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- Abstract：To promote the efficiency of energy sorghum variety improvement, a total of 62 sorghum sterile lines introduced from America were taken as study material. Field experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design at Jiexiu, Shanxi(semi-arid climate)and Zhuozhou, Hebei(semi-humid climate)to select the elite sterile lines based on 10 traits including biomass yield and quality traits for energy utilization. The results showed that there were larger coefficient of variation in biomass yield with value of 34. 4% at Jiexiu and 38. 1% at Zhuozhou. The variation of soluble sugar of sorghum was 21. 8% at Jiexiu and 36. 7% at Zhuozhou site, while the variations of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and ash were relatively low. Variance analysis showed that the growth period, stem diameter, biomass yield, soluble sugar, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and ash of the sterile lines were mainly affected by environment. The yield and quality traits of sorghum sterile lines were clustered into three principal components, which were plant size factor, carbohydrate factor and growth period factor at Jiexiu and two principal components, which were plant size factor and carbohydrate factor at Zhuozhou. The results of cluster analysis indicated that the germplasms in both Jiexiu and Zhuozhou could be clustered into 3 groups. Overall, when it comes to select elite sterile lines for bioenergy, plant size and soluble sugar are favorable traits that should be paid more attention to. The sterile lines ‘AMP 428' and ‘AMP 469' are regarded as the best parents for bioenergy due to its high energy potential and stability in both test sites. The sterile lines ‘AMP 443', ‘AMP 468', ‘AMP 480', ‘AMP 488' and ‘AMP 438', ‘AMP 459', ‘AMP 466', ‘AMP 470', ‘AMP 472' are considered as promising parents at Jiexiu and Zhuozhou, respectively.Keywords：energy sorghum;biomass yield;growth period;energy quality traits;soluble sugar;lignocellulose;ash6|11|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to determine the early time of conductivity measurement that is significantly related to seed vigor, four maize varieties(‘Zhendan 958', ‘Nongda 86', ‘Nongda 87' and ‘Nongda 364')and two wheat varieties(‘Jimai 22' and ‘Zhoumai 18')were taken as study materials. These seeds were aged artificially and 16 materials with different vigor gradients were obtained. The relationship between conductivity values at different seed soaking times and seed vigor gradient was analyzed. The seeds from 45 maize varieties and 50 wheat varieties were used to verify the above correlation. The results showed that: The conductivity of seeds soaked for 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 h was negatively correlated with germination potential, germination percentage and simple vigor index(SVI)in maize seeds and wheat seeds with different vigor gradients. The correlation coefficients of conductivity of seed soaking for 4 h with SVI of ‘Nongda 364' was -0. 883. Among 45 maize varieties, there was stable negative correlation between conductivity of seed soaking for 4 h and germination potential, germination percentage and SVI, the correlation coefficients reached -0. 4-0. 5. Among 50 wheat varieties, there was only a negative correlation between the conductivity of seed soaking for 8 h with SVI. There was no significant difference in germination potential, germination percentage, and SVI between the maize seeds which were re-dried after seed soaking for 4 h and control. It was concluded the seed vigor determination based on conductivity can be shortened to 4 h in maize, and whether it can be stably shortened to 8 h in wheat still needs to be further verified.Keywords：seed vigor;wheat;maize;conductivity;soaking time0|8|8<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The effects of microbial agents on summer maize yield and agronomic traits were investigated by taking ‘Xianyu 335' as study material. The N2-fixing Paenibacillus beijingensis 1-18, Bacillus sp. L-56 and 1-18 and L-56 compound were inoculated for three consecutive years 2016-2018. The yield and the agronomic traits of summer maize inoculated with different microbial agents were investigated and compared with un-inoculated controls. The results showed that: Compared to the control, inoculation of both microbial agents increased maize yield and improved agronomic traits. The effect of inoculation of mixed microbial agents(P. beijingensis 1-18 and Bacillus sp. L-56)was better than that of inoculation alone. In 2016, the increase rate of P. beijingensis 1-18(16. 06%)inoculation treatment was higher than that of Bacillus sp. L-56 inoculant treatment(7. 10%), and the yield of mixed inoculation treatment was increased by 18. 51%; In 2017, the yield of Bacillus sp. L-56 treatment(12. 19%)was higher than that of the P. beijingensis 1-18 treatment(5. 