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- Abstract：The black soil region of Northeast China serves as the “ballast stone” for China’s grain production. Due to long-term intensive and unsustainable utilization， however， the black soil has been under degradation continuously， posing a threat to national food security. Research institutions， including China Agricultural University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences， in collaboration with the agricultural technology extension department in Lishu County of Jilin Province， have innovatively developed the Lishu Model through years of research and practice. This model centers on conservation tillage technology and is supported by a novel agricultural technology extension mechanism， providing a replicable technical and promotion system for black soil conservation. Based on long-term field studies， demonstration results， and technology extension practices of the Lishu Model in the black soil region of Northeast China， this paper elaborates on the development of the Lishu Model， its core technical system， and its effects on production， ecology， and economic benefits. We also analyze the model’s promotion mechanisms and challenges while envisioning its future development. Our analysis indicates that in terms of technical aspect， the Lishu Model is a conservation tillage approach tailored to China’s agricultural conditions， primarily featuring straw mulching and minimal or no-tillage techniques. The core technologies include straw-mulched no-tillage with paired-row planting， straw-mulched strip rotary planting， straw-mulched no-tillage with uniform row spacing on existing ridges， and high-standing-stubble ridge-side planting. In addition， the Lishu Model establishes a “four-in-one” technology extension system， guided by national and local farmland conservation policies， driven by scientific innovation， supported by demonstration bases of the Black Soil Alliance， and facilitated by the Black Soil Forum as a communication platform. To promote the Lishu Model more effectively across broader regions， larger areas， and more crops， future efforts should focus on the following four aspects： Transitioning from strip rotary planting with straw mulching to complete no-tillage planting； Improving the Lishu Model toward regenerative agriculture； Introducing the Lishu Model to non-staple and cash crops； Expanding the Lishu Model to areas outside the black soil region. In summary， the Lishu Model provides theoretical and practical references for farmland conservation and sustainable agricultural development in China and countries and regions along the Belt and Road Initiative.Keywords：Lishu Model;conservation tillage;black soil regions;extension system;Northeast China199|72|4<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：This study aimed to investigate the cultivated land quality and identify key obstacle factors in Lishu County， a typical black soil area of Northeast China. A comprehensive evaluation index system was established based on incorporating site conditions， profile characteristics， physicochemical properties， nutrient status， and management practices. To mitigate the bias of single-weighting methods， this study combined the experience-based Analytic Hierarchy Process with the data-driven entropy weight method to determine the indicators’weights more comprehensively and objectively. Subsequently， the Topsis model was used to quantitatively assess the spatiotemporal differentiation in cultivated land quality from 2017 to 2021， while an obstacle factor model was introduced to identify key limiting factors. The results indicate that： Temporally， the grade structure of cultivated land quality improved， shifting from predominantly low to medium grade to medium-to-high grade. The average grade improved from 2.97 （dominated by grades 3 to 4） in 2017 to 2.91 （dominated by grades 2 to 3） in 2021， representing an overall increase of 0.06. Spatially， a quality degradation was observed in the southwestern region， whereas the northeastern and central regions increased significantly. Notably， the area of improvement exceeded the area of decline. The results of obstacle factor analysis identified that irrigation capacity， soil texture， and terrain position were core limiting factors， and the secondary obstacles included drainage capability， pH， arable layer thickness， and organic matter content. In conclusion， the integration of multi-dimension indicators with a combined weighting method effectively reveals the spatiotemporal evolution and limiting factors of cultivated land quality and provides a scientific basis for implementing differentiated conservation strategies.Keywords：Lishu County;cultivated land quality;analytic hierarchy process;entropy weight method;TOPSIS model;obstacle factor model141|38|3<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To better understand the drivers of soil nitrogen， maintain the stability of the ecological system in the Huangshui River Basin， this study based on a set of measured soil Total Nitrogen （TN） data in the Huangshui River Basin， a hybrid model was developed using the random forest， Pearson correlation analysis， and multi-scale geographically weighted regression methods was adopted to analyze the driving factors of soil TN. The results show that： 1） Soil TN exhibited a gradual increase from the southeastern to northwestern regions of the basin. High-value areas were concentrated in the northwestern high-altitude zones， while low-value areas sporadically occurred along the mid-to-lower reaches of the Huangshui River. 2） The primary drivers were the annual mean temperature， pH， and distance to urban areas. There were differences in the magnitude and scale of the impact of various factors on soil TN. Feature importance from highest to lowest is： Annual mean temperature （78.5%）>pH （6.9%）>distance to urban areas （1.4%）. Bandwidth from highest to lowest is： Annual mean temperature （278 km）>distance to urban areas （85 km）>pH （48 km）. 3） The hybrid model， using only three variables， achieved equivalent adjusted R² （0.41） to the original 19-variable model. It also outperformed the original model in terms of stability index AICc and effective degrees. The soil TN in the Huangshui River Basin displayed a belt-shaped spatial distribution pattern. Annual mean temperature， operating at larger spatial scales， was the dominant natural driver， while human activities exerted minor localized effects near urban areas. The hybrid model effectively reduced overfitting and has good applicability in this basin. This study provides a scientific reference for sustainable agriculture and ecological protection in the Huangshui River Basin.Keywords：Huangshui River Basin;soil total nitrogen;driving factors;hybrid model;random forest;multiscale geographically weighted regression73|34|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To explore the optimal model of maize and soybean composite cropping and its effects on soil nutrients and yield in the semi-arid region of Western Liaoning. A two-year field experiment was conducted in the brown soil region of Fuxin City， Liaoning Province， from 2023 to 2024. Four cropping systems-maize monoculture （M）， soybean monoculture （S）， maize/soybean intercropping （IMS）， and maize/soybean strip rotation （IRMS），were established. Indicators such as soil organic carbon， total nitrogen， available nutrients， microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen， soil carbon and nitrogen acquisition enzyme activities， soil quality index （SQI）， and crop yield were systematically evaluated. The results indicated that： The soil quality index （SQI） of the strip rotation treatment （IRMS） was significantly higher than that of maize and soybean monoculture by 12.43% to 14.14% （P<0.05）. In terms of productivity， the maize equivalent yield in the strip rotation treatment was 10 363 kg/hm2， with a land equivalent ratio of 1.16， which was significantly higher than that in the intercropping treatment （IMS）， demonstrating better land use efficiency. By 2024， the surface organic carbon content of the strip rotation treatments was 48.59% to 66.77% higher than that of the maize and soybean