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- Abstract：In the context of of “dual carbon” strategy， exploring the spatiotemporal differences in land-use carbon emissions and devising effective control strategies in Hebei Province are key to promoting regional collaborative carbon reduction and achieving green， low-carbon development. This study takes 11 prefecture-level cities in Hebei Province as research units and constructs a carbon emission accounting system based on energy consumption data and current land use data from 2001 to 2021. The spatial pattern characteristics of carbon emissions in Hebei Province is explored during this period. This study proposes a carbon emission zoning scheme and optimization countermeasures by integrating the economic contribution coefficient of carbon emissions， the carbon ecological carrying coefficient， and the decoupling index. The results indicated that： 1） From 2001 to 2021， the carbon emissions in Hebei Province showed a significant upward trend， rising from 9.01×10⁷ tons in 2001 to 2.75×10⁸ tons in 2021 with an increase of 205.44%. The carbon emissions increased rapidly between 2001 and 2011， but the rate slowed between 2011 and 2021. Spatially， the carbon emissions were higher in the eastern and south-central regions and lower in the northern region， and the carbon absorption capacity was higher in the north and lower in the east. Construction land was the primary source of land-use carbon emissions. The carbon absorption capacity of land use was far less than the province's carbon emissions. Various ecological land types in Hebei only played a minimal role in carbon absorption and regulation. 2） From 2001 to 2021， the economic contribution coefficient， carbon ecological carrying capacity， and decoupling index of carbon emissions varied significantly across the prefecture-level cities in Hebei. Cities like Baoding and Langfang had advantages in economic contribution from carbon emissions， while Chengde and Zhangjiakou had higher carbon ecological carrying capacities. Overall， The relationship between economic growth and carbon emissions in the province was gradually becoming more coordinated， shifting from a state of expansion and coupling to a decoupled state. Lastly， this study categorized Hebei Province into four carbon balance zones， etc， one consolidation zone for low-carbon advantages， one demonstration zone for low-carbon development， one zone for low-carbon transformation and upgrading， and one revitalization zone for carbon reduction and sequestration. The study further suggests tailoring development strategies for each zone to foster collaborative low-carbon development across Hebei Province and achieve the “dual carbon” target.Keywords：land use;spatiotemporal distribution;carbon emissions;decoupling benefits;zoning management80|25|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To analyze the status quo of sustainable development in Beijing and interpret the utilization status of resources and environment in Beijing， based on the data of Beijing Statistical Yearbook 2016 and China Statistical Yearbook 2016 and 2022， this study takes Beijing's sustainable development level in 2016 and 2022 as research object. By applying the four comprehensive indicators of social， economic， ecological and sustainability energy value， this paper adopts emergy analysis method to calculate the metabolizable energy value of urban system in Beijing in 2016 and 2022， and evaluates the sustainable development level of this region. The results show that ：1） Beijing is rich in renewable resources and has great potential. Its energy utilization is mainly non-renewable resources， and there is the medium value density of social benefit index in Beijing. Except for the year 2020， the per capita energy value in Beijing increased year by year， indicating that the economic development intensity increased， the population carrying capacity remained unchanged， and the population decreased. Therefore， the environmental pressure in Beijing increased. 2） In the economic benefit index of Beijing， the net emergy output rate is stable， the monetary emergy ratio has decreased since 2019， and the emergy exchange rate has kept rising except in 2020 and 2021， indicating there was a good economic development in Beijing. 3）Except for the years 2020 and 2021， in Beijing's ecological benefit indicators， the environmental load rate increased year by year， the level of emergy self-sufficiency rate is relatively low and decreased year by year and relied heavily on external resources. The emergy waste rate decreased and the level of waste utilization increased； 4） The fluctuation of Beijing’s sustainable development index， the urban health energy index and environmental sustainability index decreased， and the sustainable development level decreased. This study provides a scientific basis for formulating urban development policies.Keywords：emergy analysis;Beijing;sustainable development;comprehensive evaluation59|18|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to investigate the effect of irrigation quota on photosynthetic characteristics and yield formation of maize in saline and alkaline land， maize variety 'Xianyu 1225' was taken as the experimental material. Split-zone experimental design was adopted in this study. Moderate salinity （total salt content： 3.39 - 4.59 g/kg， S1） and mild salinity （1.36 - 2.57 g/kg， S2） were set as the main zones； 5 100（W1）， 4 350（W2）， 3 600（W3）， 2 850（W4）and 2 100m3/hm2（W5） irrigation quotas were used as the subzones. Net photosynthetic rate （Pn）， stomatal conductance （Gs）， transpiration rate （Tr）， inter-cellular CO2 （Ci）， and the relative chlorophyll content （SPAD） and photosynthetic metabolism enzymes， etc.were measured at the corn jointing stage， big bell stage， blooming stage， and the filling stage， respectively. The correlations between leaf Pn， Tr， Gs， Ci， SPAD， photosynthetic metabolism enzymes and yield as well as the composite scores of each index were analyzed by using analysis of variance， correlation analysis and principal component synthesis. The results showed that increasing the irrigation amount significantly optimized the photosynthetic parameters of maize in different saline sites. With the increase in irrigation amount， SPAD， Pn， Tr and Gs showed an increasing trends， while Ci showed the opposite change trend. Among them， The SPAD of W3 maize in S1 was 5.35% to 14.59% higher than that of other irrigation treatments. and the leaf Pn， Tr， and Gs of