05%), and the yield of the mixed treatment was 14. 53% higher; In 2018, the yield of Bacillus sp. L-56(9. 11%)was slightly higher than that of P. beijingensis 1-18(6. 53%), and the yield of the mixed treatment was increased by 11. 75%. These results indicated that there were differences in the treatment of the agents in different years, but all inoculation treatments significantly increased the yield of summer maize. In addition, inoculating agents 1-18 and L-56 also significantly improved agronomic traits such as corn ear length, ear rows, per row and 100-grain weight. Compared with the control, the inoculation of 1-18 and L-56 significantly increased summer maize yield and improved agronomic traits, and the effect of combined inoculation of 1-18 and L-56 was better than inoculation alone.Keywords：Bacillus;Paenibacillus;summer maize;yield;agronomic trait8|11|6<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to find an efficient method to estimate rice yield, the sampling points in Jiutai and Dehui areas of Changchun City in 2017 were taken as study objects. Remote sensing data and meteorological data were taken as characteristic variables. The correlation analysis between yield and characteristic variables, principal component analysis between characteristic variables and OOB importance analysis were employed to select the characteristic variables. The optimal characteristic variables were taken as the input variables to establish the random forest regression(RFR)model. The results showed that the RFR model with optimized characteristic variables had higher estimation accuracy in rice yield estimation. The coefficient of determination R2 and the mean relative error(MRE)were 0. 950 and 0. 060 respectively. The model was applied to the Nongan area and the multiple stepwise regression model was used as a comparative model. The results showed that the RFR model was significantly better than the multiple stepwise regression model. The R2 and MRE of RFR model were respectively 0. 730 and 0. 090, and the R2 and MRE of multiple stepwise regression model were respectively 0. 530 and 0. 120.Keywords：rice;random forest regression;yield estimation;remote sensing;multiple stepwise regression6|10|15<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To simulate the impact of future climate change on summer maize development and adjustable thermal resource between harvesting summer maize and sowing winter wheat, this study applied the CERES-Maize model driven by future RCP scenarios in four maize growing regions in Henan Province. The results showed that the thermal time during summer maize growing season increased significantly in the future(2006-2060)with the increment of 179(RCP 4. 5)and 235 ℃·d(RCP 8. 5), respectively, compared to the baseline scenario(1951-2005). Under future RCP scenarios, both the duration from sowing to flowering and sowing to maturing were shortened compared to the baseline scenario and higher change rate in the western Henan Province was observed than that in other regions. To 2050s the duration from sowing to flowering would be respectively shortened by 2. 7(RCP 4. 5)and 3. 4 d(RCP 8. 5), and the duration from sowing to maturing would be respectively shortened by 9. 4(RCP 4. 5)and 11. 6 d(RCP 8. 5)with the highest decrease in the western Henan Province. Under future RCP scenarios, adjustable thermal resources between harvesting summer maize to sowing winter wheat would increase significantly with the highest increase in eastern Henan Province(244. 6 ℃·d under RCP 4. 5 and 296. 8 ℃·d under RCP 8. 5)and the lowest increase in western Henan Province(152. 3 ℃·d under RCP 4. 5 and 215. 8 ℃·d under RCP 8. 5). The growth duration from sowing to maturing would increase significantly by 8 d(zone Ⅰ-Norther Henan), 6(zone Ⅱ-Western Henan), 8(zone Ⅲ-Eastern-Henan)and 9 d(zone Ⅳ-Southwestern Henan)under RCP 4. 5, and 9(zone Ⅰ-Northern Henan), 8 d(zone Ⅱ-Western Henan), 10(zone Ⅲ-Eastern Henan)and 11 d(zone Ⅳ-Southwestern Henan)under RCP 8. 5. In conclusion, the increase in adjustable thermal resource between harvesting summer maize and sowing winter wheat would have a significant impact on maize yield improvement in Henan Province.Keywords：RCP scenarios;CERES-Maize;climate change;summer maize;development;thermal resource2|9|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Keywords：lignin;LiCl/DMSO;dissolution and regeneration;rice straw;enzymatic hydrolysis1|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to study the effect of planting lettuce and bacterial fertilizer T1 on the microbial structure of soil for growing lettuce in greenhouse, the irrigated root treatment(T1)and blank control treatment were designed. The species composition and structure of lettuce soil microorganisms were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene and ITS gene, and lettuce yield and morbidity were determined. The result showed that: 1)Lettuce planting can significantly increase Shannon index of bacteria and fungi in CK soil. T1 treatment did not obviously change Shannon and Sobs indices in soil. 2)Lettuce planting increased the abundance of Monographella and reduced the abundance of Bacillus in the soil. After the T1 treatment, the abundance of Pseudomonas, Monographella, Scedosporium and Gibberella in the soil reduced, and the abundance of Chaetomium, Acremonium Pyronemataceae, Sordariales(unclassified), and Sphingomonadaceae(unclassified), Halobacteroidace(no rank)increased. 