05）. The yield of maize in M3 treatment was the highest， with the yield of 15 302.35 and 15 509.71 kg/hm2 in 2023 and 2024， respectively， compared with PE， M1， M2 and CK treatments， the yield increased by 6.22%‑6.57%， 12.37%‑12.54%， 2.58%‑3.72% and 20.22%‑23.46%， respectively. M3 treatment could effectively increase the dry matter accumulation of aboveground maize from the grain filling stage to maturity stage， and its dry matter accumulation was 14.56%-30.79%， 6.22%-11.18% and 7.25%-23.46% higher than that of M1， M2 and PE treatments， respectively. The Logistic model fitting showed that the dry matter growth rate （v） of M3 treatment was the largest， which was 20.67%， 12.45%， 6.39% and 3.15% higher than that of CK， M1， M2 and PE， respectively. The dry matter allocation in the aboveground part of maize was specific to the growth period， and the proportion of leaves gradually decreased. The proportion of stem allocation changed in a unimodal curve， and the peak appeared in the large trumpet stage. The proportion of dry matter in the ear continued to increase， reaching the maximum value at the maturation stage， and the proportion of dry matter in the ear of M3 was the highest， which was 17.74%， 6.61%， 10.39% and 20.62% higher than that of M1， M2， PE and CK， respectively. The dry matter transport performance of M3 treatment was the best， at the pre-flowering stage， the dry matter transport （DMR）， dry matter transport rate （DMRE） of pre-flowering vegetative organs and the contribution rate of dry matter accumulation （DMRCG） of pre-flowering vegetative organs to grain dry matter accumulation （DMRCG） increased by 24.76%， 19.53% and 31.02%， compared with PE treatment （P<0.05）， respectively. The dry matter accumulation （DMA） of M3 at the post-flowering stage was the largest， which was 11.56% and 28.92% higher than that of M2 and PE treatments， respectively. In conclusion， medium-speed biodegradable film treatment （M3） increased the maximum dry matter accumulation rate of maize aboveground， increased the dry matter accumulation rate of maize， increased the contribution rate of dry matter accumulation before flowering to grain and dry matter accumulation after flowering， and then increased the dry matter allocation ratio of ears， and finally achieved the increase of maize grain yield.Keywords：maize;dry matter;accumulation;allocation;translocation;yield52|17|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-06
- Abstract：To clarify the research landscape， current status， and future trends in the field of soybean nitrogen fertilizer management in China， a bibliometric analysis was conducted based on literature retrieved from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Web of Science Core Collection databases spanning from 1995 to 2024. After screening and compilation， a total of 525 Chinese articles and 179 English articles were obtained， and CiteSpace software was used for visual analysis on the literature. The results showed that： 1） From 1995 to 2024， the number of publications in the field of soybean nitrogen management research in China showed a fluctuating upward trend， with a significant acceleration after 2003. The publication volume was notably influenced by relevant national policies. 2） The research perspective on soybean nitrogen management in China has gradually shifted from traditional agricultural science to interdisciplinary integration with botany， ecology， and economics， greatly expandding the research direction. 3） The research hotspots of soybean nitrogen management in China focus on the mechanisms of symbiotic nitrogen fixation by rhizobia in root nodules， the regulatory role of the rhizosphere microbial community， environmental benefit assessment， and nitrogen use efficiency in cropping systems. Notably， English literature shows a greater emphasis on the economic and ecological benefits of soybean intercropping systems. 4） The core authors of soybean nitrogen management in China are centered around Yang Wenyu and Ma Chunmei. The research institutions are primarily concentrated in the Northeast and Southwest regions of China， with Northeast Agricultural University and Sichuan Agricultural University as the central hubs， this distribution exhibits a pattern of “regional aggregation and global dispersion”， highlighting a significant lack of cross-regional collaboration. Future studies urgent to deepen multi-disciplinary and cross-regional collaborative research. This study can provide researchers with a panoramic perspective on the development of soybean nitrogen management in China， offers a theoretical basis for the formulation of agricultural regulation policies， and suggests new ideas and directions for soybean nutrient management research.Keywords：soybean;nitrogen fertilizer;planting pattern;nitrogen futilization;nodule nitrogen fixation;CiteSpace;research landscape43|28|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-06
- Abstract：To breed high-quality and cold-resistant wine grape varieties， the reciprocal cross progenies of Eurasian grape ‘Dunkelfelder’ and ‘Ecolly’ were used as experimental materials， the genetic analysis and comprehensive evaluation of winter bud mean high-temperature exotherm （mHTE） and mean low-temperature exotherm （mLTE） of 244 intraspecific Hybrid Progenies of ‘Dunkelfelder’ and ‘Ecolly’ were carried out in 2023， 2024 and 2025 by using differential thermal analysis（DTA）. The results showed that： 1） The mHTE and mLTE values of winter buds in the intraspecific hybrids were continuously distributed， conforming to a normal or skewed normal distribution； The heritability of mHTE and mLTE values in the winter buds of the progenies of reciprocal crosses was more than 80%， and the generalized heritability ranged from 0.61 to 0.80. 2）There was a positive correlation between the mHTE and mLTE values of winter buds， and the correlation coefficients in 2023， 2024 and 2025 are 0.549 8， 0.513 9 and 0.303 6， respectively. The judgment coefficients of the regression model differ greatly between years， the determination coefficients in 2023， 2024 and 2025 are 0.302 3， 0.264 1 and 0.092 1， respectively. 3） According to the mHTE and mLTE values of winter buds for three consecutive years， among the 224 intraspecific hybrids of Vitis vinifera L.， 2106007， 2006008 and 2006014 of combination six， and 2110007 and 2010031 of combination ten can be regarded as the better cold-resistant strains. This study revealed that the cold resistance in V. vinifera belongs to quantitative trait inheritance， and a few superior strains of cold resistance can be created by intraspecific hybridization.Keywords：wine grapes;differential thermal analysis;genetic characteristics;breeding for cold-resistance30|20|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-06