W1 were elevated by 8.12% to 53.16%， 4.26% to 38.03%， and 39.86% to 103.53%， respectively， while Ci was decreased by 13.24% to 30.49% compared with other irrigation treatments. In contrast， whereas in S2， the SPAD of W2 maize was 1.09% to 9.64% higher， the leaf Pn and Gs of W2 were 4.80% to 66.7% and 12.31% to 120.60% higher， and the leaf Tr of W3 was 1.40% to 41.89% higher than other irrigation treatments， respectively. Aspects of photosynthetic enzyme activities， phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase （PEPC） and ribulose-1，5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase （Rubisco） activities of W2 maize leaves in S1 were 12.95% to 118.06% and 19.57% to 71.87% higher than those of other irrigated treatments， respectively； while in S2 PEPC and Rubisco activities were 23.81% to 105.94% and 1.75% to 28.89% higher than other irrigation treatments， respectively. Under different saline conditions， the yield was highly significantly positively correlated （P<0.01） with SPAD， Pn， Tr， Gs and Rubisco activity content， and significantly correlated （P<0.05） with PEPC. Still， all were negatively correlated with Ci. The results of principal component analysis showed that the composite scores of the S1 and S2 treatments were W2>W1>W3>W4>W5.In summary， the optimum irrigation water quantity for saline land in maize production area of Ningxia was 4 350 m3/hm2 .Keywords：irrigation quota;saline and alkaline land;yield;photosynthetic characteristics;maize100|29|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To explore the effects of straw matrix block （SMB） seedling cultivation on rice seedlings’ growth， physiology and yield， SMB prepared with modified straw fiber as raw material was used as seedling matrix， and the matrix soil was used as control （CK）. The indexes of seedling strength index， chlorophyll， root activity， total root length， root surface area， root volume， antioxidant enzyme activity and yield composition were determined. The rule of phenolic acid monomer compound produced by straw matrix block during seedling cultivation and its effect on the physiological indexes of rice were analyzed. The results showed that： The germination index （GI） of SMB reached 72.39%， the root activity reached 244.52 μg/（g·h）， the total root length was increased by 51.93% compared with CK， and the root morphology was developed. On the 4th day， the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and glutamate synthase （GOGAT） and malondialdehyde （MDA） in the roots of SMB seedlings showed the maximum values， which were 1 840.13 U/g， 735.26 U/g and 16.84 nmol/g， respectively， and showed a gradually decreasing trend afterward. The soluble protein （SP） content showed an upward trend， reaching 16.11 mg/g on day 26. The phenolic acid monomers released during seedling rearing were mainly p-coumaric acid （37.61-42.91 μg/g）， trans-ferulic acid （13.54 -20.15 μg/g）， vanillin （2.39-4.62 μg/g） and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid （1.17-1.78 μg/g）. SOD activity and MDA content in the root of SMB seedlings were significantly lower than CK seedlings on day 14. Compared with CK， the root GOGAT activity increased by 29.70% and 18.07% （P<0.05） on day 4 and day 14. The soluble protein content in seedling root was increased by 31.73% （P<0.05） on day 20-26. There was a significant negative correlation between the trans-ferulic acid released by SMB and the root GOGAT activity of rice seedlings （P<0.05）. SMB can significantly improve the effective panicle， 1 000-grain weight， and the theoretical and practical yield of rice. In conclusion， straw matrix block seedling cultivation significantly promote rice seedling stem base width， strong seedling index， soluble protein， root morphology and yield composition， which is suitable for large-scale rice seedling cultivation.Keywords：straw matrix block;rice seedling;phenolic acid;root physiology;physiological index;antioxidant enzyme activity52|17|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To understand the evolution trends of the main agronomic traits of soybean varieties in three major soybean production regions of China from 1994 to 2023， with “soybean”， “breeding” and “variety” as keywords， the relevant literature from 1994 to 2023 was retrieved from CNKI. The traits of 1 011 soybean varieties in the three soybean production regions， namely northern spring soybeans， Huanghuai soybeans and southern soybeans， from 1994 to 2023 were obtained. The 100-seed weight， plant height， node number， branch number， pod number， growth period， yield， protein content and fat content were extracted and conducted comparative analysis. The results showed that： 1） In the northern spring soybean production region， the breeding trend from 1994 to 1998 was mainly to increase the yield through increasing the node number； from 1999 to 2018， the yield was increased by increasing the node number and pod number； from 2019 to 2023， the breeding trend shifted to increasing the yield through increasing the branch number and pod number. In the Huanghuai soybean production region， the breeding trend from 1994 to 2023 was mainly to increase the yield by increasing the 100-seed weight and plant height. In the southern soybean production region， from 1994 to 2013， it was focused on extending the growth period and increasing the 100-seed weight to increase the yield； from 2014 to 2023， the breeding trend was to continue to increase the growth period and 100-seed weight， and also to increase the node number to promote the yield growth. 2） The path analysis showed that in the northern spring soybean production region， the growth period had the greatest direct impact on yield， with a direct path coefficient （DPC） of 0.394； in the Huanghuai soybean production region， plant height had the greatest direct impact on yield， with a DPC of 0.215； in the southern soybean production region， pod number had the greatest direct impact on yield， with a DPC of 0.403. 