monocrops， the soil carbon to nitrogen （C/N） ratio was 13.06， which was significantly higher than that of the other three treatments （P<0.05）. Its soil microbial carbon content was significantly higher than that of the intercropping. Compared with maize and soybean monocropping， intercropping and strip rotations simultaneously and significantly （P<0.05） increased ammonium and nitrate N contents in the 0-20 cm soil layer， and significantly （P<0.05） increased nitrogen-acquiring enzyme activities. In conclusion， the maize and soybean strip rotation system， by optimizing the spatio-temporal configuration of maize and soybean， achieves the dual goals of enhancing soil fertility and system productivity. The system is a sustainable composite cropping model suitable for promotion and application in the semi-arid region of Western Liaoning.Keywords：maize and soybean intercropping;strip rotation;carbon and nitrogen nutrients;soil quality;yield99|39|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To investigate the effects of long-term intercropping and phosphorus （P） application on the grain acquisition of micronutrients， this study was carried out based on a long-term field experiment since 2009. The changes in the content and concentration of iron （Fe）， manganese （Mn）， copper （Cu） and zinc （Zn） were analyzed using ICP-OES method under intercropping systems with different experimental year （5th year， the short term， and 13th year， the long term） and P application rates （pure P amount： 0， 40 and 80 kg/hm2）. The results showed that： 1） Intercropping and P application significantly enhanced 4 grain micronutrient content by 28%‑38%， but long-term cropping significantly reduced Fe， Cu， and Zn content by 18%‑63%； 2） Long-term cultivation significantly decreased 4 grain micronutrient concentrations by 36% on average， which may primarily due to soil micronutrient depletion； 3） Intercropping improved Mn， Zn， and Cu concentrations via interspecific complementarity and facilitation （RII>0）， and a synergistic trend observed between either Mn and Fe or Mn and Zn. These findings suggest that optimizing P management and intercropping can enhance micronutrient content through interspecific interactions. In a word， long-term sustainability in agroecosystems requires the application of micronutrient fertilization to counteract soil depletion.Keywords：micronutrient acquisition;micronutrient concentration;complementarity effect;interspecific facilitation;long-term sustainability69|33|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To elucidate the promoting effects of regulating pile structure on compost maturity and humification under straw-covered conditions by adding additional straw， fresh pig manure and corn straw were taken as substrates. Under straw-covered condition， the co-composting of pig manure and corn straw was conducted to transform traditional composting into a static facultative composting process. Water extraction method and three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy were utilized to investigate the effects of straw covering combiningwith structural regulation on seed germination and the degree of maturity and humification during static facultative composting of pig manure. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to assess the correlations among all measured parameters. The results showed that： Straw regulation significantly improved compost maturity， with the seed germination index （GI） increasing from 42.05% （pure pig manure） to 82.48% （pig manure and corn straw） at the end of the composting. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy analyses indicated that the humification index in different layers of the straw-regulated treatment was 27.5% to 79.3% higher than that of pure pig manure composting， demonstrating a remarkable enhancement in humification. The correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between protein-like substances， fulvic acid-like substances， soluble microbial metabolites， and humic acid-like substances， suggesting that the degradation of organic matter promoted the humification process. In conclusion， the combination of straw mulching with straw regulation can achieve efficient maturity and humification in the facultative composting of livestock manure， providing theoretical and technical support for the synergistic resource utilization of organic waste.Keywords：facultative composting;cornstalk regulation;cornstalk covering;maturity;humification63|30|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：The rapid sensing of farmland soil information is as a improtant support for smart agriculture. To clarify the existing issues in the development of soil information sensing technologies， a systematic review and analysis are conducted on the current research status of soil information sensing driven by deep learning. This study focuses is placed on the innovative practices of various deep learning models in addressing traditional challenges associated with soil information inversion under different sensing scales and methods， along with an in-depth examination of the strengths and limitations of these methods and approaches. The findings indicate： 1） For proximal sensing systems， deep learning has effectively addressed the coupling complexity of environmental factors and poor adaptability in traditional electrical sensor calibration by constructing various deep neural network models， thereby enhancing the accuracy and robustness of in-situ detection for soil moisture， salinity， and nutrients. Meanwhile， deep learning methods demonstrate significant advantages in overcoming key challenges such as moisture interference and poor cross-temporal/spatial generalization in Vis-NIR spectroscopy-based prediction of soil organic matter/total nitrogen content. 2） A wide range of deep learning models and methods have been applied to process spaceborne and airborne remote sensing data， enabling the development of more accurate large-scale inversion models for soil organic carbon， moisture， salinity， and other parameters. These approaches have substantially improved the reconstruction， calibration， and downscaling capabilities of remote sensing data. 3） Deep learning-driven multimodal， multi-scale， and multi-temporal information fusion models have gained widespread adoption. The integration of lightweight networks， hybrid models， and attention mechanisms has facilitated effective interaction and fusion of heterogeneous data， significantly enhancing the accuracy and real-time performance of synchronous multi-parameter prediction. 4）Emerging research trends highlight the importance of developing inversion models with strong generalization capabilities for complex agricultural environments and constructing multi-scale （proximal-airborne-spaceborne） soil information sensing networks based on swarm intelligence and collaborative sensing. Furthermore， integrating soil continuum model theory， future efforts should prioritize the exploration of in-situ monitoring methods and quantitative correlation models for soil microbial dynamics and organic matter turnover processes， aiming to transition from single physicochemical parameter monitoring to comprehensive soil ecosystem health assessment.Keywords：soil nutrients;deep learning;sensors;smart agriculture86|33|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To clarify the impact of different fertilization trusteeship methods on the level of chemical fertilizer application， based on the survey data of 1 511 maize growers in 12 provinces across the country， such as agricultural production trusteeship and fertilizer input， multivariate treatment effect model was used to empirically analyze the effects and mechanisms of the “operation system” and the “contract system” trusteeship on the level of chemical fertilizer application. The results show that： 1） Compared with the non-trusteeship of fertilization， both the “operation system” and the “contract system” trusteeship can significantly reduce the level of chemical fertilizer application， and the chemical fertilizer reduction effect of the “contract system” trusteeship is more significant， and this conclusion is still valid after the robustness test. 2） Both the “operation system” and the “contract system” trusteeship are effective in reducing the level of fertilizer application by reducing the number of fertilizations. 