- Abstract：To investigate the effect of grafting technology on alleviating drought stress in tomato， cherry tomato ‘Jingfan Chuanhong No. 1’ was used as the scion， and ‘Torubam’， ‘Qiezhen 3’， ‘Fanzhen 2’， and self-grafted cherry tomato were used as rootstocks. Through natural drought treatment， the growth performance， photosynthetic characteristics， osmotic adjustment capacity， antioxidant system， and related gene transcription under drought stress were systematic conducted. The results showed that： 1） Drought stress significantly inhibited tomato seedling growth， reduced net photosynthetic rate （Pn） and stomatal conductance （Gs）， and induced membrane lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species （ROS） accumulation. 2） The type of rootstock significantly influenced the drought tolerance of grafted plants. The performance of ‘Torubam’ rootstockgrafted plantswas the best. Compared with self-grafted plants under normal water supply， the total chlorophyll content and carotenoid content of ‘Torubam’-grafted plants decreased by 17.9%， while the activities of SOD and POD increased by 120% and 285.6%， respectively. The contents of proline， soluble sugar， and malondialdehyde （MDA） increased by 58.6%， 41.1%， and 83.3%， respectively. Although ‘Qiezhen 3’ and ‘Fanzhen 2’ provided some drought tolerance advantages， their effects were weaker than ‘Torubam’. 3） Gene expression analysis indicated that grafted plants with ‘Torubam’ rootstock can better maintain the expression levels of genes related to photosynthetic pigment synthesis （GSA， PBGD， PSY2， ZDS） and aquaporin-related genes （PIP1.2， PIP1.5， PIP2.1， PIP2.4）， while coordinately upregulating the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes （SlSOD1， SlSOD2， SlPOD42， SlPOD17）， thereby significantly enhancing the overall antioxidant defense capacity of tomato seedlings. This study reveals the physiological and molecular differences among rootstocks in regulating tomato drought tolerance， providing a theoretical basis and practical reference for rootstock selection and efficient utilization in drought-prone areas for tomato cultivation.Keywords：rootstock screening;cherry tomato;physiological mechanisms;antioxidant defense;gene expression35|22|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-06
- Abstract：To systematically sort out the development history of insect gut microbiota research and clarify its research hotspots and future trends， based on the China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI） and Web of Science （WOS） databases， CiteSpace software was used to conduct a visual analysis of a total of 2 791 relevant literatures retrieved as of December 31， 2024. The analysis covered multiple dimensions including annual publication distribution， characteristics of host journals， keywords co-occurrence， author and institutional collaboration networks， and national scientific research influence. The results showed that： 1） Since 2006， the number of publications in the field of insect gut microbiota research has shown an overall steady growth trend. The top three countries in terms of publication volume are China （660 papers）， the United States （572 papers）， and Germany （160 papers）. Journal of Environmental Entomology and Frontiers in Microbiology rank first in terms of publication volume among domestic and foreign journals， respectively. 2） Research hotspots indicate that the research direction of literatures in the CNKI database has shifted from basic identification and functional analysis to in-depth mechanism exploration and application， while literatures in the WOS database focus more on ecological and environmental roles. 3） The interaction mechanism between microbial functions and hosts， the combined application of multi-omics technologies， and the development and application of microbial resources are new trends in future research. In summary， the field of insect gut microbiota research is developing well， studies from different databases have their own focuses and hotspots are constantly evolving. In the future， in-depth research should be carried out focusing on new trends to promote the sustainable development of this field and achieve more breakthrough results.Keywords：CiteSpace;insect;gut microbiota;bibliometrics;research hotspot35|23|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-06
- Abstract：In order to understand the community structure and diversity characteristics of grasshoppers in Kalamaili National Park， Xinjiang， a systematic survey of grasshoppers in Kashan from May to September 2024 was carried out by net capture method. The results showed that： 1） A total of 4 992 grasshoppers were collected， belonging to 6 families， 20 genera and 37 species of Acridoidea. Among them， the genus Sphingonotus （Oedipodidae） was the most abundant in this area （accounting for 56% of the total）. 2） The abundance of grasshoppers was mainly affected by the diversity and evenness of plant communities. According to the dominance of grasshoppers， the dominant species （3 species） in Kashan were the common monitoring species of Seriphidium terraealbae desert and Anabasis salsa desert， which were affected by Chenopodiaceae and Compositae vegetation， respectively. Among the common species （14 species）， Dociostaurus kraussi was the unique monitoring species of Seriphidium terraealbae desert （affected by Asteraceae）， Sphingonotus savignyi was the unique monitoring species of Haloxylon persicum desert （affected by Chenopodiaceae）， Leptopternis gracilis and Leptopternis iliensis were the unique monitoring species of Krascheninnikovia ceratoides desert （affected by Chenopodiaceae and Asteraceae respectively）. 3） The γ diversity and α diversity exhibit a temporal trend of first increasing and then decreasing （with the highest in July）， with the peak values of Shannon-Wiener diversity and Margalef richness index mainly gathered in July. 4） The difference of β diversity of grasshopper community was the largest between Haloxylon persicum desert and Anabasis salsa desert （βw=0.43， βc=10， Jaccard=0.39）. The Seriphidium terraealbae desert was most similar to the Anabasis salsa desert desert （βw=0.12， βc=3.5， Jaccard=0.79）. In summary， the diversity of grasshopper community in Kashan is relatively high， with July being the main occurrence period for locusts. The Seriphidium terraealbae desert is the grassland type with the highest diversity of grasshoppers， monitoring needs to be strengthened in habitats with Asteraceae and Chenopodiaceae as the main species.Keywords：grasshoppers;monitoring species;community composition;diversity;vegetation types27|21|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-06
