Issue Ebookcover storyIssue CoverIssue Contents
List of IssuesDocument Types
- Abstract：Soil erosion and erosion material deposition are widespread. Taking 418 typical soil profiles distributed in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and Shanxi as the research objects, the quantity of diagnostic surface horizons, diagnostic subsurface horizons and soil types at different topographic position was accounted, and the influence of different slope and erosion degree was analyzed. The results showed that: 1)The main type of diagnosis surface horizon is ochric epipedon, which is accounted to 82. 06%. It is mainly located in the middle and uphill mountains with low altitude and prone to erosion; 2)For the diagnostic subsurface horizons, the proportion of the cambic horizon, which is more than 60%, is the highest. Most of them are distributed in the middle region of the mountain and the plain area where the parent material is recently deposited from soil erosion of mountain area. This makes the 418 soil profiles are mostly classified as Cambosols and Primosols and the least is Argosols; 3)The influence of slope and erosion degree on those soil profiles is analyzed and the result showed that the soil profiles are mostly located in 0°-5° and micro erosion, which accounted to 51. 7% and 59. 1%, respectivley. Therefore, the mountainous topography, frequent tectonic movement, continental monsoon climate and mankind disturbs are the influential factors of soil erosion; the most important influence on soil type and soil type distribution is not the process of soil formation, but the process of soil erosion in the survey area. Therefore, the influence of soil erosion on soil formation, classification and soil type distribution should be added in the textbook of soil geography.Keywords：soil erosion;cambosols;primosol;forming processes;forming factors2|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to clarify the high-efficiency application technology of nitrogen fertilizer matched with the cultivation mode of no-irrigating winter wheat-summer maize under storing available water before growing, in this study, field experiment with different nitrogen application rates of previous and subsequent crops was carried out under the annual nitrogen application rate of 360 kg/hm2. The experiment included four nitrogen treatments: 1)120 kg/hm2 for winter wheat + 240 kg/hm2 for summer maize + no irrigation in spring(W0N1); 2)180 kg/hm2 for winter wheat + 180 kg/hm2 for summer maize + no irrigation in spring(W0N2); 3)240 kg/hm2 for winter wheat + 120 kg/hm2 for summer maize + no irrigation in spring(W0N3); and 4)180 kg/hm2 for winter wheat + 180 kg/hm2 for summer maize + traditional irrigation at jointing and anthesis for winter wheat in spring(W1Nc). The indexes of crop material production and water and nitrogen efficiency were measured. The results showed that: The grain yield and protein content of winter wheat increased, grain yield of summer maize stabilized, anniversary grain yield, water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency significantly improved with more nitrogen fertilizer applied at winter wheat season under no-irrigating crop production system. Compared with W0N2 and W0N1, the annual grain yield of W0N3 increased by 3. 20%-5. 17% and 6. 84%-9. 94%, respectively. In addition, there was no significant difference in anniversary grain yield between the W1Nc and W0N3 in wet year, while yield loss by 11. 38% under W0N3 was found in the dry year. W0N3 always achieved the highest anniversary water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency whether it was a dry or wet year. Therefore, more nitrogen fertilizer should be allocated in winter wheat season to improve anniversary grain yield, water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency under limited nitrogen application rate and no-irrigation winter wheat-summer maize rotation under storing available water before growing.Keywords：winter wheat-summer maize rotation;no-irrigating crop production under storing available water before growing;water use efficiency;nitrogen use efficiency;partial fertilizer productivity;nitrate nitrogen4|11|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Using the complete time series daily meteorological data of 55 meteorological stations and radiation data of 11 radiation observation sites with in North China Plain from 1961 to 2020, an experience formula of the surface solar radiation in the wheat-maize growing season in North China was established in this study. The variation characteristics of radiation resources(total radiation, direct radiation, scattered radiation and photosynthetically active radiation)in annual, growing season and key growth period of winter wheat-summer maize were analyzed at both interdecadal and interannual scales. The results showed that: The surface solar radiation in the North China Plain was high in the north and low in the south, and high in the east and low in the west. The annual total radiation value was between 4 519. 26-5 488. 30 MJ/m2. The solar radiation in the growing season of winter wheat and summer maize accounted for 58. 6% and 41. 4% of the whole year, respectively. The surface solar radiation in all regions showed a downward trend throughout the year. The annual global solar radiation in the study area decreased by an average of 14. 3%(708. 24 MJ/m2)during 1961-2020, and the eastern part of Henan and the western part of Hebei had the largest decline, and the climate trend rate was-210. 