3） From the perspective of the heterogeneity of labor， land， information and knowledge， compared with the “operation system”， the “contract system” trusteeship can significantly reduce the level of fertilizer application of farmers， and the elderly farmers， small scale farmers， farmers with low information level and farmers participating in the training are more likely to reduce the level of chemical fertilizer application through the “contract system” trusteeship. Based on the research results， the following policy suggestions are put forward： Promoting the precision of agricultural production trusteeship services， promoting the fertilization trusteeship method by classification， empowering farmers to improve their capacity through differentiated training， and strengthening the trusteeship incentive mechanism and effect monitoring.Keywords：fertilizer application level;“operation system”;“contract system”;heterogeneity37|22|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：Returning straw to the field is an important measure for the sustainable development of modern agriculture， and its related technologies and equipment have made significant progress. This study systematically sorted out the key technical links， such as straw crushing and covering， whole straw returning to the field， high stubble burial returning to the field， and indirect returning to the field， and thoroughly analyzed the hot spots， difficulties， and shortcomings of current research. The results show that： 1） By optimizing the operation parameters and equipment design， the adaptability of straw returning to the field technology in different regions was enhanced， which effectively improved the soil structure and fertility and promoted the ecological cycle； 2） The application of new crushing tools， compound operation tools and intelligent control systems significantly improved the crushing efficiency and spreading uniformity， and the intelligence level of equipment； 3） Innovative straw decomposition technology provided a new way to accelerate the effect of returning to the field， and the reasonable application of decomposing agents and integrated equipment design further improve the ecological and economic benefits； 4） The development of straw covering detection technology provided a strong support for the accurate evaluation of the effect of straw returning to the field； 5） The adaptability of straw returning to the field technology in complex field environments still needs to be optimized， and there is still room for improvement in the operation efficiency， energy consumption and intelligence level of mechanical equipment.Keywords：returning straw to the field;straw decomposition;straw covering;technology and equipment82|28|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：Apple （Malus domestica） is one of the most widely cultivated temperate deciduous fruit trees worldwide. However， as a perennial woody plant with a highly heterozygous and complex genetic background， traditional breeding approaches are constrained by low efficiency and long breeding cycles. In recent years， significant progress has been made in apple omics research， with a gradual transition from a single reference genome to a graph-based pan-genome. This has systematically revealed the evolutionary trajectory of the Malus genus and the genetic basis of important traits， while facilitating in-depth analysis of structural variations and functional genomic regions. The integrative application of epigenomics， metabolomics， and proteomics has further enhanced the precise dissection of key traits such as fruit quality， dwarfing， and stress resistance. On this basis， the development of molecular markers， genomic selection strategies， and trait-specific breeding chips has accelerated early-stage identification of elite germplasm. Meanwhile， gene-editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas have greatly advanced functional validation and targeted trait improvement. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent progress in apple multi-omics research， with a focus on reference genome upgrading， integration of multi-omics data， dissection of complex trait， and their application in molecular design breeding. Moreover， it analyzes current technical bottlenecks，such as data integration， functional identification， phenotypic measurement， genome editing system， and looks forward to the breakthrough directions of molecular design breeding systems， providing a theoretical basis and technical framework for apple germplasm innovation and modern breeding.Keywords：apple;multi-omics technologies;complex trait dissection;molecular design breeding62|28|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：Plant disease epidemiology， an important branch of plant pathology and an interdisciplinary subject across multiple disciplines， is the science that studies the diseases in plant populations. After entering the 21st century， the rapid development of biology， information science， and other disciplines has greatly promoted the development of plant disease epidemiology， which has played crucial roles in ensuring the safety of agricultural production. In this comprehensive review， the advances in plant disease epidemiology in China since the 21st century were explored from three aspects including theory， technology， and practical application. In theory， plant disease epidemiology continued to develop in the macro direction， which has promoted the formation of the theoretical system of macro-phytopathology； widespread applications of various molecular biology technologies and information technologies in plant disease epidemiology have broadened its research scope and enriched its research methods， thus facilitating the development of the research direction of plant disease molecular epidemiology and promoting the formation and development of smart phytoprotection； great progress has been made in the epidemic laws of diseases， genetic bases of disease epidemics， disease forecast and prediction， and evaluation of disease management； and a variety of concepts about disease prevention and control were put forward， and theories including ecological regulation and green prevention and control of plant diseases were gradually formed and developed. In the aspect of technology， molecular biology and information techniques have become important technical means to study plant disease epidemiology， the application of artificial intelligence technology is more in-depth， and the detection and identification， monitoring， prediction and early warning， prevention and control technologies of various plant diseases and pathogens have become more accurate and intelligent. Many research findings and technologies of plant disease epidemiology have been applied in practice， and in particular， the applications in disease monitoring and early warning and disease prevention and control have made important contributions to disease management. Furthermore， the challenges and opportunities for the development of plant disease epidemiology in China were put forward. The aim of this review is to summarize and analyze the advances in plant disease epidemiology in China since the 21st century and then to promote the further development of this discipline.Keywords：plant disease epidemiology;disease epidemic;molecular biology technology;information technology1050|233|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To develop novel， highly efficient， and environmentally friendly photosystem II （PSII） herbicides， this review systematically summarizes recent advances in the three-dimensional （3D） crystal structure of PSII， its electron transport mechanism， and the progress in herbicide research. The results indicate that： 1） The successful elucidation of the 3D crystal structure of PSII provides a solid structural foundation for understanding photosynthetic mechanisms and guiding the rational design of PSII inhibitors. 