3） The principal component analysis showed that the overall variance contribution rates of the approved soybean varieties in the three soybean production regions were 68.64%， 64.45% and 64.94%， respectively. In the northern spring soybean production region， the node number had the highest contribution rate； in the Huanghuai soybean production region， plant height had the highest contribution rate； in the southern soybean production region， the node number had the highest contribution rate. In summary， the increase in yield in northern spring soybean producing region is mainly achieved through the synergistic effect of multiple factors， with different emphasis on the inner side at different time periods； The yield increase in the Huanghuai soybean production region is mainly achieved by increasing 100-seed weight and plant height； The southern soybean production region mainly increases yield by prolonging the growth period and increasing the 100-seed weight.Keywords：soybean;agronomic traits;variety;region;yield57|24|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To identify the main bioactive substances in straw-derived Trichoderma fulvic acid （TFA） and their growth-promoting effects on Chinese cabbage， the non-targeted metabolomics analysis of TFA was conducted using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （LC-MS）. The main metabolite components and metabolic pathways in TFA before and after fermentation were analyzed. A randomized block design was employed for a field experiment with three treatments including TFA application rates of 0 （CK）， 180 （T1）， and 720 mg/m² （T2）， respectively. After application of TFA， indicators such as yield， fresh weight per plant， chlorophyll content （SPAD）， Vc content， soluble protein and nitrate content were measured to evaluate the effects. The results showed that：A total of 903 significantly different metabolites were identified in TFA before and after fermentation. Among them， the expression levels of 58 metabolites， primarily lipids and organic acids， such as etiocholanolone glucuronide， indole-3-acetic-acid-O-glucuronide， 7-ketolithocholic acid， 1-methylhistidine， arginyl-tryptophan， L-glutamine， were significantly increased. The results of KEGG pathway enrichment revealed that these metabolites were distributed across 55 pathways. High-expression metabolites significantly enriched in arginine and proline metabolism， niacin and nicotinamide metabolism， and linoleic acid metabolism. The results of the field experiment showed that compared to CK， SPAD， Vc content， soluble protein content and the fresh weight per plant of Chinese cabbage in T2 increased by 43.5%， 99.7%， 37.1% and 29.0%， respectively， while nitrate content decreased by 23.4%. In summary， lipids and organic acids are the key metabolites in TFA with potential plant growth-promoting activity. Application of TFA as a basal fertilizer significantly improved both the yield and quality of Chinese cabbage，and the effect of T2 is better than that of T1.Keywords：fulvic acid;metabolomics;Trichoderma;Chinese cabbage;growth promotion43|17|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
Research progress on winter survival characteristics and protection measures of wine grapes in China
Abstract：In order to ensure the over-wintering safety of wine grapes and stable development of the wine industry， aiming at the problem that meteorological disasters such as low temperatures and strong winds frequently affect the over-wintering of wine grapes， this study comprehensively reviewed the research in the related fields of wine grapes over-wintering through literature review. The review covered the over-wintering physiological characteristics and budding mechanism of wine grapes， factors influencing the over-wintering ability of wine grapes， and over-wintering protection measures. The results indicate that： 1）Under the interaction of the growth period process and external temperature changes， the cold-resistance ability of wine grapes is enhanced by undergoing cold-hardening and entering the dormancy period. 2）The grape varieties， temperature conditions， and field management measures are interrelated and jointly affect the over-wintering ability of wine-making grapes. There are significant differences in cold-resistance characteristics among different grape varieties， and reasonable field management can significantly enhance grape’s cold-resistance ability. 3）Management measures such as covering and windbreak can effectively reduce winter cold damage and avoid late-spring frost. In summary， the over-wintering management of wine grapes needs to consider multiple factors comprehensively， and measures should be optimized to meet the challenges of climate change to ensure the over-wintering quality and the yield of the following year.Keywords：cold resistance;dormancy;overwintering;soil-burial;wine grape71|27|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07- Abstract：To investigate the effects of prohexadione-calcium（Pro-Ca） on the flower bud differentiation， flowering and fruit of strawberry， strawberry variety ‘Kaolino’ was taken as the experimental material， and Pro-Ca was applied to the leaf surface before planting. The growth index of strawberry after spraying were determined， the morphology of flower bud differentiation was observed， and the expression of related genes was deteced.The flowering stage after planting and measuring the yield and fruit quality of strawberry at each stage were recorded， and the effects of Pro-Ca treatment on the growth， flower bud differentiation， yield and quality of ‘Kaolino’ strawberry were explored. The results showed that： 1） Pro-Ca treatment could significantly inhibit the growth of strawberry（P<0.05）， and the relative content of chlorophyll in leaves increased by 6.28 to 9.07 compared with that before treatment. 2） Pro-Ca treatment could regulate the expression of floral meristem determining gene FaAP1 and floral meristem specific gene FaLFY， and promote the early differentiation of flower buds by about 2 weeks. 3） The appropriate concentration of Pro-Ca treatment could advance the beginning flowering and fruit setting period of strawberry by 3 days， and the fruit ripening period by 6 days， which significantly improved the fruit quality of strawberry（P<0.05）， increased the initial fruit weight and yield per plant， and increased the yield by 5.85% to 10.37%. In summary， leaf spraying Pro-Ca treatment 40 days before the planting of ‘Kaolino’ strawberry in Beijing area can effectively inhibit the growth of strawberry， increase the relative content of chlorophyll， advance flower bud differentiation， advance flowering and fruit， improve the initial fruit yield and fruit quality， and contribute to early listing of strawberry.Keywords：strawberry;flower bud differentiation;prohexadione-calcium;yield;fruit quality39|15|3<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To investigate the effects of low temperature on the morphological development of facility-grown strawberry’s floral organs and pollen vitality， two strawberry