- Abstract：To investigate the regulatory effects of fecal microbiota transplantation （FMT） on intestinal inflammation， barrier function， and microbial homeostasis in broilers， 160 healthy 1-day-old yellow-feathered broilers were selected and raised until 19 days of age. They were randomly divided into four groups： saline control group （CT）， intestinal inflammation model group （CD）， low-dose FMT group （DFL）， and high-dose FMT group （DFH）， with 40 chickens per group， over a 46-day experimental period. Body weight，average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were statistically analyzed across groups. Serum biochemical parameters were measured by ELISA， while jejunal tight junction proteins and TLR4/NF-κB pathway gene expression were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR）. Histopathological evaluation was performed to assess intestinal structural changes and pathological damage. Metagenomic sequencing was employed to characterize microbial diversity. The results showed that： 1） FMT significantly alleviated growth inhibition in enteritis broilers. Compared to the CD group， both the DFL and DFH groups exhibited significantly higher body weights at 39 and 46 days of age and elevated the average daily gain （ADG） from days 32 to 46 （P<0.05）. 2） FMT suppressed intestinal inflammation and restored barrier function. After FMT intervention， compared with the CD group， the levels of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α in the DFL group and DFH group were significantly decreased（P<0.05）. In the DFL group， jejunal villus height increased （P<0.05）， crypt depth decreased （P<0.05）. In the DFH group， tight junction proteins Claudin-1 and ZO-1 gene expression were upregulated （P<0.05）， and TLR4/NF-κB pathway gene expression was inhibited （P<0.05）in the DFL group. 3） FMT reshaped microbial homeostasis. Metagenomic analysis showed that the cecal microbial ACE index of the DFL and DFH group was significantly improved compared with the CD group （P<0.05）. Anosim analysis demonstrated significant separation between FMT and CD microbial communities （R=0.326 8， P<0.05）. In conclusion， FMT may alleviate the impacts enteritis on broilers through multi-target regulation， including modulating the TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory pathway， restoring the intestinal barrier， and remodeling microbiota homeostasis. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of FMT in poultry production and for an alternative to antibiotics in treating enteritis broilers.Keywords：fecal microbiota transplantation;broilers;intestinal inflammation;growth performance;intestinal barrier;cecal microbiota24|19|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-06
- Abstract：This research aimed to evaluate the tolerance of beef cattle to zeolite by examing the effects of adding different levels of zeolite in the diet on the growth performance， apparent nutrient digestibility， and blood physiological and biochemical indices of Angus bulls. Eighteen Angus bulls with a body weight of （730.40±11.19） kg were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups， with 6 bulls in each group. The control group （CON group） was fed a basal diet， the effective group （E group） was fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.4% zeolite， and the tolerance group（10E group） was fed the basal diet supplemented with 4.0% zeolite. The experimental period was 49 days， including a 7 day pre-feeding period and a 42 day formal period. The results showed that： 1） Adding an effective dose of 0.4% zeolite in the diet can significantly improve the growth performance of beef cattle （P<0.05）， while adding a tolerance dose of 4.0% zeolite had no significant effect on the growth performance of beef cattle （P>0.05）. 2） Adding an effective dose of 0.4% zeolite in the diet can significantly increase the apparent digestibility of crude protein （P<0.05）， and there was a tendency to increase the apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber （P=0.089）， and adding a tolerance dose of 4.0% zeolite had no significant effect on the apparent digestibility of various nutrients （P>0.05）. 3） Adding an effective dose of 0.4% zeolite in the diet had no significant effect on blood routine， serum biochemistry， and serum immune indices （P>0.05）， but can significantly improve the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities of the body （P<0.05）. Adding a tolerance dose of 4.0% zeolite had no significant effect on blood biochemical indices （P>0.05）， but significantly reduce the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities of the body （P<0.05）. In conclusion， adding 4.0% zeolite in the diet of fattening beef cattle had no negative effects on the growth performance， apparent nutrient digestibility， and serum biochemical indices of fattening beef cattle， but had negative effects on serum antioxidant and serum inflammatory factor indices， indicating that the tolerance dose of zeolite added in the fattening diet of beef cattle was less than 4.0%. Therefore， in practical production， a supplementation level of 0.4% zeolite is recommended， which can effectively enhance beef cattle production performance while ensuring animal health.Keywords：zeolite;tolerance evaluation;growth performance;apparent nutrient digestibility;blood physiological and biochemical indices19|15|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-06
- Abstract：To explore new strategies for the prevention and treatment of bovine mastitis， the active ingredients and potential targets of the danshen-astragalus-honeysuckle herbal combination against bovine mastitis using integrated network pharmacology and molecular docking technology were systematically analyzed in the study. The results showed that：1） Using the TCMSP database， 88 active components and their 222 potential targets were screened from the three herbs based on drug-likeness （DL≥0.18） and oral bioavailability （OB≥30%）. Additionally， 177 mastitis disease-related host targets were obtained from the GeneCards database， leading to the identification of 24 common targets through target intersection analysis on the Venny 2.1 platform. 2） The protein interaction network constructed using the STRING database revealed core targets such as TNF， IL-6， and IL-1β. Furthermore， a multi-dimensional drug-component-target network was established using Cytoscape software， and GO and KEGG functional enrichment analyses indicated that these targets were significantly involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses and the activation of immune responses. Combined with the differential expression analysis of the GSE15020 dataset， seven targets were selected for their relevance to bovine mastitis. 3） The molecular docking validation demonstrated that active ingredients like luteolin and quercetin exhibit stable spontaneous binding properties （binding energy <-7 kcal/mol） with the targets ICAM1 and EGFR. This study elucidates the synergistic molecular mechanism of the herbal formula in modulating mammary inflammation through multi-component， multi-target， and multi-pathway interactions. The findings provide a theoretical foundation and innovative strategies for developing novel herbal therapeutics against bovine mastitis， offering potential solutions to reduce antibiotic dependence and promote sustainable practices in dairy farming.Keywords：network pharmacology;Chinese herbal compound;bovine mastitis;molecular docking;target gene30|20|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-06