2） The electron transport mechanism of PSII involves a complete chain from the Oxygen-Evolving Complex （OEC） to the QB binding site. The binding model of terbutryn to the PSII from Thermosynechococcus elongate reveals the precise binding mode of Terbutryne on PSII and its molecular mechanism for inhibiting electron transfer. 3） Classical PSII herbicides can be categorized into Ser264-type and His215-type based on their binding modes， and into triazines， ureas， uracils， triazinones， carbamates， amides， nitriles， pyridazinones， triazolinones， and benzothiadiazinones based on their chemical structure types. Despite their excellent herbicidal activity and selectivity， prolonged use has led to widespread resistance and ecological concerns， and there is an urgent need to develop new alternative varieties. 4） In response to the widespread resistance and environmental concerns associated with conventional PSII herbicides， multiple lead compounds with novel chemical scaffolds and distinct binding sites have been discovered， all of which demonstrate significant developmental potential. Collectively， this study provides critical insights for the rational design of next-generation high-efficacy and eco-friendly PSⅡ herbicides.Keywords：photosystem II herbicides;electron transport chain of PSII;mechanism of action;Ser264 binders;His215 binders48|25|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：Claviceps fungi are a type of fungus with dual characteristics. They cause ergot， a non-systemic plant disease in host plants， leading to significant reductions in the yield and quality of grain crops. Simultaneously， they are of considerable interest due to the medicinal value of the ergot alkaloids. The study aims to systematically organize and summarize the relevant research on the Claviceps fungi， including the biological characteristics， species diversity， phylogenetic relationships， genomics， and recent advancements in the study of ergot alkaloids， a class of secondary metabolites produced by Claviceps fungi， as well as an exploration of strategies for the management and control strategies of ergot disease. Future research on Claviceps fungi should focus on its ecological adaptability， genomic and evolutionary mechanisms， potential application of secondary metabolites， development of novel green control technologies， and investigation and identification of indigenous resources-particularly in hotspot regions abundant in Claviceps fungi resources within China， such as Yunnan， Inner Mongolia， and Gansu. This focus is intended to provide a solid theoretical foundation and innovative support for ensuring agricultural production security and harnessing its medicinal value.Keywords：Claviceps fungus;ergot disease;phylogenetics;genomics;ergot alkaloids;control strategies48|32|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：As a major commercial cut flower wordlwilde， the plethora of rose varieties poses a significant challenge to producers in the selection process. In order to compensate for the shortcomings of the current DUS （Distinctness， Uniformity， Stability） test， based on the DUS guidelines， this study introduced additional indicators such as single-plant yield， flowering cycle， branch length， branch thickness， uprightness， prickliness， vase life， top-view flower shape， flower color， flower diameter， and flower head height. For the first time， a commercial evaluation system was established that encompasses ornamental superiority， economic efficiency in cultivation management， and quality preservation during storage and transportation. The system was used to evaluate seven foreign varieties and five varieties bred by China Agricultural University. The results indicated that ‘Gran Donna’ and ‘Fen Hong Jia Ren’ showed relatively high yields； ‘Slivery Light’‘Ocean Breeze’ and ‘Lady Raphaela’ exhibited excellent stem quality； ‘Fei Yun’ ‘Bing Cha’ and ‘Jumilia’ demonstrated outstanding vase life； while ‘Fei Yun’ ‘Slivery Light’ and ‘Jumilia’ ranked highest in ornamental value. In summary， this study establishes a comprehensive framework for evaluating the commercial potential of cut rose cultivars， providing valuable insights for breeding and cultivar selection.Keywords：cutting rose;DUS;evaluation of commercial quality59|39|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To clarify the regulatory role and molecular mechanism of epigenetic modifications in female mammalian oogenesis， the relevant literature published between 2015 and 2025 are retrieved. This review summarizes the regulatory roles of epigenetic modifications including histone modifications （methylation， ubiquitination， acetylation）， DNA methylation， and non-coding RNAs during key stages of oogenesis such as primordial follicle formation and maintenance， growing follicle development， and oocyte maturation. The potential value of epigenetic modifications in elucidating the pathogenesis of reproductive diseases and in developing novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies， along with prospects for future research were discussed. The results show that： 1） Histone methylation， ubiquitination， and acetylation play critical roles in primordial follicle formation and maintenance， growing follicle development， and oocyte maturation by regulating gene expression and meiotic progression. Abnormal functions of related factors such as lysine-specific demethylase 1 （LSD1）， polycomb repressive complex 1 （PRC1）， and histone deacetylase 6 （HDAC6） are associated with reproductive disorders including premature ovarian insufficiency （POI）. 2） DNA methylation establishes a unique epigenetic landscape in oocytes， exhibits cross-talk with histone modifications， and shows both conservation and specific features during oocyte maturation in mice and humans. 3） Non-coding RNAs participate in oocyte maturation and meiosis， and their dysregulation can lead to reproductive abnormalities. In conclusion， the epigenetic modifications influence female reproduction through complex regulatory networks during oogenesis and play essential roles in its key stages. in the future interdisciplinary research should be integrated to explore new strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of reproductive diseases and fertility preservationKeywords：epigenetic modifications;oogenesis;follicle;oocyte42|27|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To gain an in-depth understanding of the construction methods of animal models for nanobody screening based on gene-edited animal models， the strategies for nanobody display screening and the current status of nanobody applications， this study is conducted by taking “nanobody”， “heavy-chain-only antibody” and “gene editing” as keywords to search papers published in PubMed and Web of Science （1970-2025）. The review systematically analyzes and summarizes the structural characteristics of nanobodies， library construction， display-based screening， biological applications， and gene-edited animal models. The optimization of gene-editing strategies and prospects for nanobody development and application are explored. The results indicate that： 1） Compared with conventional antibodies， nanobodies have advantages including small molecular weight， high structural stability， strong antigen-binding specificity， enhanced tissue penetration， and low production cost. 2） Nanobodies can be efficiently obtained through the construction of nanobody libraries （immune， naïve， and synthetic libraries） combined with display technologies such as phage， yeast， and ribosome display. 3） Nanobodies have been widely applied in pathogen trace detection， fluorescent imaging， and tumor therapy， demonstrating significant industrialization potential. 