varieties， the long-day variety ‘Selva’ and the short-day variety ‘Toyonoka’ were used as study materials. Dynamic low-temperature treatments were conducted during the strawberry budding stage， with two temperature settings （20 °C for daytime maximum and 10 °C for nighttime minimum， and 15 °C for daytime maximum and 5 °C for nighttime minimum） and three different exposure durations （3， 6， and 9 days）. The control group （CK） was maintained at 25 °C for daytime maximum and 15 °C for nighttime minimum. The phenotypic characteristics of floral organs， anatomical structures of sepals and petals， pollen vitality， and fruit set rate under different treatments were investigated. The results showed that： 1） Low-temperature treatments delayed flowering and reduced flower opening. After 9 days of the treatment with 15 °C daytime maximum and 5 °C nighttime minimum， the maximum flower opening in ‘Selva’ and ‘Toyonoka’ decreased by 30.04% and 30.93%， respectively， compared to the control， and the flowering delayed by 11 days and 13 days， respectively； 2） Low temperature had a significant impact on the morphological traits of floral organs. The length and width of pistil， anther， and filament in 'Selva' decreased by 30.16%， 33.54%， 37.10%， and 48.96%， respectively， while in ‘Toyonoka’， the reductions were 31.56%， 33.56%， 37.13%， and 48.16%， respectively. The length and width of sepal and petal also decreased with increasing low-temperature stress； 3） After low-temperature treatment， the thickness of the epidermal cells and the overall thickness of sepals and petals in both varieties increased significantly. After 9 days of the treatment with 15 °C daytime maximum and 5 °C nighttime minimum， the sepal thickness and petal thickness in ‘Selva’ increased by 26.50% and 33.89%， respectively， while in ‘Toyonoka’， they increased by 24.21% and 46.04%， respectively. 4） With the intensifying of the low-temperature stress， the pollen vitality in both varieties significantly decreased. After 9 days of the treatment with 15 °C daytime maximum and 5 °C nighttime minimum， the pollen staining rate in ‘Selva’ and ‘Toyonoka’ decreased by 57.04% and 67.19%， and the pollen germination rate decreased by 56.70% and 63.46%， respectively. 5） After low-temperature treatments， the fruit set rate of both varieties decreased significantly. In conclusion， low-temperature stress had a smaller effect on the morphological development of floral organs and pollen vitality in the long-day variety ‘Selva’ compared to the short-day variety ‘Toyonoka’. This study provides valuable information for temperature management during the flowering period and low-temperature disaster prevention in facility-grown strawberries.Keywords：facility strawberry;low-temperature stress;floral organ;flowering process;morphological development;anatomical structure;pollen viability37|19|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In order to enrich the genetic variation of Hemerocallis plants， Hemerocallis fulva（2n=3x=33） was crossed with five diploid and ten tetraploid daylily varieties. Early embryo rescue was performed on the failed fruits， and the chromosome karyotypes of the F1 generation were analyzed to cultivate aneuploid daylily lines. The results showed that： 1） The defeat is serious when H. fulva is used as the maternal parent. The fruiting rate of different genotypes is different， and the highest is 51.43% and the lowest is 5.99%. 2） The embryo age of 10 d is suitable for inoculation of intact ovules， the average survival rate is 3.88% under embryo rescue； At the embryo age of 10 to 16 d， the cut ovules inoculation survival rate is high， the survival rate is 50.46%； When the embryo age is more than 16 d， embryo inoculation is suitable， and the survival rate is 30.95%. 3） The F1 generation chromosome number is 22 to 33 of H. fulva crossed with diploid varieties， and the F1 generation chromosome number is 32 to 44 of it crossed with tetraploid varieties. The karyotypic analysis shows that the F1 generation is aneuploid， the chromosome of the deletion and the increase of the absence and the lack of obvious pattern， also did not show obvious grouping. In conclusion， using H. fulva as the maternal parent can efficiently produce aneuploid progeny. This study， provides new methods and avenues for broadening the variation range of daylilies in future breeding efforts.Keywords：daylily;aneuploid;embryo rescue;karyotyping22|21|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To explore the metabolomic characteristics of inactive ovaries in dairy cows and understand the changes in their pathogenesis and related physiological indicators， this study selected inactive ovarian cows （IO， n=6） and healthy control cows （HC， n=6） with similar age， parity， and average daily milk yield as research subjects. Blood samples were collected via tail venipuncture before feeding on day 63 postpartum for biochemical analysis， and ovarian cortical tissue was collected using transvaginal ultrasound-guided puncture for metabolomic analysis. The results indicated that： 1） Compared with HC group cows， the IO group exhibited a significantly lower body condition score （BCS） （P<0.05）， as well as significantly reduced maximum follicle diameter at 63 days and plasma estradiol （E2） levels （P<0.01）. Additionally， the plasma non-esterified fatty acids （NEFA） and aspartate aminotransferase （AST） levels were markedly higher in the IO group than in the HC group （P<0.01）. 2） A total of 23 differential metabolites were identified in the IO group compared to the HC group， with 17 metabolites upregulated and 6 metabolites down-regulated. 3） Differential metabolite enrichment in 9 significant metabolic pathways： arginine biosynthesis （P=0.005）， but anoate metabolism （P=0.005）， histidine metabolism （P=0.006）， metabolism of alanine， aspartate， and glutamate （P=0.018）， arginine and proline metabolism （P=0.029）， pyrimidine metabolism （P=0.034）， linoleic acid metabolism （P=0.038）， arachidonic acid metabolism （P=0.042）， and nitrogen metabolism （P=0.045）. In conclusion， this study determined that inactive ovaries in dairy cows with decreased hormone levels and significant changes in metabolomic profile， providing a theoretical basis for further improvements in dairy cow reproductive health.Keywords：cow;inactive ovary;ovarian cortical tissue;metabolomics46|16|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To explore differentially expressed genes （DEGs） related to hypoxia adaptation in lung tissues of Tibetan pigs and Yorkshire pigs under different altitudes， lung tissues were collected from Tibetan pigs and Yorkshire pigs raised at 100 and 2 900 m above sea level. RNA was extracted， purified， and subjected to transcriptome sequencing analysis. Through transcriptomic comparative analysis of the hypoxia tolerance molecular mechanisms in pig lung tissues at different altitudes within the same breed and at the same altitude between different breeds， a protein-protein interaction （PPI） network was constructed based on the intersection genes across the groups. Hub genes under different conditions were then screened. The results showed that：1） A total of 20 266 genes were identified in the lung tissues of Tibetan pigs and Yorkshire pigs at different altitudes. 