67 MJ/(m2·10 a). During the study period, the surface solar radiation decreased by 10. 0% and 4. 7% on average in winter wheat growing season and key growth period. Compared with winter wheat, the solar radiation decreased by 17. 8% and 17. 7% in summer maize growing season and key growth period, respectively. The surface solar radiation showed a downward trend in the whole year, the winter wheat and the growing season of summer maize of the three periods. Compared with during 1961-1980, the annual solar radiation in winter wheat and summer maize growth season in 2001-2020 decreased by 9. 6%, 7. 7% and 12. 1%, respectively. In conclusion, the direct radiation and photosynthetically active radiation(PAR)in the study area show a downward trend, while the diffuse radiation shows an upward trend. This study provides scientific basis for the rational utilization of radiation resources in North China and the formulation of countermeasures to adapt to climate change.Keywords：North China Plain;solar radiation;winter wheat-summer maize rotation;growing season9|8|5<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：To investigate the optimum breeding scheme of multi-object characters in the second accumulated temperature zone of Heilongjiang Province, the parameters pf suitable breeding objective traits were analyzed by using 22 agronomic character values of seven main rice varieties. NSGA-II genetic algorithm and entropy weight comprehensive evaluation method were adopted in this study. The results showed that Optimization parameter values of multi-object traits in rice breeding were as follows: The taste quality score was 90. 9-94. 5, which was 8. 5-13. 0 higher than the average of tested varieties; The yield was 9 916. 3-10 959. 8, which was 799. 0-1 842. 5 kg/hm2 higher than the average of tested varieties. A more reasonable breeding scheme can be obtained by multi-objective optimization design method proposed in this study which can coordinate the design of breeding multi-objective traits that are not easily balanced. To sum up, the combination of genetic algorithm and entropy weight comprehensive evaluation method was an optimum method that can be used for multi-object scientific quantification and efficient design of new crop varieties such as rice in different ecological areas.Keywords：cold region;rice breeding;multi-objective genetic algorithm;optimization design11|9|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to develop visual identification methods for RNAi transgenic crops in the field, a DNA chimeric dye SYBR Green I was used as material, and RPA-specific primers were set up. A fast, low-cost and visualized Recombinase Polymerase Amplification(RPA)technique was developed for the detection of transgenic soybean ‘B5C9123-5'. The results show that: SYBR Green I in the RPA system made the solution appear yellow and weakly fluorescent in the absent of the target. In the presence of the target, the double-stranded DNA produced by RPA amplification bound to SYBR Green I, which caused the color of solution changing from yellow to green and a rapid increase in fluorescence. By optimizing the amplification time and temperature of RPA, the positive results could be identified by naked eye within 20 min with a detection limit of 1. 00 ng/L. By setting different RPA primers, this method can be used to quickly detect a variety of RNAi transgenic crops in the field.Keywords：RNAi transgenic crops;recombinase polymerase amplification;visual detection;SYBR Green I3|9|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to identify the copy number of exogenous gene of the new herbicide-resistant transgenic soybean‘GE-J12', droplet digital PCR(ddPCR)detection method was established. Using gene Lectin as soybean reference gene, and the sequences of the exogenous targeted genes G2-EPSPS and GAT, as well as the 3′event-specific sequences, the primers for PCR amplification and TaqMan probe were optimally designed. Specifically assay verified that only the genomic DNA template of transgenic soybean ‘GE-J12' showed positive signals in the specificity testing. ddPCR analysis showed that the average copy numbers of G2-EPSPS and GAT were respectively 0. 99 and 1. 01 by using ‘GE-J12' genomic DNA as template. Meanwhile, the copy number was determined as 1. 00 for the 3′-end event-specific sequence, and the new herbicide-resistant transgenic soybean ‘GE-J12' was confirmed as homozygous carrying one single transgenic insertion. The mentioned compare with Southern blot method, the results are consistent.Keywords：copy number;droplet digital PCR;transgenic soybean;exogenous gene1|8|6<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to reduce the observation error of quantitative traits in the DUS testing and improve the measurement accuracy, this study investigated the effects of planting time, measurement time, and loci of flower on the quantitative characteristics of DUS testing. A total of 30 Hemerocallis varieties were taken as study materials. The correlation between the quantitative characteristics was analyzed. The feasibility of deducing flower diameter from other characters was discussed also. The results showed that: Planting time mainly affectes the quantitative traits of foliage, leaf and scape. The transplantation of daylily rhizome would affect the expression of these traits. The foliage height, foliage width, leaf length, leaf width, scape length, scape thickness and flower number measured in the second growth cycle are significantly higher than the observations in the