- Abstract：The study was to construct a Surfactin-functionalized magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles loaded phage delivery system， as an environmentally friendly nano-microbial composite material for wastewater treatment. In this study， magnetic nano-Fe3O4 （MNs） was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. Activated MNs（AMNs） were obtained by activation of 1-ethyl-（3-dimethylaminopropyl） carbodiimide hydrochloride， and functionalized MNs（FMNs） were obtained by Surfactin functional modification. Then， they were incubated with different phages to form composite systems （MNs-P， AMNs-P， FMNs-P）. The morphology and particle size distribution of nanoparticles were observed by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The magnetism of FMNs was evaluated by magnetic adsorption. The phage load was determined by double-layer plate method and the adsorption curve was drawn. The antibacterial activity of different modified nanoparticles was evaluated by plate counting method. The ability to inhibit biofilm formation was detected by crystal violet staining. The recycling ability was evaluated by recycling test. The results showed that： 1） MNs and FMNs with an average nanoscale diameter of （11.52±3.31） nm and （9.37±3.52）nm were successfully prepared， and TEM and magnetic adsorption test results showed that the nanoparticles exhibited a dispersed-agglomerated micro-morphology. A comparison of FMNs with MNs revealed that the dispersion of FMNs was significantly enhanced， the particle size was marginally reduced， and FMNs possessed exhibited strong magnetic responsiveness. 2） Phage loading results showed that FMNs can load phages of various host genera （such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella） and different morphologies （Myoviridae and Siphoviridae）. Among them， the loading amount of phage GEP101 reached 2.44×108 PFU/mL， with a loading rate of 85.12%. 3） The adsorption curve indicated that FMNs exhibited the optimal phage loading efficiency within the initial 2 h. 4） Antibacterial test and inhibition of biofilm formation ability test showed that FMNs-P （GEP101） had a bactericidal rate of 96.82% against E.coli within 3 h and could significantly inhibit the formation of biofilm. 5） The material recovery test showed that FMNs-P still maintained a 92.67% recovery rate and a 70.35% phage loading rate after three cycles of use， demonstrating good cycle stability.In conclusion， Surfactin significantly improved the dispersibility of Fe3O4 and the loading capacity of phages. FMNs-P had the ability to target the removal of drug-resistant bacteria and inhibit biofilm and magnetic recovery， which could effectively reduce the risk of reagent use and secondary pollution. It provided an innovative solution to the problem of drug-resistant bacteria contamination in wastewater from livestock and poultry farms.Keywords：bacteriophage;Fe3O4;Surfactin;wastewater;resistant bacteria19|16|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-06
- Abstract：To clarify the impact of tomato straw biochar and Ralstonia-inoculated biochar on bacterial community diversity and nutrient content in vegetable cultivation soil， the potted mustard plants are used as the research object； the pot soil is either vegetable soil or soil contaminated with heavy metals. Thirteen different treatments were set up， including heavy metal pollution， tomato straw biochar， and Ralstonia-inoculated biochar， with three replicates for each treatment. During the harvest period， the bacterial community structure， differential bacterial populations， and the contents of nitrogen， phosphorus， potassium， and carbon in the soil were measured. The effects of tomato straw biochar and Ralstonia-inoculated biochar on the relative abundance of dominant bacteria， exogenous Ralstonia survival， and soil fertilizer supply capacity， as well as the ability to improve the vegetable soil contaminated with compound heavy metals， were determined. The results indicate that： High-temperature carbonization of tomato straw generated pyrolysis biochar and hydrothermal biochar with significant differences in properties and functional groups， both of which can immobilize Ralstonia cells to prepare Ralstonia-inoculated biochar. Tomato straw biochar+Ralstonia treatment effectively improved bacterial richness and increased the relative abundance of dominant bacteria Proteobacteria （Phylum level， 47.92%-72.44%） and Rhodobacter （Genus level， 24.11%-51.18%）； Moreover， it increased the number of differential bacterias by 8 to 12 and maintained the long-term survival of exogenous Ralstonia （0.32%-1.23%）. The Ralstonia-inoculated biochar treatment increased the alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen （7.53%-35.44%）， nitrate nitrogen （1.57%-22.24%）， available phosphorus （1.46%-50.04%）， available potassium （1.03%-6.57%）， and organic carbon （129.20%-239.45%） and reduced ammonium nitrogen residue （19.69%-49.45%） in vegetable soil. Compared with the application of tomato straw biochar （Pyrolysis biochar and hydrothermal biochar） or Ralstonia alone， the Ralstonia-inoculated biochar effectively improved bacterial community structure and increased the content of nitrogen， phosphorus， potassium， and carbon in the vegetable soil and the vegetable soil polluted by compound heavy metals. It alleviated the inhibition of tomato straw biochar or Ralstonia on the growth of bacterial communities in vegetable soil. In conclusion， Ralstonia-inoculated tomato straw biochar combines the advantages of different types of tomato straw biochar and exogenous Ralstonia effectively improving bacterial richness， dominant bacteria abundance， differential bacterial number， and the contents of nitrogen， phosphorus， potassium， and carbon in vegetable soil and soil polluted by compound heavy metals. It has considerable application potential for promoting the resource utilization of tomato straw and improving the soil fertility in vegetable plantations.Keywords：Ralstonia;exogenous bacteria inoculation;tomato straw biochar;heavy metal compound pollution;bacterial community structure;vegetable soil nutrients29|22|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-06