2） Using |log2Fold change|≥1 and an adjusted P<0.05 as screening criteria， differential expression genes （DEGs） were further filtered. 306 DEGs were identified in the lung tissue of Tibetan pigs， and 503 DEGs in the lung tissue of Yorkshire pigs. 3） The DEGs in different pig breeds were mainly enriched in regulatory pathways closely related to hypoxic response， such as the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway， the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications， and the metabolism of glycine， serine， and threonine， as well as metabolic pathways. At the same time， the expression differences of hypoxia adaptation-related genes between Tibetan pigs and Yorkshire pigs were explored. 4） By constructing a PPI network， the hub genes in Tibetan pigs and Yorkshire pigs were identified as SERPINA1， FGB， ALB， FGA， AMBP， SERPINC1， and FGG. In summary， this study used transcriptomics to screen for differentially expressed genes in the lung tissues of pigs at different altitudes within the same breed and across different breeds at the same altitude， and by constructing a gene network， SERPINA1 and CCL27， along with 14 other upregulated genes， were identified as potentially involved in the regulation of altitude adaptation in Tibetan and Yorkshire pigs. These findings provide valuable insights into candidate genes and regulatory pathways related to low-oxygen adaptation in Tibetan pigs.Keywords：hypoxia adaptation;Tibetan pig;Yorkshire pig;differentially expressed genes;PPI network23|25|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary energy levels on the reproductive organ development and reproductive performance of Wuhua chickens during the laying period， 500 Wuhua chickens were selected as experimental subjects and evenly divided them into five groups. Daily records were kept of egg production， egg weight， and feed intake for each group. After incubation， fertilization rate， hatching rate， and healthy chick rate were recorded. At 35 weeks of age， 15 eggs were selected from each group to assess egg quality. At 40 weeks of age， five chickens from each group were slaughtered for measurement， and ovarian tissue was collected for gene expression quantification. The results indicated that： 1） The average egg production rate was highest and the feed to egg ratio was lowest in the feed group with an energy of 11.59 MJ/kg. Feed intake decreased with increasing energy levels during all laying periods （26-40 weeks of age）. The average egg weight increased with rising energy levels during all laying periods. The eggshell thickness in the 10.34 MJ/kg group was significantly higher than that in the other four groups （P<0.05）. The Haugh unit decreased as dietary energy levels increased， and the dry matter content of egg yolks in the 10.34， 10.76， and 11.18 MJ/kg groups was significantly lower than that in the 11.59 and 12.01 MJ/kg groups （P<0.05）. An increase in dietary energy levels was associated with a decrease in fertilization rate and healthy chick rate. 2） Dietary energy levels had no significant effect on the weight and index of the oviduct， the weight and index of the ovary， or the number of follicles at various stages in the ovaries of Wuhua chickens （P>0.05）. The length of the oviduct decreased with increasing dietary energy levels. 3） The expression of the BMP15 gene， related to follicle development in the ovary， was significantly higher in the 11.18 MJ/kg energy group than in the other groups （P<0.05）. The expression of the FOXL2 gene was significantly higher in the 10.34 MJ/kg group than in the other groups （P<0.05）. In summary， a dietary energy level of 11.59 MJ/kg during the period from the onset of laying to peak laying is beneficial for the reproductive organ development and reproductive performance of Wuhua chickens. After the peak laying period， a dietary energy level of 10.34 MJ/kg is conducive to maintaining high reproductive performance and better meeting the production needs of Wuhua chickens.Keywords：Wuhua chicken;feed energy;growth and development;reproductive performance28|13|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To establish a stable DF-1 cell line expressing Interferon regulatory factor 2 （IRF2）， this study first successfully constructed a recombinant lentivirus targeting IRF2. Subsequently， the recombinant lentivirus was used to infect DF-1 cells， and IRF2 overexpressing polyclonal cell lines were obtained through puromycin selection and limited dilution method. The constructed cell line was subjected to viability assays， Real-time quantitative PCR （qPCR）， and Western blot to verify the in vitro expression efficiency of IRF2. Viral proliferation assays were conducted to assess the impact of this cell line on H9N2 AIV replication， and finally， a dual luciferase reporter system was used to verify the regulatory effects of IRF2 on interferon-stimulated genes. The results indicated the following： 1） Cell viability assays showed that stable expression of IRF2 had no significant effect on cell activity （P>0.05）.2） Real-time qPCR and Western blot demonstrated that the mRNA and protein levels of IRF2 were significantly higher in the selected cell line compared to control cells （P<0.001）.3） Real-time qPCR （P<0.001）， Western blot （P<0.01）， and TCID50 （P<0.01） in vitro assays confirmed that the overexpression of IRF2 in the DF-1-IRF2 cell line promoted the proliferation of H9N2 AIV.4） The dual luciferase reporter system results indicated that IRF2 could significantly inhibit the activities of ISRE （P<0.01）， NF-κB （P<0.01）， and IRF7 （P<0.05）. In summary， this study successfully constructed a DF-1-IRF2 cell line capable of stably expressing the IRF2 gene， which is able to enhance the replication level of H9N2 AIV， and provide a basis for the subsequent