first growth cycle. The observation values of most traits of all varieties in the third growth cycle are equal to or less than those in the second growth cycle. With flower opening upwards, there is no significant difference in scape length, scape thickness and flowers number, while the rest 5 traits keep decreasing. There are no significant differences between measurement data of leaf-related quantitative traits measured during the vegetative period and the full-blossom period. All quantitative characteristics are significantly related to other 2-11 traits. Combination of three quantitative characteristics could distinguish the 30 varieties tested. The diameter of flower can be predicted by the length of outer perianth and flower type. Therefore, in the DUS tests of Hemerocallis, it is necessary to observe in the second growing cycle after the dormant rhizomes are planted. The first three normally opening flowers are suitable for measuring and it is operable to measure leaf-related traits in blooming period. This result can provide references for the accurate collection of quantitative traits of Hemerocallis.Keywords：Hemerocallis;quantitative characteristics;period;location of flower4|12|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to screen the characteristic indexes of ‘Jingbaili' fruits quality and establish an evaluation system for high-quality of ‘Jingbaili', ‘Jingbaili' trees with strong growth and good fruits quality in Dongshan and Mengwu village of Junzhuang town in Mentougou district were selected as the test materials. The appearance shape(single fruit weight, horizontal and vertical diameters, fruit shape index, core size and hardness)and internal quality(soluble solids, titratable acid, content of vitamin C and juice yield)of the fruits at harvest and after ripening were measured and analyzed. The evaluation indexes of the high-quality fruits of ‘Jingbaili' were screened by principal component analysis. The results showed that the comprehensive evaluation indexs of good quality Jingbaili fruits were as follows: Shape index was ≤0. 88, the weight of single fruit was ≥110. 00 g, and the soluble solids of harvest and postharvest were ≥12. 50% and ≥15. 00%, respectively; The key indexes of ‘Jingbaili' fruits harvesting and grading were the weight of single fruit, horizontal and vertical diameters and fruit shape index. The soluble solids content and sugar acid ratio can be used as auxiliary indicators. In the conclusion, this study can provide references for the cultivation and production of ‘Jingbaili' and for setting standards for high-quality fruits harvesting and grading.Keywords：Jingbaili;fruits quality evaluation;principal component analysis;fruits shape index;soluble solid3|9|8<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：To study the effects of different water and fertilizer coupling on yield, water use efficiency(WUE)and fruit quality of pepper of overwintering pepper in substrate cultivation, ‘Lafei 78-9' pepper was taken as the test material, three irrigation levels, 40%-45% of substrate relative water content(W1), 55%-60%(W2)and 70%-75%(W3)were set, and three standard Yamazaki pepper nutrient solution concentration levels, 80%(F1), 100%(F2)and 120%(F3), were designed. There were nine coupling treatments in total. Pearson correlation analysis principal component analysis was adopted to investigate pepper fruit commercial quality and determine the representative quality indicators. TOPSIS methods were combined to comprehensively evaluate and screen the best water and fertilizer coupling treatment for overwintering pepper in bag. The results showed that: The yield and WUE increased first and then decreased with the increase of irrigation and nutrient solution concentration of pepper in bag. The single factor of either irrigation or nutrient oncentration and coupling of these two fators, all displayed significant effects on the yield and WUE. Comprehensive analysis showed that W2F2 was the optimal treatment. Under W2F2 treatment the yield was 30 903. 11 kg/hm2, WUE was 35. 42 kg/m3 and the comprehensive score was 0. 71, which was higher than other treatments. In conclusion, based on 55%-60% substrate relative water content, 100% Yamazaki pepper nutrient solution concentration with the irrigating frequency of nutrient solution 500 mL per plant every 3 days was the best water and fertilizer coupling treatment of overwintering pepper of substrate cultivation in Yanan region.Keywords：pepper;water and fertilizer coupling;yield;quality;water use efficiency17|12|4<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to investigate the level of resistance of two cassava(Manihot esculenta Crantz)varieties, ‘GR891' and‘Xinxuan 048', to bacterial blight, the activities of five resistantce enzymes, PAL(phenylalanine aminolytic enzyme), SOD(superoxide dismutase), POD(peroxidase), PPO(polyphenol oxidase)and CAT(catalase), were analyzed after cassava leaves were infected with pathogenic bacteria. The relationship between bacterial blight and enzyme activity was investigated. The resistance levels of the two cassava vaireties to bacterial blight were evaluated using spray inoculation. POD, SOD, CAT and PAL enzyme activities were determined by spectrophotometric, and PPO enzyme activity was determined by iodine titration. The results showed that: The lesion length of the susceptible cassava leaves of ‘XinXuan 048' was(0. 3±0. 1)cm and its disease index was 33. 4, while the lesion length of ‘GR891'was(0. 6±0. 2)cm and its disease index was 43. 