4） The use of gene-edited animal models， whether heterologous， endogenous， or humanized， for nanobody screening can effectively replace camelid or cartilaginous fish models to solve the limitations such as high breeding costs and long immunization cycles. In summary， screening nanobodies through gene-edited animal models not only opens a new avenue for establishing low-cost， small-animal screening models， but also provides a feasible approach for the efficient preparation and selection of cross-species humanized nanobodies.Keywords：nanobodies;library construction;display-based screening;biomedical applications;gene-edited animal models56|30|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In the detection of trace small molecule compounds， the rapid and efficient screening of monoclonal antibodies is the key to improve the detection sensitivity. Traditional hybridoma techniques and phage display techniques are difficult to meet the urgent need for rapid detection due to their long screening cycles and low positive clone rates. In contrast， the emergence of single B-cell technology provides a more efficient solution for the screening of small molecule monoclonal antibodies. This article systematically analyzes the mechanistic differences among three mainstream antibody screening technologies （hybridoma， phage display， and single B-cell technology）， focusing on advancements in single B-cell technology for small-molecule monoclonal antibody screening. For memory B cells （MBCs）， fluorescence-activated cell sorting combined with antigen probe labeling enables efficient selection. For antibody-secreting cells （ASCs） lacking surface binding epitopes， label-free cell sorting is achieved through microfluidic chips integrated with secreted antibody-antigen fluorescence imaging， significantly enhancing antibody screening efficiency. In summary， single B-cell technology demonstrates significant advantages in shortening the antibody development cycles， preserving natural affinity， and enabling cross-species antibody development. Future technological breakthroughs should focus on developing low-cost， high-throughput microfluidic chips and constructing deep learning-driven intelligent antibody screening systems to provide highly specific and high-affinity antibodies tools for food safety detection， propelling antibody engineering technology into a new era of precision and intelligence.Keywords：single B cell technology;traditional hybridoma technology;phage display technology;small-molecule compounds;monoclonal antibody44|28|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：Aiming at the problem that the industrialized development of dairy farming significantly increased environmental burdens on milk production， this study adopted statistical data on the stock and scale of dairy farming and its influencing factors in each province of China from 2011 to 2021， and used cattle stock as an evaluating indicator for the sustainable development of the industry， the driving effects of the influencing factors of dairy farming industry and the driving mechanism of sustainable development were studied from three dimensions： economic， social， and environmental through the method of the logarithmic mean Divisia index. The results show that： 1） technological innovation and application had the strongest driving effect on the sustainable development of dairy farming during the study period and was the only negative driving effect， with a contribution rate of -435.4%， while policy， economic， and resource factors all showed positive driving effects， with contribution rates of 57.93%， 97.57%， and 179.90%， respectively； 2） the developed and underdeveloped regions showed different characteristics of industrial development， resulting in regional supply and demand imbalance and local overcapacity in dairy farming， and the seamless integration of milk production and consumer market should be realized through the creation of the regional industrial chain and the development of inter-regional circulation system of production materials to further promote the sustainability of dairy farming； 3） In the future， the industry should develop appropriate-sized farms and sustainable production models based on regional economic， social， and environmental conditions， and adhere to the dual-track approach of technical development， combining large-scale farms with the clusters of small- and medium-sized farms. This study analyzes the historical data of industry development and reasonably predicts the future development situation of the industry， providing a theoretical basis for optimizing the layout of the global and regional industrial chain and for formulating targeted policies to promote the sustainable development of dairy farming.Keywords：policy orientation;consumer market;natural resources;industrial basis;development planning;principal component analysis37|24|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：Coccidiosis， caused by infection with Eimeria spp.， is one of the most common and economically significant parasitic diseases affecting the global livestock and poultry industry. Over the past three decades， advances in molecular biology and genetic engineering have driven transformative progress in the development of transgenic manipulation techniques for Eimeria. This progress has enabled a shift from basic vector construction to the establishment of efficient gene editing systems， which has not only deepened scientific understanding of Eimeria biology but also laid a solid technical foundation for the development of next-generation recombinant live vaccines. This review summarizes the key breakthroughs and challenges in Eimeria transgenic manipulation achieved over the past 30 years， including： 1） The evolution of transient and stable transfection systems， encompassing promoter screening and optimization of reporter genes for refined expression control. 2） The introduction and application of novel gene-editing tools such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system. 3） The innovative application of these techniques in the development of multivalent vaccines， the design of broad-spectrum cross-pathogen protection against multiple pathogens， and the screening and mechanism analysis of drug resistance genes were discussed in detail. 4）Despite the unique advantages of strong host specificity and high-quality immune response of Eimeria as a live vaccine vector， there are many challenges such as difficulty in precise regulation of exogenous gene expression levels in continuous in vitro culture， and significant individual differences in immune protection efficacy. In the future， with the deepening of functional genomics and transcriptomics research on coccidiosis， combined with CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing and conditional expression technologies， it is expected to enable precise regulation of target gene expression and overcome bottlenecks in the large-scale production of transgenic Eimeria strains. These advances will ultimately promote the practical application of transgenic Eimeria in the development of novel broad-spectrum mucosal vaccines.Keywords：Eimeria;genetically modified technology;recombinant vaccines;functional genomics52|16|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：White-feathered broiler farming represents one of the most intensive and automated sectors in China’s animal husbandry industry. Currently， environmental control and feeding operations have generally been realized. Nevertheless， traditional immunization strategies relying on inactivated vaccines and attenuated live vaccines require repeated inoculations，resulting in a high dependence on artificial vaccination， which has constituting a critical bottleneck hindering the realization of “human labor-free farming” for white-feathered broilers. This review analyzes the current white-feathered broiler breeding models， prospects the development trends， and elucidates the immune mechanism and application potential of HVT vectored vaccines， proposing that： 1） HVT vectored live vaccines can induce strong cellular immune responses， effectively compensate for the antibody protection “window period” caused by maternal antibodies， and provide early protection for chicks. 2） Its characteristics of “single immunization with lifelong protection” and the mode of hatchery inoculation can significantly reduce labor costs for immunization. 