study of the role of IRF2 in the replication mechanism of H9N2 AIV.Keywords：H9N2 AIV;lentivirus vector;DF-1 cell;IRF226|13|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To address the issues of low accuracy， high model complexity， and slow detection speed that existed in current pig posture recognition tasks， a lightweight pig pose recognition method is proposed in this study. This method applies the performance-aware global channel pruning algorithm to the YOLOv5s model， identifies and removes redundant or less contributions to performance in the original model， and performs parameter adjustment compensation optimization on the pruned model. The results indicate that： The YOLOv5s-prune model achieved an average precision value （mAP0.5） of 94.7% at an intersection over union （IoU） threshold of 0.5，and reached an average precision mean （mAP0.5-0.95） of 84.6% with multiple IoU thresholds set at intervals of 0.05 between ［0.5， 0.95］， which were 0.8% and 0.4% higher compared to the original YOLOv5s model， respectively. Furthermore， the number of parameters and the number of floating-point operations per second （FLOPs） were 3.9×106 and 10.9×109， respectively， which were 3.1×106 and 5.3×109 lower than those of the original YOLOv5s model； The model achieved an inference speed of 3.6 ms， representing an improvement of 1.1 ms over the original model. Compared to other object detection models including Faster R-CNN， CenterNet， YOLOv3-SPP， YOLOXs， YOLOv8s， YOLOv10s and YOLOv11s， the model constructed in this study reduced the parameter count by 132.8×106， 28.2×106， 100.8×106， 5.0×106， 7.2×106， 4.2×106 and 5.5×106， decreased the FLOPs by 143.9×109， 79.4×109， 272.9×109， 16.3×109， 18×109， 14.3×109 and 11.1×109， improved the detection time of each graph by 25.4， 20.4， 35.2， 1.5， 3.9， 4.2 and 1.8 ms， respectively. The detection performance of the model was better than that of YOLOv5 s in the scenario of feeding 12， 8 and 6 pigs in a single column. In summary， the proposed method not only reduces model parameters and computational complexity but also enhances detection speed and recognition accuracy. Therefore， the new method presented in this study effectively meets the requirements of pig posture recognition in practical pig farming scenarios.Keywords：pig;posture behavior recognition;deep learning;channel pruning56|22|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To address the challenge between greenhouse gas emissions reduction and animal husbandry development， this study developed a method to estimate the atmospheric bearing capacity of livestock and poultry farming based on greenhouse gas emissions. The intensity of greenhouse gas emissions was calculated， and by combining it with the threshold values， the regional animal breeding potential was assessed through simulation. The results showed that： 1） From 2010 to 2021， the greenhouse gas emissions intensity in livestock and poultry farming in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps （XPCC） displayed a “first rising and then falling” trend； By 2021， the intensity of emissions reached 1 544.50 kg/hm2， with N2O emissions from farmland soil and CH4 emissions from animal intestines being the main emissions sources. Similarly， Beidahuang Group （BG） exhibited a “first rising and then falling” trend. The intensity emissions was 3 125.40 kg/hm2 on 2021， which was largely due to CH4 emissions from rice fields and N2O emissions from farmland soil. 2） The livestock and poultry farming in both XPCC and BG remained within the atmospheric bearing. The future potential estimated， measured in pig equivalents， is 4.234 million to 21.17 million for XPCC and 7.335 million to 36.675 million for BG， respectively. It was recommended that the two regions should focus on promoting emissions reduction technologies for rice fields， efficient water and fertilizer management， and advancing high-quality mechanization in agriculture and animal husbandry， as well as enhancing soil carbon sequestration. This study provided valuable insights into the integration of crop and livestock production with atmospheric environmental protection in the future.Keywords：greenhouse gas emissions;atmospheric environmental bearing capacity;emissions reduction and efficiency improvement;animal breeding;Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps;Beidahuang Group27|27|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To solve the problem of the poor effect of the existing straw square lattice sand barrier dispersing and conveying device with loose long grass as the raw material and uneven straw laying， combined with the characteristics of straw and multi-stage crank dispersing mechanism force， the structural parameters are specified， the factors affecting the performance of dispersing and laying for the crank radius， crank rotation speed and grass clearance are clarified， and the ranges of values are determined by using a single-factor test. Using the EDEM-RecurDyn coupling method， the response surface optimization test is carried out by exploring the changing rules of straw micro-motion and force with straw laying quality uniformity and sand barrier porosity as test indexes， and crank speed， crank radius and grass clearance as test factors. The results show that the optimal parameter combination is as follows： the crank speed of 200 r/min， crank radius of 44 mm， toggle clearance of 48.6 mm， strw quality uniformity of 88.8%， sand barrier porosity of 25%， field test straw quality uniformity average value of 86.96%， sand barrier porosity of 26.05%. The combination meets the requirements of the mechanized paving of grass square grid.Keywords：grass square;laying mechanism;flexible straw;Response surface optimization33|29|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In response to the characteristics of pesticide registration texts， such as information density， complex logical structure， large span between entities， and heterogeneous entity lengths， as well as to address the issues of triplet overlap， exposure bias， and redundant computation encountered in traditional joint extraction methods， a multi-feature fusion single-stage entity and relation joint extraction model （MF-SERel） is proposed in this study. Firstly， at the encoding layer， the model’s ability to represent complex corpora is enhanced through integrating semantic and syntactic features and enriching the meaning of character symble. Secondly， at the multi-dimensional labeling framework layer， an HT-BES multi-dimensional