7; The activities of CAT, PPO and POD in the leaves of both cassava varieties increased to a certain level 12 days after infestation, and respectively increased by 72. 31%, 9. 55% and 94. 78% after inoculation with the pathogen in ‘Xinxuan 048'. The activities of CAT, PPO and POD in cassava leaves respectively increased by 34. 2%, 20. 05% and 91. 63% after inoculation with the pathogen in ‘GR891'. The levels of POD and CAT activity of ‘Xinxuan 048' were significantly higher than those of ‘GR891'; The PAL activity in leaves of the two varieties showed different performance, the PAL activity of the ‘Xinxuan 048' was positively correlated with resistance, while ‘GR891' was negatively correlated with resistance; SOD activity was not correlated with disease resistance. In condlusion according to the changes of each enzyme activity and the disease index of cassava, ‘Xinxuan 048'variety was more resistant to bacterial blight than ‘GR891'.Keywords：cassava leaves;defense enzyme activity;bacterial blight;resistance5|10|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：To provide an overview of microRNAs in medical clinical diagnosis, prediction, and treatment for horses in further studies, the research progress of microRNAs in horses were summarized by sorting out and analyzing the relevant literatures. The results showed that: 1)There are differential expressions of microRNAs in normal and diseased tissues of horses. microRNAs can participate in the regulation of disease-related signal pathways by targeting key regulators; 2)During horse racing, the expression of microRNAs is related to energy metabolism-related regulatory factors and blood physiology biochemical indicators, which can be used to develop new molecular markers related to sports performance; 3)In horse reproduction, microRNAs are found targeting genes involved in the growth and development of placenta, embryos, testes and sperm. There is a certain connection between microRNAs and the fertility regulation mechanism; 4)Based on the significant inhibition of microRNAs and the negative correlation with the expression of their target genes, microRNAs can be used to treat and diagnose different types of equine surgical diseases. With the popularity of horse racing, increasing attention is paid to the health of horse and their diseases, the miRNAs of horse diagnosis and disease treatment will lead to a new research field.Keywords：horse;microRNAs;application3|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to investigate the expression of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase(ACSLs)in sheep adipose tissue, cDNA end rapid amplification technology(RACE)and dual luciferase activity detection system were used. The results showed that: 1)There were two different length 3′UTRs in sheep ACSL1 due to alternative polyadenylation(APA). 2)The shorter 3′UTR was more active in the early differentiation of sheep preadipocytes, and was more conducive to the expression of ACSL1 protein. 3)MiR-202, miR-449a, miR-124a and miR-218 can combine with ACSL1 3′UTR to reduce dual luciferase activity. MiR-218 can significantly reduce ACSL1 expression by binding to the longer 3′UTR of ACSL1 at 1 264-1 271 bp. In general, ACSL1 gene contains 3′UTRs of different lengths due to alternative polyadenylation. The short 3′UTR has a positive effect in the process of gene expression; miR-218 plays an important role in regulating ACSL1 gene expression. This study provides more theoretical basis for the study of sheep ACSL1 gene.0|12|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：The object of this study was to research the effects of exogenous biological agents on fermentation quality, nutritive value and in situ ruminal degradability of corn stalk silage. The high efficiency biological agents were screened and the efficient and practical conversion methods of corn stalk were explored. There were 15 exogenous biological agents treatments by randomined complete experimental design. Corn stalk was chopped and then packed in polyethylene bags. Fermentation quality, nutritive value and in situ ruminal degradability were analyzed using laboratory chemical methods and in situ technology of corn stalk silage after 60 days of fermentation. The results showed that all of the treatments sensory evaluation were superior grade. The content of lactic acid of MCL2 treatment(xylanase 1 g/3 kg, β-glucanase1 g/3 kg, pectinase 1 g/3 kg, lactobacillus 3 g/3 kg, cellulase 1 g/3 kg)and MCL4 treatment(xylanase 1 g/3 kg, β-glucanase 1 g/3 kg, pectinase 1 g/3 kg, lactobacillus 3 g/3 kg, laccase 1 g/3 kg)were the highest, which were 4. 03%DM and 3. 95%DM respectively(P<0. 05). There were no significant differences in dry matter content of exogenous biological agents treatments(P>0. 05), and the crude protein content were lower than the control(P<0. 05); Neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF)and cellulose content of enzyme preparation treatments and enzyme mixed fungus preparation treatments had decreased, among which the MCL2 treatment were the lowest. They were 52. 17%DM, 31. 94%DM and 22. 86%DM, respectively(P<0. 05). Ruminal degradability of 72 h of MCL2 treatment was the highest, which was 37. 38%(P<0. 