- Abstract：Understanding the driving mechanisms of the temporal and spatial evolution of cultivated land resources in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China and its spatial effects is important for the protection and utilization of black soil cultivated land. Based on the annual remote sensing data on land use and county-level statistical data of the Black Soil Region of Northeast China from 1990 to 2022， this study uses the Centre of Gravity Migration Model， Transition Matrix Method and Spatial Panel Regression Model to explore the driving mechanisms and spatial effects of the spatial and temporal evolution of cultivated land resources in the region. The results indicate that The total area of cultivated land resources in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China has shown a M-shaped upward trend with cumulative growth of 1 067 700 hm2 （representing a growth rate of 2.39%） since 1990， among which， the centre of gravity of cultivated land in the northeast black soil region has continuously shifted towards the northeast. Regions with increased cultivated land resources are primarily located in the Greater Khingan Mountains， the Lesser Khingan Mountains， the Sanjiang Plain and the Changbai Mountain region， while regions with decreased cultivated land resources are primarily located in the Liaohe Plain and Songnen Plain. Additionally， changes in cultivated land resources are positively impacted by annual precipitation， industrial structure， and black soil protection policies， while average annual temperature， slope， night-time light index， and total agricultural machinery power have a negative impact. Socio-economic factors have a significant spatial spillover effect on cultivated land in neighbouring counties. Among these factors， per capita GDP， industrial structure and black soil protection policies have a positive effect； meanwhile， the night light index and total agricultural machinery power have a negative effect. Based on this， the study puts forward three policy recommendations as follows： timely adjustment of regional crop structures， accelerated construction of high-standard cultivated land， and strengthened policy guidance on black soil protection.Keywords：the Black Soil Region of Northeast China;cultivated land resources;space-time evolution law;driving mechanism;spatial effect31|14|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-06
- Abstract：To clarify the impact and disturbance mechanisms of artificial vegetation restoration on the soil organic carbon system in photovoltaic power stations in desert areas， the Kubuqi desert photovoltaic power station was selected as the study area. Field observation methods were utilized to quantify the population characteristics， e.g.， coverage， density， height， and biomass， of Medicago rivularis and Panicum miliaceum at various locations within the photovoltaic array （in front of， between， and behind the photovoltaic panel）. Indoor measurements of soil water content volume concentration and organic carbon components （organic carbon， readily oxidizable carbon， dissolved organic carbon， hot-water extractable organic carbon， water extractable organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon） in various soil layers at vegetation survey sample points were conducted. By using correlation analysis and path analysis， the contribution rates of soil moisture environment and population characteristics to the redistribution of soil organic carbon components were then determined. The results indicate that： 1） The population characteristics of M. rivularis and P. miliaceum exhibited significant differences at various locations within the photovoltaic array. All indicators between and in front of photovoltaic panels showed significant differences （P<0.05）. Compared to that in front of and behind the panels， the biomass of M. rivularis between the panels increased by 154.20% and 79.77%， respectively. 2） The feedback of soil organic carbon components at different positions within the photovoltaic array exhibits a certain regularity. The content of organic carbon components in surface soil at various locations is generally greater than that in deep soil. Compared to that in front of the panel， behind the panel， under the panel， and CK， the organic carbon content in the 0 to 5 cm soil layer between photovoltaic panels increased by 24.30%， 44.74%， 59.15% and 35.37%， respectively. The organic carbon component content in deep soil was relatively high between and behind the photovoltaic panels， and the highest level was found between the photovoltaic panels. 3） The soil water content volume concentration between and behind the photovoltaic panels showed a significant advantage compared to that in other positions. The variation in soil water content volume concentration had a promoting effect on soil organic carbon components， with a correlation coefficient of 0.928 with soil microbial biomass carbon. 4） The results of path analysis on soil organic carbon and artificial vegetation population characteristics indicate that the density of P. miliaceum and the height of M. rivularis are the key factors affecting the soil organic carbon in front of the photovoltaic panel； The biomass of P. miliaceum is a significant factor influencing the soil organic carbon between photovoltaic panels； The biomass of M. rivularis contributes the most to the increase in soil organic carbon content behind the photovoltaic panels. In conclusion，the photovoltaic array enhances the biomass of the population both between and behind the panels by regulating the growth of the artificial vegetation of M. rivularis and P. miliaceum， while enhancing soil volumetric water content and significantly increasing the content of soil organic carbon components within the power station.Keywords：desert photovoltaic power station;vegetation restoration;soil organic carbon components;soil water content volume concentration;path analysis25|21|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-06