3） Developing multivalent HVT vector vaccines incorporating multiple exogenous genes to achieve “one-shot prevention against multiple diseases” will help further advance the development of “human labor-free farming”. In summary， the application of HVT vectored live vaccines provides an efficient immunological solution to overcome the limitations of traditional vaccines and promote the development of "human labor-free farming" in white-feathered broilers.Keywords：HVT vectored live vaccines;intensive farming;white-feathered broiler;“human labor-free farming”27|19|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To explore the optimal combination and dosage of Chinese herb residues combined with Lactobacillus plantarum to improve the quality of sweet sorghum silage and in vitro digestion characteristics of sweet sorghum， using ‘Zhongke Tian 438’ sweet sorghum as the test material， 0%（mass percentage） ， 0.5%，1.0% and 1.5% of astragalus residue （HQ） and clove residue （DX） were added alone or in combination with 1X106 CFU/g Lactobacillus plantarum （LP） in the silage process， and a total of 14 treatments were set up. The fermentation quality， nutrient composition and in vitro digestive characteristics indexes of sweet sorghum silage were determined after 30 d of fermentation. The results showed that： 1） The 1.5% clove plus Lactobacillus plantarum （1.5%DX+LP）treatment had the highest lactic acid and acetic acid contents of 6.57 and 3.89 g/100 g， respectively. Its ammoniacal nitrogen content was 1.95 g/100 g， which was significantly lower than that of each addition of HQ in combination with LP treatment（P<0.05）， 2） Compared with the treatment of either HQ or DX alone， the addition of HQ or DX in combination with LP treatment significantly increased the in vitro dry matter digestibility （P<0.05）， among which 1.5%DX+LP had the highest in vitro dry matter digestibility of 63.46%. In addition， the in vitro crude protein digestibility of 1.5%DX+LP was 82.46%， which was significantly higher than that of 0.5%DX+LP and 0.5%HQ+LP （P<0.05）， and the in vitro neutral detergent fibers digestibility of 1.5%DX+LP was 56.54%， which was significantly higher than that of each addition of HQ in combination with LP treatment（P<0.05）. In conclusion， adding astragalus （HQ） and clove （DX） herb residues promoted sweet sorghum silage fermentation and significantly improve the fermentation quality and in vitro digestive characteristics of sweet sorghum silage. The combined fermentation quality， nutrient composition and in vitro digestive characteristics， and the order of each treatment on the improvement of sweet sorghum silage quality and from high to low were clove plus L. plantarum （DX+LP）>astragalus plus L. plantarum （HQ+LP）>DX>HQ， of which the treatment of 1.5% clove plus L. plantarum （1.5%DX+LP） had the best effect on improving silage quality and in vitro digestive characteristics of sweet sorghum silage in Ningxia.Keywords：sweet sorghum;Chinese herb residues;Lactobacillus plantarum;silage quality;in vitro digestion characteristics27|13|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To construct a cross-year accurate identification model for different batches of Bupleurum chinense DC. seeds based on hyperspectral data and domain adaptation algorithms， hyperspectral data in the 400 to 1 000 nm band were collected from 10 batches of B. chinense DC. and 5 related species. Machine learning models for cross-batch discrimination were established using random forest （RF）， support vector machine （SVM）， multi-layer perceptron （MLP）， partial least squares discriminant analysis （PLS-DA）， and ensemble learning algorithms. The feasibility of improving the model’s prediction ability on the cross-year data of different seed batches was explored by combining the competitive adaptive reweighted sampling （CARS） with CORrelation ALignment （CORAL） algorithm. Finally， the SHAP algorithm was used to conduct interpretability analysis on the model. The results showed that： The prediction accuracy of the SNV-PLS-DA model reached 85.6%. Using the CARS algorithm， a total of 97 key characteristic bands were identified， and the prediction accuracy of the constructed SNV-CARS-PLS-DA model was 91.4%. There existed a mixed shift dominated by linear shift （concentrated within 830 to 900 nm） between the hyperspectral data collected in 2024 and 2025 for the same batch of Wanrong Bupleurum harvested in October 2024. After calibration by the CORAL algorithm， the accuracy of the model in predicting the spectral data in 2024 increased from 79.7% to 94.3%. The SHAP algorithm indicates that the bands of 673.5-746.6， 810.6-842.7， and 907.8-984.7 nm were the key bands for the model prediction. In conclusion， the CORAL algorithm is suitable for correcting the shift of spectral data of cross-year for different batches of Bupleurum chinense DC. seeds， and can improve the robustness of model prediction.Keywords：Bupleurum chinense DC.;authenticity;hyperspectral;CORrelation ALignment40|22|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：Improving grain production capacity， adapting to climate change， and developing new quality productive forces are the urgent tasks currently faced by agrometeorology. Quantitatively revealing the mechanism of meteorological conditions on crop production capacity and optimizing the allocation of meteorological conditions are the keys to completing the above tasks. Starting from the basic process of plant production， this study deeply analyzes the relationship between meteorological conditions and crop production as well as social and economic development， and systematically discovers the role of meteorological conditions in grain production and social and economic development. The results show that meteorological conditions are involved in crop production throughout the process and are the basic resources and elements of crop production. The core function of crop production is to convert meteorological resources into agricultural products. Technical measures can effectively regulate the utilization rate and efficiency of meteorological resources. Meteorological resources have economic value and operational capital nature， and have an important and significant impact on social and economic development. Meteorological conditions are important components of the means of labor and the objects of labor among the basic elements of productive forces， and they are important sources for cultivating new-quality productive forces. This study deeply examines the role of meteorological resources in agricultural production and economic development， and can provide a scientific basis for the improvement of grain production capacity and the adaptation of agricultural production to climate change.Keywords：photosynthesis;meteorological environment;meteorological resources;meteorological economy;new quality productive force;agricultural meteorology765|231|4<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：In response to the severe compression of national ecological space caused by China's extensive and rapid urbanization， which has gradually approached the upper limit of ecosystem environmental carrying capacity， this study systematically advances territorial space ecological restoration by taking Kunming City as the research area. Ecological restoration zones were delineated based on soil and water conservation， biodiversity maintenance， and water source conservation. An evaluation index system of “ecosystem vitality-ecosystem organization-ecosystem resilience” was constructed to assess the ecosystem health status of Kunming in 2010， 2015， and 2020. Four ecological restoration modes were proposed based on health grades， and this study proposed targeted restoration measures for four ecological restoration zones. The results indicated that： From 2010 to 2015， Kunming's ecosystem health significantly improved overall， but a deteriorating trend emerged from 2015 to 2020. Four restoration modes， including ecological maintenance， intervention-based restoration， assisted regeneration， and ecological reconstruction， were classified according to their health grades. The targeted restoration measures were proposed for the four ecological restoration zones. This study provides a scientific basis for determining ecosystem restoration modes based on the intrinsic health status of the territorial space.Keywords：ecological restoration of land space;ecosystem health;value of ecosystem services;ecological space;ecological restoration model39|25|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：Based on daily meteorological data and county-level statistical data in China， this study combines theoretical models and empirical frameworks to systematically examine the compound effects of short-term extreme climate shocks and long-term climate change on grain yields.Considering regional and agricultural time， food production losses under different climatic scenarios are investigated The study results show that： 1）Climate change significantly amplifies the impact of extreme shocks. The marginal suppressive effect of extreme low temperatures （yield reduction of 0.36% per°C） is 18 times larger than the impact of long-term cumulative temperature changes， while the marginal destructive effect of drought （yield reduction of 0.11% per mm） is 3.7 times greater than that of heavy precipitation. 