05). The exogenous biological agents promoted fermentation and increased the nutrients storage of corn stalk silage, and also improved the in situ ruminal degradability for ruminant. The effects of exogenous biological agents from great to small were enzyme mixed fungus>enzyme>fungus treatments. The MCL2 treatments had the best effects in this regard. And 1 g/3 kg was the best cellulase addition amount.Keywords：corn stalk;biological agent;silage fermentation;fermentation quality;ruminal degradability2|9|8<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：This study investigated the effects of different diets composition on the diversity of bacteria in rumen fluid and their community structure in Inner Mongolia cashmere goats. Twenty-four healthy 8-month-old Inner Mongolia cashmere goats were selected and randomly divided into four groups(n=6), which were alfalfa hay group(G1), alfalfa hay plus concentrate group(G2), cornstalk group(G3)and cornstalk plus concentrate group(G4). The trial period lasted 25 days, of which the pre-test period was 20 days. On the fifth day after the beginning of the experiment, rumen fluid was collected through the mouth and the diversity of rumen bacteria was analyzed using high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed as follows: At the level of 97% similarity, among the 1 399 operational taxonomic units(OTU)generated in the four groups, 1 040 OTU were shared, accounting for 74. 34% of the total OTU. There was no significant difference in alpha indexes of different diet groups(P>0. 05). The predominant phylum of rumen bacteria in different diet groups was Bacteroidetes, and the predominant bacteria family was Prevotellaceae, and the predominant bacteria genus was Prevotella. Among all rumen bacteria that accounted higher than 1%, The proportion of Tenericutes in group G2 was significantly higher than that in groups G3 and G4(P<0. 05), The proportion of Veillonellaceae in group G1 was significantly higher than that in groups G2, G3 and G4(P<0. 05). Other groups displayed no significant difference in the proportion of bacterial community(P>0. 05). Collectively, the predominant phylum, family, and genus of rumen bacteria were Bacteroidetes, Prevotellaceae, and Prevotella, respectively. No significance was observed among different groups.Keywords：Inner Mongolia cashmere goats;diet types;diversity of bacteria;high-throughput sequencing technology6|9|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of early weaning on thegrowth performance, cecal short-chain fatty acid content and bacterial diversity of Yimeng black lamb. A total of 36 0-day Yimeng black lambs were selected and divided into two groups, control group and experimental group, with 18 lambs in each group. The lambs in breast milk group(group B)were fed with breast milk, while lambs in the milk replacer group(group R)were weaned and fed milk replacer from 8 days of age. Both of groups were fed with appetizer from 15 days of age. Three lambs in each group were randomly slaughtered at 8, 10, 15, 25, 45 and 75 days of age and theircecal contents were collected to analyze the content of short-chain fatty acids by GC-MS, and thebacterial diversity was investigated by high-throughput sequencing and their correlation. The results showed as follows: 1)The body weight of lambs in group R was significantly lower than that in group B at 15 days(P<0. 01), and was significantly higher than that in group B(P<0. 05)at 75 days. The daily gain of lambs in group R was significantly lower than that in group B at 11-15 days(P<0. 01), and was significantly higher than that in group B after 25 days(P<0. 05). 2)The contents of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid and isovaleric acid at 25 d in group R were significantly higher than those at 15 d(P<0. 05), while the contents of all kinds of short chain fatty acids at 45 d in group B were significantly higher than those at 25 d(P<0. 05). 3)Sobs, Ace, Chao1 at 15 days of age and Shannon and Simpson at 25 days of age in group R were significantly lower than those in group B(P<0. 05). At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Firmicutes in group R was significantly lower than that in group B on day 25(P<0. 05). The relative abundance of Proteobacteria phylum was significantly higher than that in group B on days 10 and 45(P<0. 01). The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes phylum was significantly lower than that of group B on 75 days(P<0. 05). At the genus level, the relative abundance of Butyric-Ioccus was significantly decreased in both groups from day 10(P<0. 05), and extremely significantly decreased on day 25(P<0. 01). The relative abundance of Lactobacillus in group R was significantly lower than that in group B on day 15(P<0. 05). Peptoclostridium, Clostridium_Sensu_Stricto_1, Romboutsia, Intestinibacter, Terrisporobacter and Lachnospiraceae_nk3a20 group from Firmicutes are closely related to daily weight gain and production of short-chain fatty acids at 25 d. In conclusion, early weaning can reduce the daily gain and cecal microflora diversity of Yimeng black lambs, while 15 d after weaning can accelerate the generation of short-chain fatty acids in the cecal contents of lambs, promote the colonization of beneficial bacteria such as Bacillus and Ruminococcus after 35 d of weaning, and improve the metabolism of nutrients of lambs.Keywords：early weaning;Yimeng black lamb;shortchain fatty acids;cecum microflora;diversity1|9|5<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to understand the N2O production from NH3-loaded biofilter/biotrickling filter and reveal the underlying influencing factors, this study summarized and analyzed the results from relevant literatures published between 2006 and 2020 according to the data base of Web of Science. The results showed that: Moisture, the pH of packing