labeling strategy is proposed to resolve the triplet overlap issue. Through parallel scoring functions and fine-grained classification components， the entity-relation joint extraction is transformed into a multi-label labeling task based on the relation dimension. This process does not involve interdependent steps， thereby enabling single-stage parallel labeling， avoiding exposure bias and reducing computational redundancy. Finally， at the decoding layer， labels are predictied based on fine-grained classification， and the entity-relation triplets are decoded. The proposed model is compared with the baseline models such as GraphRel， CasRel， and TPLinker， and evaluated on the pesticide registration dataset （PRD） and the public dataset of unstructured information extraction （DuIE）. The results show that the MF-SERel model performs well on the PRD and DuIE. On the PRD， the proposed MF-SERel model improves inference speed by 20% and F1 score by 2.3%， demonstrating its strong knowledge-mining capability in pesticide registration texts. On the DuIE， the MF-SERel model improves inference speed by 54% and F1 score by 1.7%， also achieves better resultsproves its strong generalization ability. In conclusion， the MF-SERel model proposed in this study provides a new method for the structured extraction of knowledge in the pesticide field.Keywords：pesticides;entity relationship extraction;annotation policies;dependency syntactic analysis;graph neural network35|14|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To investigate the impact of environmental regulations on agricultural green technology innovation efficiency， this study adopts an innovation value chain perspective and divides the process into scientific research output stage and achievement transformation stage. Based on the application of the two-stage global network SBM-DEA model to measure agricultural green technology innovation efficiency， a panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2008 to 2021 （The data do not include those of Xizang， Hong Kong， Macau， and Taiwan regions. The same below.） was taken to analyze the effects on the efficiency of these two stages and its underlying mechanisms of environmental regulations. The results demonstrate that： 1） Environmental regulations significantly enhance the efficiency of green scientific research output， and significantly diminish the efficiency of achievement transformation；2） The mechanism analysis illustrates that environmental regulation can influence the efficiency of agricultural green technology innovation through the scale management and fiscal support for agriculture. And the two complement each other， synergistically affecting the efficiency of agricultural green technology innovation；3） Further analysis reveals that the negative impact of regulatory policies on the efficiency of green transformation shows a ‘deceleration effect’ with the improvement of environmental regulation policies. At the same time， an increase in the level of large-scale management strengthens the effect of rules on the efficiency of both stages of innovation. This study provides empirical evidence for the Chinese government to formulate and improve agricultural green development plans.Keywords：environmental regulation;efficiency of agricultural green technology innovation;two-stage;scale management;fiscal support for agriculture26|16|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To study the relationship between fiscal and financial decentralization and rural habitat management， the effect and moderate range of fiscal and financial decentralization on rural habitat management was empirically tested by using two-way fixed-effects and threshold panel models based on provincial panel data from 2007 to 2022. The results showed that： Firstly， the relationship between fiscal decentralization and public service provision for rural habitat management showed a U-shaped curve that decreases first and then rises. The relationship between financial decentralization and public service provision for rural habitat management shows an inverted U-shaped curve that increases first and falls after. These non-linear effects also show significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Secondly， the non-linear relationship between decentralization and public service provision for rural habitat management exists in optimal moderate ranges. Maintaining a high level of fiscal decentralization and a moderate level of financial decentralization is conducive to the enhancement of rural habitat management supply. Thirdly， the interaction between fiscal decentralization and financial decentralization is still difficult to promote rural habitat management supply， indicating that the synergistic effect of decentralization has yet to be strengthened. Based on the results above， the reform of the decentralized system should be continuously promoted， the degree of fiscal decentralization should be continuously increased， the range of financial decentralization should be reasonably controlled， and emphasis should be placed on the synergy between fiscal decentralization and financial decentralization， so as to maximize the role of decentralization in enhancing rural habitat management supply.Keywords：fiscal decentralization;financial decentralization;rural habitat management;public service provision;moderate range;system synergy21|17|3<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To explore practical ways to alleviate relative poverty and achieve the goal of common prosperity， based on the dynamic panel data of 30 provinces in China （The data do not include those of Xizang， Hong Kong， Macao and Taiwan regions. The same below） from 2011 to 2022， this study constructs an evaluation index system for inclusive growth of rural economy from three dimensions of development， equity and sustainability. Using the kernel density， Dagum Gini coefficient， spatial Markov chain， and spatial Dubin model， this study analyzes the level of rural economic inclusive growth， its dynamic evolution， and influencing factors in China. The findings are as follows： 1） The rural economic inclusive growth level in China has improved significantly from 2011 to 2022， but there are significant spatial non-balanced features， e.g. East and West still having large differences. 2） The relative disparity in rural economic inclusive growth in China is gradually reducing， and regional disparities are the main source of differences. 