- Abstract：To address the problem of low performance of agricultural axial-flow fans under high static pressure and low flow rate conditions， a 550-cylinder axial-flow fan is taken as the research object. The structural optimization is carried out using CFD numerical simulation combined with response surface methodology. In this study， the inlet section length and outlet section length of the casing， together with the inlet guide cone length and outlet guide cone length， are selected as experimental factors. Fan airflow rate and energy efficiency ratio are adopted as evaluation indices to systematically analyze the effects of casing optimization and guide cone installation on the overall performance of the fan. Furthermore， the Liutex vortex identification method is employed to capture and analyze the vortical structures within the flow field. The results indicate that， after optimizing the casing components and adding the guide cone， vortices in the motor wake region are significantly reduced. Compared with the prototype fan， the optimized scheme increases the airflow rate by 7.39% and the energy efficiency ratio by 2.6%. Therefore， the installation of a guide cone can significantly improve the performance of agricultural axial-flow fans.Keywords：agricultural axial fan;casing component;guide cone;numerical simulation;vortex identification30|21|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-06
- Abstract：To investigate the evolutionary logic and optimization pathways of China’s food security responsibility system， this study employs an analytical framework based on institutional change theory. A comprehensive examination is conducted on the formulation， institutional evolution， and inherent contradictions of three pivotal mechanisms e.g.， the “Rice Bag” governor’s responsibility system， the governor’s responsibility system for food security， and the party and government joint responsibility for food security. The result shows that： 1）China’s food security responsibility system has undergone continuous and systemic changes， which were driven by deviations between institutional supply and national practical demands. 2）The persistent contradiction between unchanging strategic principles of food security and evolving constraints on food security form he internal driving force behind the evolution of China’s food security responsibility system. 3）The optimization of China’s food security responsibility system remain hindered by contradictions within institutional design， intergovernmental coordination， and government-market interactions. To address these challenges， this study proposes the following policies recommendations： Strengthening top-level institutional design by integrating incentives with penalties； Clarifying hierarchical responsibilities and establishing direct oversight mechanisms； Refining assessment metrics and implementing region-specific accountability frameworks； Enhancing evaluation rigor and prioritizing operational efficacy in implementation.Keywords：food security responsibility system;food security;evolutionary logic;practical contradictions;optimization path40|19|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-06
- Abstract：To clarify the key components of the food emergency system and the relationship between the components， the grounded theory was used to extract the components from 170 cases， documents， policy documents， interviews and video data collected and sorted out. The functional relationship model of the components of the food emergency system was constructed by combining the methodology of Physics-reason-humanity （WSR） and the theory of Stimulus-organism-response （SOR）. The results show that： 1） The key components of the food emergency system include market environment， emergencies， circulation channels， emergency plans， infrastructure， information sharing and organization and coordination； 2） Market environment and emergencies belong to physical dimension elements， which stimulate the system. Circulation channels， emergency plans and infrastructure belong to the elements of the logical dimension and bear the body functions of the system. Information sharing and organization and coordination belong to the elements of the human dimension and react to the system. According to the relationship model of food emergency system， conclusions and policy suggestions are drawn， which provide theoretical support and a practical basis for improving the food emergency system.Keywords：food emergency system;multimodal data;constituent elements;grounded theory;action relation model22|18|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-06
- Abstract：This study aimed to explore the promoting effect of farmers’ cooperatives on the green transformation of rural households and the pathways through which this effect is realized. Based on the pooled cross-sectional data of 550 grain growers in cooperatives in Sichuan Province， taking the organizational support in grain growers’ decision-making behavior， this study uses the Poisson model and intermediary effect model to explore the effects and mechanism of organizational support on the grain growers’ adoption behavior of green production technology. The results show that： 1） The organizational support effectively promoted the adoption of green production technology in grain growers， among which the impact of tool support is more significant than that of network support， institutional support and emotional support. And this result has passed the robustness tests. 2）Heterogeneity analysis found that organizational support on part-time grain growers was more obvious. Compared with high cultural level group， organizational support had a more prominent effect on low cultural level group in grain growers. 3） The mechanism analysis found that the organizational support promoted the adoption of green production technology in grain growers by enhancing the perception of the prospects of green production and increasing the learning exchange between grain growers. In conclusion， this study puts forward policy implications from four aspects： strengthening the support capacity of cooperative organizations， emphasizing the cultivation of professional grain-farming members， enhancing the perception of the prospects of green production， and improving the learning and exchange mechanism among grain growers.Keywords：organizational support;green production technologies;prospect cognition;the learning exchange;the behavior of farmer28|16|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-06