media, and the ammonia inlet loadings were key factors controlling the N2O formation from biofilters, while in biotrickling filters composition of inlet gas, ammonia loading, and design of biotrickling filter were considered important. In conclusion, it remains unclear about the mechanisms behind N2O production and its microbial pathways from biofilter/biotrickling filter. Further research are necessary to explore the relationship between gas removal and N2O production. In the end, several suggestions are proposed to reduce the N2O production through optimized biofilter/biotrickling operations and use of mitigation methods.Keywords：bio-remediation of wasted gas;greenhouse gas;isotopes;biofilter;biotrickling filter1|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Aiming at the problem that the pig object detection algorithm is difficult to be applied in mobile terminals due to its large model and poor real-time performance, this study used an improved lightweight YOLOv4 algorithm on pigs object detection. In the actual pig house environment, pig images were taken under different perspectives and different occlusion degree in group rearing environment, and the dataset of live pig target detection was established. Based on the idea of lightweight, the model size is reduced on the basis of YOLOv4. The results showed that: The accuracy rate and recall rate of the proposed algorithm are 96. 85% and 91. 75%, respectively. The detection speed is 62 frames per second. Compared with the original model, the algorithm reduces the model size by 80% and improves the detection speed by eleven frames per second without loss of accuracy. The algorithm in this study has the advantages of light weight, strong robustness and good real-time performance, which can better realize the detection of pig object in the actual pig house environment and is conducive to be embedded in mobile terminal devices.Keywords：pig;deep learning;object detection;lightweight11|13|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：To compare the quality differences of grass carp cultured in containers and ponds, comparative analyses of the muscle quality, odor, and volatile components of grass carp were carried out. The cooking yield, color, contents of adenosine-5'-triphosphate-related compounds, molecular weight distributions of simulated gastrointestinal digestion of raw or cooked carp were determined. Sensory evaluation, electronic nose, and SPME-GC-MS were employed to analyse the odor and volatile compounds differences of containers- and ponds-cultured grass carp. The results indicated that: The cooking yield of containers- and ponds-cultured grass carp were 78. 59% and 85. 62%, respectively. The lightness of raw containers-cultured grass carp was lower than ponds-cultured grass carp significantly, but there was no significant difference in lightness between carp cultured in two methods. The contents of inosine monophosphate(IMP)and small molecular weight peptides(<500)in container-cultured carp were significantly(P<0. 05)higher than those cultured in ponds. The relative contents of off-flavor compounds and water pollutants in container-cultured carp were lower than pond-cultured. Therefore, the quality and flavor of container-cultured grass carp are better than those cultured in ponds.Keywords：grass carp;container-cultured mode;nutrition;flavor2|13|5<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In response to the demand for steering angle measurement and automatic control in the automatic navigation of wheeled tractors, a wheeled tractor steering angle measuring device with non-contact angle sensor as the measuring element was developed. The steering angle measurement device is composed of a steering angle detection mechanism, a data acquisition module and a display terminal. The angle sensor is stationary relative to the car body, and the magnetic block rotates along with the front wheel steering column. The change of the magnetic field direction makes the angle sensor output different voltage values to measure the rotation angle of the front wheel. The data acquisition module adopts AD conversion and numerical scale conversion methods to collect and process the analog voltage signal output by the angle sensor in real time, and send the result to the display terminal. During the steering angle measurement test, the actual steering angle was calculated according to the tractor's trajectory recorded by RTK-GNSS, and compared with the measured value output by the designed steering angle measurement device. The results show that: When the device is at ［-5°, +5°］, the maximum error between the actual steering angle and the measured steering angle is 1. 31°, and the RMS is 1. 08°; At ［-45°, -5°)and(+ 5°, + 45°］, the maximum error of angle measurement is 1. 93°, and the maximum RMS is 1. 4°. The measurement result is accurate and reliable, and the device can meet the requirements of wheeled tractor automatic navigation for steering angle measurement accuracy.Keywords：wheeled tractor;steering angle;angle sensor;data collection12|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：To achieve the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality lay the foundation, this study uses the comprehensive analysis method of literature data, and introduces resilience thinking into the ecological protection and restoration of mining areas, analogy analysis and logical reasoning to construct a conceptual model of ecological protection and restoration in the new era and differentiated restoration strategies. The main conclusions are as follows: 1)The core of resilience thinking is that everything is changing, and new standards and technologies must be continuously introduced into the ecological protection and restoration system to continuously enhance the sustainable development capabilities of mining areas. Scale effect, sustainability, adaptive cycle and threshold effect should be considered in ecological conservation and restoration. 