2）Some of the losses from short-term shocks can be mitigated by long-term adaptation. For example， under a 5% positive annual cumulative temperature shock， the long-term effect leads to a 0.40% yield decline， while the short-term impact exacerbates this to 0.52%. 3）Regional differences show that the effects of short-term extreme climate shocks on grain yields exhibit significant spatial heterogeneity. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Loess Plateau are the most responsive to heavy precipitation shocks， while the impacts in the Northwest Arid Zone are smaller or even reversed. 4）Timing differences reveal a clear time window effect. Extreme high temperatures have the most significant impact during the ‘Qingming-Lixia’ and ‘Summer Solstice-Xiaoshu’ stages， causing severe effects on spring-sown seedlings and the tasseling and grain-filling stages. 5）Future climate projections based on CMIP6 indicate that climate change will significantly reduce China’s grain production capacity. Even under the more optimistic SSP126 scenario， from 2020 to 2035， the national grain yield per unit of arable land will decline by 23.10%. The Huanghuaihai region will experience a yield decline of 31.85%. Based on these findings， the following policies are recommended： strengthening agricultural infrastructure， optimizing regional water resource management， promoting climate-resistant grains， enhancing agrometeorological early warning systems， improving agricultural insurance and financial support， and encouraging smart agriculture and adaptive technological innovations to enhance the resilience of the food production system.Keywords：climate change;climate extremes;grain production;losses and prediction;risk assessment36|17|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：Based on the statistical data of 180 prefecture-level cities in the major grain-producing areas from 2011 to 2020， this study used the SFA-Translog model to measure the grain production technical efficiency in the major grain-producing regions and characterize its spatial-temporal pattern. Furthermore， the Tobit model was employed to analyze the driving effect of fiscal support for agriculture on grain production technical efficiency. The findings are as follows： 1） The grain production technical efficiency in the major grain-producing regions showed a stable growth trend， with an average annual growth rate of 0.35%. The technical efficiencies of the Songhua River， Yellow River， and Yangtze River basins increased by 2.75%， 3.11%， and 4.21%， respectively. 2） There is heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of grain production technical efficiency in the major grain-producing regions， but the differences are narrowing. Super-variable density is the primary source of differences， while the contribution rate of inter-regional differences is the smallest. 3） Fiscal support for agriculture has a significant positive driving effect on grain production technical efficiency. For every 1% increase in fiscal support for agriculture， the grain production technical efficiency improves by 3.39%. However， this effect varies across regions. Compared to the Songhua River basin， the improvement in grain production technical efficiency in the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins is more significantly driven by fiscal support for agriculture. In light of these findings， it is necessary to continuously optimize fiscal support policies for agriculture， strengthen regional coordination and technological innovation， and implement targeted measures based on the characteristics of different basins to promote balanced improvements in grain production technical efficiency in major grain-producing regions and consolidate the foundation of national food security.Keywords：fiscal support for agriculture;grain production technical efficiency;SFA-Translog model;Dagum Gini coefficient;Tobit model;major grain-producing regions45|22|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：Aiming at the problem that the traditional quality and safety supervision method is difficult to work in the e-commerce transaction of agricultural products， this study aims to put forward effective solutions from the perspective of traffic rewards and punishments. Based on the analysis of the behavior choices of subjects involved in the traffic reward and punishment mechanism， a three-party game matrix of platform， merchant and consumer is constructed. The evolutionary game method is used to explore the evolution path and system equilibrium of e-commerce agricultural product quality and safety supervision， and the numerical simulation and parameter sensitivity simulation are conducted. The research conclusions are as follows： Appropriately increasing the intensity of traffic rewards and punishments can help the system evolve towards an ideal state of effective governance； The initial behavior of the three parties has different impacts on the evolution of the system， where the behavior of the platform and consumers only affects the speed of system evolution， and the probability of merchant behavior can lead to different evolutionary outcomes； The increase in illegal profits of merchants will slow down the process of the system evolving to an ideal state， and excessively high illegal profits will drive merchants to shift their strategic choices from self-discipline to non self-discipline. Reducing the cost of consumer evaluations is beneficial for the system to evolve towards an ideal state， while the excessive incentives from platforms for consumer evaluations lead to negative regulation and lack of self-discipline among merchants， resulting in non-ideal outcomes.Keywords：e-commerce;agricultural product quality and safety;traffic rewards and punishments;evolutionary game31|25|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：This study aimed to systematically review the research development context of digital agriculture in China， discover its evolutionary trends and research frontiers， and contribute to the development of new quality productive forces in agriculture and build up strength in agriculture. Based on the digital agriculture research literature in the CNKI database spanning 2000 to 2024. CiteSpace software was used to conduct co-occurrence analysis， clustering analysis， burst detection， and temporal evolution analysis to reveal the field’s developmental trajectory， research hotspots， and emerging trends through visual analysis. The results indicated that： 1） The number of papers on digital agriculture published has shown a significant upward trend. The collaboration network among authors remains relatively loose. The cross-institutional and cross-team cooperation has not yet reached large-scale integration， although a substantial collaboration network has formed among publishing institutions. Studies emphasizing coordination and policy responses have a relatively high citation frequency. 2） From the perspective of the “policy-technology-theory-practice” framework， the evolution trend of digital agriculture research is categorized into three stages as following： The budding exploratory phase， the stable development phase， and the innovative application phase. Research hotspots primarily focus on theoretical analyses of the conceptual connotations， the practical explorations of agricultural transformation， and the functional value of policy responses. The research frontiers include disruptive technological innovations， multidimensional theoretical expansion， and coordinated development in practice. 