- Abstract：To investigate the mechanism by which agricultural socialization service facilitates urban-rural economic integration， based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2012 to 2022 （The data do not include those of Xizang， Hong Kong， Macao and Taiwan regions. The same below.）， the mediating effect model and spatial spillover effect model were used to examine the mechanism and spatial spillover effect of agricultural socialization service on urban-rural economic integration. The findings indicate that： 1） Agricultural socialization service significantly promotes urban-rural economic integration； 2） Agricultural socialization service can empower urban-rural economic integration through the effect of economy scale and upgrading of industrial structure. The mediating effect of the economy scale was the most significant； 3） There is regional heterogeneity in the impact of agricultural socialization service on urban-rural economic integration， which is manifested as “non-grain main producing areas>grain main producing areas”， “eastern>central and western regions”； 4） There is a positive spatial spillover effect of agricultural socialization service on urban-rural economic integration. Therefore， to promote urban-rural economic integration， the following suggestions were put forward： Further improving the agricultural socialization service system， optimizing regional differentiated development strategies， cultivating diversified industries and strengthening cross-regional service cooperation.Keywords：agricultural socialization service;urban-rural economic integration;effect of economy scale;upgrading of industrial structure;spatial spillover effect21|15|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-06
- Abstract：To clarify the impact of digital new quality productive forces on the urban–rural income gap in mountainous counties， this study utilizes a panel data set from 26 mountainous counties in Zhejiang Province from 2011 to 2022. A two-way fixed effects model， a mediation effect model， and a panel threshold model are employed to analyze both the effect and the underlying mechanisms. The results show that： 1） The digital new quality productive forces significantly reduce the urban–rural income gap in mountainous counties， with a more pronounced effect on increasing rural residents’ income； 2） The impact exhibits both regional and temporal heterogeneity： the gap-reducing effect is more significant in ecological development counties and during the later stage of development， while it is not statistically significant in leapfrog development counties and in the early development period； 3） Forestry industry development and employment structure serve as the main mechanism pathways through which digital new quality productive forces influence the urban–rural income gap. Specifically， forestry development primarily promotes rural income， whereas employment structure optimization has a stronger effect on urban income growth； 4） Information infrastructure has a significant threshold effect. When the level of informatization is low， the positive impact of digital new productive forces is limited or even exacerbates the income gap， while at higher levels of informatization， the digital new quality productive forces significantly narrow the urban-rural income gap in mountainous areas. Therefore， it is necessary to promote the integration of digital new quality productive forces with the forestry industry based on local conditions， improve digital infrastructure and employment support mechanisms， enhance the income-generating capacity of underdeveloped regions， and advance coordinated urban–rural development in mountainous counties.Keywords：digital new quality productive forces;forestry industry development;urban-rural income gap;mountainous counties;threshold effect19|16|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-06
- Abstract：This study analyzed the micro-level survey data from 859 corn-growing households in Northeast China to explore effective methods for enhancing the efficacy of soil testing and formula fertilization. Based on the calculation of agricultural production efficiency by using the stochastic frontier production function， the endogenous switching regression model was adopted to evaluate the impact of soil testing and formula fertilization on agricultural operating income and its internal mechanism. The threshold regression model and the moderating effect model were utilized to construct the corresponding situational conditions to enhance the positive impact. The results show that： 1） The promoting effect of soil testing and formula fertilization on agricultural operating income is more obvious in farmers who have a part-time livelihood and a low degree of land fragmentation. Under the counterfactual framework， the use of soil testing and formula fertilization increased the agricultural operating income by 7.64% to 13.04%. 2） The analysis of the internal influencing mechanism shows that the use of soil testing and formula fertilization improves agricultural production efficiency， and mainly promotes the increase of agricultural operating income by reducing fertilization cost. 3） There is a threshold effect of planting scale in the impact of soil testing and formula fertilization on agricultural operating income. With the increase in planting scale， the promoting effect of soil testing and formula fertilization on agricultural operating income increases. Situational factors such as productive services， high-standard farmland construction and contiguous management play a moderating role in the impact of soil testing and formula fertilization on agricultural operating income， which can positively amplify the effect of increasing income. In conclusion， the change in the efficacy of soil testing and formula fertilization is jointly constrained by the differences in farmers’ resource endowments and external situational factors. This study can provide empirical evidence and enlightenment for optimizing the promotion environment of green technology and implementing fertilization guidance according to local conditions.Keywords：soil testing and formula fertilization;agricultural operating income;planting scale;situational factor19|19|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-06
- Abstract：To explore how to further develop the integrated farming and animal husbandry model， based on a multi-case analysis approach， this study investigates the models， operational mechanisms， and promotion strategies of integrated farming and animal husbandry in China. The integrated farming and animal husbandry models specifically include the “internal circulation of breeding farm households”， “breeding farm households + planting households”，“breeding farm households + cooperatives + planting households”，“breeding farm households + social service organizations + planting households”， and others. These models also need to respectively match different promotion conditions and all require corresponding technical or policy support. The main development models of integrated animal husbandry and agriculture are “internal circulation of breeding farm households”， “breeding farm households + social service organizations + planting households”， etc. The secondary development models of integrated animal husbandry and agriculture are "breeding farm households + planting households”， “breeding farm households + cooperatives + planting households”， etc. Based on the findings above， policy suggestions include actively promoting the development of cooperatives， improving the subsidy mechanism for organic fertilizer plants， and strengthening the construction of social service systems are put forward in this study.Keywords：integrated agriculture and animal husbandry;integrated farming and pastoralism model;operating mechanism;promotion strategy19|18|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-06