2)The resilience of the mining area is the integration of multiple complex systems, which requires coordination in many aspects. Enhancing the resilience of the mining area can better deal with environmental, ecological and social issues. 3)In the new era, the construction of ecological system resilience should be emphasized, and differentiated ecological protection and restoration strategies should be formulated from three dimensions of planning, technology and management. Therefore, resilience thinking provides new ideas for the environmental management of mining areas in the new era, and is a new ecological concept to achieve sustainable development.Keywords：resilience;ecological protection and restoration;sustainable development;adaptive cycle;threshold effect9|10|3<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to explore the anthropogenic phosphorus flow and its associated environmental issues in socio-economic system at county level. Qixia County, Shandong Province was chosen as study case. A framework for analyzing phosphorus flow in Qixia County was developed. The phosphorus flows, its use efficiency and associated environmental issues in each subsystem was investigated based on substance flow analysis and grey water footprint. The results showed that: The total phosphorus inputs of Qixia in 2018 reached 11 304. 24 t, of which agriculture accounted for 95. 9%. The total phosphorus in the agricultural products, including crop products and livestock products, only accounted for 16. 6% of total phosphorus inputs; Most of remaining phosphorus was mainly accumulated in the farmland soil. The use efficiency of phosphorus was relatively low in Qixia and there were obvious differences among different subsystems. The phosphorus use efficiency of agriculture and livestock breeding were only 22. 4% and 29. 3%, respectively. In terms of soil and water environment risks, the total grey water footprint generated by phosphorus amounted to 1. 1×109 m3 and the local orchards were faced with serious soil pollution risks. Therefore, to achieve better regional sustainable development and ecological civilizations, suggestions such as reducing the consumption of phosphorus fertilizers, improving phosphorus use efficiency and controlling phosphorus pollution are put forward in this study.Keywords：substance flow analysis;the socio-economic system;phosphorus use efficiency;environmental issue5|10|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to further study the impact of social norms on farmers' pro-environmental behaviors, from the dual perspectives of social norm uniformity and conflict, this study uses 1 241 farmers survey data from Shanxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Gansu, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces. The ordered probit model, ordered logit model and hierarchical regression method are adopted to analyze and verify the influence of descriptive social norms and injunctive social norms on farmers' pro-environmental behaviors. The results show that: 1)When descriptive social norms are consistent with injunctive social norms, both of them can directly promote the implementation of farmers' pro-environmental behaviors, and at the same time, they can also act as regulating variable to promote the positive influence of each other on the farmers' pro-environmental behaviors. 2)When there is a conflict between descriptive social norms and injunctive social norms, descriptive social norms will directly promote farmers' pro-environmental behaviors, while injunctive social norms have no direct or little influence on farmers' pro-environmental behaviors. 3)Under the circumstance that descriptive social norms and injunctive social norms are either consistent or in conflict, perceived behavior control and pro-environmental behaviors cognition can both promote the implementation of farmers' pro-environmental behaviors. Based on this, some policy suggestions such as setting up reasonable standards for the implementation of pro-environmental behaviors and building up “model households for the implementation of pro-environmental behaviors”, are put forward.Keywords：pro-environmental behaviors;descriptive social norms;injunctive social norms;farmers7|9|3<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：Using the survey data of 2 899 households in 25 provinces of China, a semi-parametric multi-valued treatment effect model was estimated to cope with potential endogeneity bias. The impact of land transfer on the economic welfare of farmers' families was empirically analyzed. The results indicate that: 1)Farmers' land transfer decisions are jointly affected by the family's internal environmental variables and external environmental variables. The internal environmental variables mainly include land size per capita, productive fixed assets, family main business, dependency ratio, age and education level of the head of the household. The external environmental variables mainly include geographic location and interactions between farmers. 