3） Future research should focus on emerging forms of digital agriculture， farmers’ adaptability and participation in digital agriculture， the coordinated development of digital agriculture in terms of “policy-technology-practice-theory”， and the expansion of international perspectives.Keywords：digital agriculture;smart agriculture;knowledge mapping;research context;research outlook;CiteSpace46|33|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：Aiming to design a scientific， rational， and feasible evaluation index system to quantify regional disparities in agricultural development， identify shortcomings and guide provincial agricultural modernization， this study systematically analyzes the theoretical connotation of agriculturally strong provinces. Five core dimensions， eg， development support， comprehensive productivity， industrial development， innovation-driven capacity， and ecological sustainability are proposed. A preliminary evaluation index system comprising 25 indicators is established， with an “Agriculturally Strong Province Index （ASPI）” constructed using both the average weighting method and the linear weighting method. Through collecting and sorting out the relevant data of 31 provinces in China （The data do not include those of Hong Kong， Macao and Taiwan regions. The same below）. the following conclusions are obtained： 1） The average ASPI in Northeast China， East China， North China， and Central China is 0.416 8， 0.415 2， 0.410 0， and 0.404 4， respectively， indicating strong comprehensive strength in agricultural modernization； The ASPIs of the South China， Northwest China， and Southwest China are generally low； 2） The top 10 provinces in ASPI ranking are Shandong， Jiangsu， Henan， Anhui， Beijing， Heilongjiang， Hunan， Sichuan， Tianjin， and Hubei； 3） Significant regional disparities exist across the five dimensions， therefore the government should not impose uniformiy in the process of promoting the construction of a strong agricultural province. It is necessary to implement differentiated strategies that leverage local advantages and address specific shortcomings in provincial agricultural development.Keywords：agricultural powerhouse;strong agricultural provinces;agricultural modernization;rural modernization;index system;evaluation35|25|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：This review aims to explore the inherent relationship between the science and technology （S&T） system reform and the development of new quality productive forces in agriculture， analyze the key problems existing in China’s current agricultural science and technology system， and propose countermeasures and suggestions， grounded in the three dimensions of theoretical logic， historical logic， and practical logic， systematically elucidates the intrinsic relationship between S&T system reform and the empowerment of new agricultural productive forces. Five key issues in China’s current agricultural S&T system， including uncoordinated management mechanisms， lack of synergy among innovation entities， duplication of research projects， low conversion rates of technological innovations， and mismatches in talent cultivation are analyzed. Furthermore， five reform recommendations including establishing a nationally coordinated S&T planning and management system， building a tiered， collaborative， and moderately competitive innovation system， optimizing research project management and evaluation mechanisms， accelerating the deep integration of industry-academia-research-application， and improving talent recruitment and cultivation mechanisms are proposed. These suggestions aim to provide references for institutional innovation to accelerate the development of new agricultural productive forces and advance the construction of an agricultural powerhouse.Keywords：science and technology system reform;new quality productive forces in agriculture;agricultural powerhouse;rural revitalization47|18|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To address the inherent challenges of traditional “migratory bird-style” southern breeding in Hainan Province， which only facilitates the generation advancement of materials， suffers from low efficiency in cross-regional collaboration， dispersed service resources， and extensive data management， this study focused on the key stages of scientific breeding in Hainan’s southern region， designed a CRO （Contract research organization） service management platform for the seed industry’s southern breeding by leveraging big data and the Internet of Things （IoT） technologies. This platform realized a collaborative application with IoT technology， covering the entire CRO service chain of scientific research and breeding in Hainan’s southern breeding. It established a full-life-cycle management system for scientific research and breeding from germplasm resource selection， breeding test design， experimental field management， data collection and analysis to research achievement transformation. By combining technologies such as precise environmental monitoring， crop phenotype monitoring， artificial intelligence， big data analysis， multi-level authority management， data encryption， and blockchain traceability， it can achieve intelligent， refined， and efficient scientific research and breeding in southern breeding. The application showed that the CRO service has unblocked the entire upstream-midstream-downstream chain of the crop scientific research and breeding industry， realized the integration of service resources， increased breeding efficiency by 30%， and improved achievement transformation efficiency by 15%. The application of the nanfan CRO service management platform has effectively expanded the functional boundaries of nanfan， extending from generation-doubling to the entire life-cycle of scientific research and breeding， including germplasm resource introduction， gene editing， testing and evaluation， intellectual property protection， and achievement transformation， thus promoting the transformation of scientific research and breeding towards digitization and intensification.Keywords：nanfan breeding;software platform;CRO service;Internet of Things;artificial intelligence42|28|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
- Abstract：To quantitatively evaluate the implementation effectiveness of the Special Enrollment Program targeting rural poverty-stricken areas， a policy-implementing university taken as study object to examine its impact on rural poverty-stricken students’ access to higher education and their academic performance. By balancing the two dimensions of opportunity fairness and process fairness， based on county-level panel data from 2009 to 2023 and administrative data of 2018 class， the difference-in-differences method， multiple linear regression ，and other methods were used to evaluate the effects of the National Special Program and the Special Program for Colleges and Universities on the number of rural poverty-stricken students admitted to the university since their implementation. The academic performance gaps between Special Enrollment Program students and the regular-admission counterparts were also investigated. The results show that： The Special Enrollment Program has significantly advanced equality of educational opportunities， however， students admitted under these programs have a certain degree of academic difficulties， especially in metrics such as average score， compulsory course GPA， and CET4 scores， where statistically significant gaps exist. The Special Enrollment Program has been notably effective in expanding access to higher education， its precision in targeting admissions should be further improved， and post-admission support measures should be strengthened to effectively enhance students’ academic and employment capabilities， thereby achieving the alignment of education equality of access and equality of process.Keywords：special enrollment program for rural poverty-stricken areas;the National Special Program;the Special Program for Colleges and Universities;educational equity38|25|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-05-07