3） The rural economic inclusive growth is a gradual process with short-term obstacles. At the same time， it has spatial spillover effects， i.e. areas adjacent to high-level areas can increase the probability of upward transfer， while those adjacent to low-level areas have downward risks. 4） The economic development level， human capital level， rationalization of industrial structure， and level of agricultural socialized service all have significant promoting effects on rural economic inclusive growth. The labor substitution effect induced by technological innovation ability and the "siphoning" phenomenon generated by the rural governance level have inhibited China's rural economic inclusive growth. This study offers insights and suggestions for promoting rural economic inclusive growth from four perspectives including regional coordinated development， response to major unexpected events， breaking down barriers to rural-urban migration， and improving rural income.Keywords：common prosperity;relative poverty;rural economy;inclusive development;Space Doberman model44|20|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：Given the problems of unilateral or bilateral breach of contract between the trusteeship organization and the farmers existing in the process of agricultural production trusteeship at the present stage， based on the evolutionary game theory， the study constructed a tripartite evolutionary game model including the government， trusteeship organizations and farmers， and analyzed the conditions of strategy selection when the model reaches the equilibrium state. Furthermore， the numerical simulation was applied to explore the effect size and direction of related variables affecting the evolution trend of the dynamic system. The results show that： 1） Both government subsidies and penalties are helpful to promoting the trusteeship organizations and the farmers strictly fulfilling the contract， and the subsidies have a more significant impact on the choice of trusteeship organization strategies than punishment； 2） Increasing the net income of the trusteeship organization in strictly fulfilling contracts will promote them to choose the strategy strictly fulfilling contracts， in which the reputation gain and default gain under different threshold or size relationships affect strategy choices of trusteeship organization to evolve in different directions；3） Increasing the net income of farmers in strictly fulfilling contracts will promote them to choosing the strategy of strictly fulfilling contracts， in which the loss of grain production under different threshold when farmers default affects strategy choices of farmers to evolve in different directions. The research can provide a theoretical basis and practical insights for promoting the strict fulfillment of contracts for agricultural production trusteeships.Keywords：agricultural production trusteeship;fulfilling contracts;tripartite evolutionary game;strategy selection;simulation analysis35|20|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To verify whether the division of food functional zones affects the integrated development of urban and rural areas in China， this study takes the establishment of major grain-producing areas in 2004 as a quasi-natural experiment study object， and utilizes a Difference-in-Differences （DID） model to examine the impact of the major grain-producing area policy on the urban-rural income gap and its underlying mechanisms. The study finds that： 1） The establishment of major grain-producing areas significantly widens the urban-rural income gap. The income gap between urban and rural areas in these regions is larger compared to those in non-major grain-producing areas. This conclusion is robust confirmed by various robust tests including variable substitution， sample adjustment， and the use of a PSM-DID model. 2） The mechanism analysis indicates that the allocation of family labor resources and corresponding income structure， urban bias in local fiscal expenditure. The regional land use structure are the key pathways， through which the establishment of major grain-producing areas affects the urban-rural income gap. 3） Contextual analysis shows that industrial structure has a positive moderating effect on the impact of the establishment of major grain-producing areas. This study suggests that the main production areas have delayed the process of local urban-rural integration while taking on heavy responsibiltiy of ensuring national food security. These findings provide valuable insights for future improvements in the supporting policies for major grain-producing areas.Keywords：major grain-producing areas;grain functional zone;urban-rural income gap;urban-rural integration29|20|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To explore the supporting role of digital commerce in rural development， an rural economic panel data of 284 prefecture-level cities in China from 2000 to 2022. Causal inference and difference-in-difference methods were used to investigate the impact and mechanism of the digital commerce agricultural revitalization policy represented by “Taobao” village on rural revitalization. The results show that： 1）The expansion of the number and scale of “Taobao” villages has a significant positive effect on the level of rural revitalization. The regional resource endowment structure has a heterogeneous impact on the sub-dimensions of rural revitalization. The areas with high government intervention， agricultural efficiency， green coverage， population density and digital finance level of digital business and agriculture policy have significant positive effect on all dimensions of rural revitalization. 2）Compared with “non-Taobao” villageareas， “Taobao” village identification has a significant positive effect on local rural revitalization and its sub-dimensions， especially on the improvement of living affluence level， and the above results are still reliable after a series of robustness tests. 3）“Taobao” village improves rural revitalization， industrial prosperity and affluent living through employment transfer effect， improves ecological livability by improving the local natural environment， and improves rural civilization and effective governance by improving medical care. This study provides important empirical evidence and policy implications for the rejuvenation of agriculture through digital commerce.Keywords：“Taobao” village;rural digital commerce;resource endowment;rural revitalization;progressive DID27|16|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