2)The income effect of land transfer is “asymmetric”, which significantly improves the per capita income of the farmers who transferred out land, but has no significant impact on the farmers who transferred in land. In conclusion, land transfer promotes the optimal allocation of farmer household resources and improves the efficiency of resource utilization, and it's conducive to the promotion of farm labor specialization and the introduction of new elements. However, there is an obvious “Matthew effect” in this process, and high-income farmers benefit more from land transfer.Keywords：land transfer;economic welfare;labor resource allocation;labor specialization3|8|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：To explore the evolution of the development mechanism of green agriculture, a three-party(government, farmers and consumers)evolutionary game model was constructed based on the prospect theory. The strategy selection and evolution process of the three parties were simulated. The results show that: In order to achieve the development of green agriculture, it is necessary to break the evolution of the original system and construct a new system environment suitable for green production and green consumption. The government can change the evolution of farmers' and consumers' preferences from the perspectives of material, belief, value and mental model to maximize the benefits of green agriculture development: 1)by formulating subsidy policies and incentive mechanisms, 2)supporting green production leading enterprises, production demonstration areas and other typical examples, 3)developing effective agricultural ecological purification measures and testing standards, 4)formulating credible standards for green agricultural products to provide consumers with powerful screening signals, 5)improving the public's overall understanding of green agriculture through knowledge dissemination, natural education, agriculture and tourism culture and other means and promoting the civilized fashion of green behaviors in the whole society.Keywords：green agriculture;prospect theory;evolutionary game;preference and institutional evolution1|10|7<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：To explore the role of cognitive factors in the formation of farmers' agricultural water-saving behavior, based on the theory of protection motivation and cross theoretical model, this study analyzes the impact of farmers' cognitive factors on water-saving technology adoption behavior by using generalized ordinal logit regression model. The results show that: 1)Farmers' cognition has a statistically significant impact on the adoption behavior intention of agricultural water-saving technology. Higher perceived severity, perceived vulnerability, self-efficacy and response efficiency lead to higher level of agricultural water-saving technology behavioral intention. Return factor and reaction cost have significant negative impact on farmers' adoption behavior intention of water-saving technology. 2)The behavior stages of farmers are different, and the influence of cognitive factors on the decision-making of agricultural water-saving technology is heterogeneous. For the farmers at the pre-thinking stage, the variables of protection motivation model are the incentive factors affecting their behavior intention; For the farmers at the meditation stage, perceived vulnerability, self-efficacy and reaction cost are the main motivations that affect their behavior intention; Farmers iat the preparation stage are greatly affected by perceived vulnerability, return factor and response efficiency; For the farmers at the action stage, perceived severity, perceived vulnerability, reaction cost and return factors are the key predictors to promote the sustainable use of agricultural water-saving technology. Therefore, to promote farmers' behavior intention of agricultural water-saving technology adoption, the government should formulate targeted and differentiated incentive strategies according to farmers' different stages of willingness and behavior.Keywords：agricultural water saving technology;cognitive factors;protection motivation theory;transtheoretical model;generalized ordered logit model4|9|4<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
- Abstract：In order to explore the effect of government subsidies on the penetration rate of UAV in small and medium-sized farmland and hilly areas of southern China, small farmland and slope land were selected to analyze the influence of government subsidies on the operation cost and the income of professional service teams through the operation test of three mainstream UAVs. The results show that: The government subsidies have a significant promoting effect on the popularization rate of UAV plant protection; The purchase subsidies have a limited effect on reducing the operating cost of UAV plant protection, while operation subsidies can significantly promote the professional service teams to achieve better serve to small and medium-sized farmland and hilly areas. This study further proposes a optimal strategy for subsidy system as follows: The purchase subsidy needs to add new standards; The operation subsidy needs to be classified into five types including basic operation subsidy, flight control agent subsidy, operation subsidy in hilly areas, transportation subsidy in remote areas, and operation subsidy for special crops.Keywords：plant protection UAV;plant protection service;agricultural machinery subsidy;policy effect;optimization strategy1|11|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