- Abstract：To clarify the mechanism of subject cognition and policy regulation on the pro-environmental behavior of beef cattle farmers， and fully mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers to implement pro-environmental behavior， based on the survey data of beef cattle farmers， the impact of subject cognition and policy regulation on the pro-environmental behavior of beef cattle farmers was explored by using the ordered Probit model and the moderating effect model. The results show that： 1） Beef cattle farmers have different implementation tendencies towards different pro-environmental behaviors. Their tendengcies from high to low was standard hygiene and epidemic prevention， waste resource utilization behavior， standardized management， ecological feed input， and scientific site selection and construction. Overall， the implementation of pro-environmental behaviors is relatively good， but the implementation level still needs to be further improved. 2） The environmental policy awareness， green value awareness， ecological responsibility awareness， policy promotion， and government regulation have a significant positive impact on the pro-environmental behavior of beef cattle farmers. However， the impact of pollution awareness and economic subsidies is not significant. 3） The policy regulation has moderating effect on the relationship between subject cognition and the pro-environmental behavior of beef cattle breeders. Policy promotion and government regulation have strengthened the impact of environmental policy awareness on pro-environmental behavior， but there is some functional overlap between the two. The influence of green value awareness on pro-environmental behavior is weakened. Therefore， this study puts forward some suggestions as follows： 1） Establishing breeding demonstration households and playing a leading role in driving surrounding breeding households； 2） Smoothing information dissemination channels， strengthening publicity and training efforts， and cultivating comprehensive cognitive abilities of farmers； 3） By policy constraints and economic incentives complement each other， creating a favorable policy atmosphere to promote the implementation of pro-environmental behaviors among farmers.Keywords：pro-environmental behavior;subjective cognition;policy regulation;beef cattle farmers;moderating effect16|15|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-06
- Abstract：To address the persistent rise in global pig production costs and inadequate efficiency gains， this study conducts a cross-country comparative analysis within a dual “cost‑efficiency” framework， based on the input-output data from 15 countries in European， America and Asia during 2016 to 2022. The cost-component contribution decomposition and the global Malmquist productivity index model are used. The results indicate that： 1） Pig production costs have generally increased worldwide， with feed costs as the primary driver. Labor， capital， and other variable costs vary significantly across countries， reflecting differences in their respective pig industry life cycle stages. 2） The overall growth in total factor productivity is mainly driven by technological progress， but its path varies by country. The growth-stage countriesrely on scale expansion， the mature-stage countries rely on tech and management innovation breakthroughs， and the transition-stage countries rely on policy-driven green innovation. 3） A significant two-way dynamic feedback mechanism exists between cost structure and production efficiency， and external shocks accelerate tech intensification and industry consolidation， raising costs in short term but boosting resilience in long term， which creats an “efficiency gains offset cost pressure” mechanism. To address the dual challenges of rising costs and insufficient efficiency in China’s pig-production industry， short-term efforts should focus on controlling feed and labor costs to stabilize production， while medium-term efforts to long-term measures should enhance efficiency through key technological innovations， improved management capabilities， green farming models， and the widespread adoption of environmental protection facilities.Keywords：pig production cost;factor cost contribution decomposition;global Malmquist productivity index;cost reduction and efficiency enhancement19|17|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-06
- Abstract：To explore the effect and mechanism of non-agricultural employment on the quality of farmers’ income， based on the data of the Chinese social survey （Css） in 2017， 2019 and 2021， an empirical analysis is performed using the OLS model， the mediating effect model， the quantile regression model， and combining the instrumental variable method. The differences in the impact of non-farm employment on the income quality of farmers with different incomes and economic expectations are also investigated. The results show that： 1） Non-farm employment can significantly improve the quality of farmers’ income. 2） Non-farm income and social security play a mediating role in the impact of non-farm employment on the quality of farmers’ income. 3） The effect of non-farm employment on improving the quality of farmers’ income is more obvious in low-income farmers and farmers with low economic expectations. For low-income and low-economic-expectation farmers， the guarantee effect is more prominent， while for high-income and high-economic-expectation farmers， the income-increasing effect is more prominent. Based on this， suggestions such as strengthening policies to promote non-agricultural employment， optimizing the dual mechanism of income and security， and implementing differentiated and precise assistance policies are proposed to promote the steady improvement of farmers’ income quality.Keywords：non-farm employment;income quality;income growth effect;security effect23|19|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-06