3)Lettuce planting did not obviously change the number of OTU of bacterial and fungi in the soil, but T1 treatment significantly changed the number of OTU of fungal in the soil. 4)After the T1 treatment, the yield of lettuce increased by 11%, and the morbidity of lettuce decreased by 2. 5%(P<0. 05). The lettuce planting with T1 bacterial fertilizer for root irrigation enriched some beneficial microorganisms, improved soil microbial structure, promoted lettuce growth, increased lettuce yield, and reduced the morbidity of lettuce without changing the soil microbial diversity.Keywords：microbial community structure;lettuce;bacterial fertilizer;high-throughput sequencing4|11|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To explore the polymorphism of ARID5B gene and its correlation with fat deposition in pigs, single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)loci was screened for ARID5B gene 5′-UTR of Tibetan pigs and Large White pigs at the DNA level. The ARID5B gene was detected by RT-qPCR at mRNA level in liver, backfat and longissimus dorsi muscle tissues of the two pig breeds. The content of backfat and IMF(Intramuscular fat)in the longest muscle tissues of the two pig breeds were measured. The results showed that in the 5′-UTR of ARID5B gene, there were two linkage mutations of T-2 216 C and In-2 029 Del deletion, and the difference between Tibetan pigs and Large White pigs was extremely significant(P<0. 01). The relative mRNA expression of ARID5B gene in liver, backfat and longissimus dorsi muscle were identical in different breeds. The content in the Tibetan pigs were significantly lower than that in the Large White pigs(P<0. 01). The backfat thickness and IMF content of Tibetan pigs were significantly higher than that of Large White pigs(P<0. 01). The correlation analysis of DNA and mRNA levels with backfat and IMF levels showed that the relative mRNA expression of ARID5B gene was significantly negative with the backfat thickness and IMF content(P<0. 05).Keywords：pig;ARID;5;b;gene polymorphism;fat deposition;linkage mutation6|10|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To understand the molecular regulation mechanism of gliotoxin synthesis in Trichoderma virens, T. virens strain T23 was used as study material, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation(ATMT)technology was modified to carry out gene disruption experiment. By using the modified ATMT technology, a methyltransferase gene, gliN-T, which belongs to gliotoxin synthesis candidate cluster in T23, was knocked out for further determination of its regulation effect on gliotoxin synthesis. Thin layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography were adopted to analyze the dynamic change of gliotoxin in the culture medium of the gene knockout mutant. The results showed that: By adding cell wall lyase glucanex with a final concentration of 15 mg/mL to T23 conidia and treated at 30 ℃ for 2~3 h, the number of transformants was increased from 0. 25 to 10 per 106 spores, and the knockout mutant ΔgliN-T was successfully obtained. Gliotoxin analysis results showed that: No gliotoxin was produced in the 24 h culture of wild-type T23, but gliotoxin was then detected in the culture medium after 48, 72 and 96 h; Under the same conditions, gliotoxin wasn't detected in ΔgliN-T at these four growth stages. These results showed that the absence of gliN-T inhibited the synthesis of gliotoxin in T23, suggesting that gliN-T played an important role in the gliotoxin synthesis regulation.0|9|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In this study, a 3D mesh belt system was designed and manufactured to recycle manure solids as bedding for moderate and small scale dairy farms aiming at the problems of high moisture content and low pathogen killing rate in existing systems. The results showed that: Under the conditions of the material thickness 2 cm and the air temperature 50 ℃, the moisture content of solid manure decreased to 46. 5%, and the bactericidal rates of Escherichia coli and Streptococcus respectively reached 95. 6% and 98. 3% after 9 h drying. Therefore, the 3D mesh belt system can quickly sterilize and dry the manure to produce appropriate bedding for dairy farms.Keywords：3D mesh belt system;cattle manure;bedding;drying;sterilization3|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to solve the problem of large traction resistance in the process of subsoiling operation, a hydraulic forced vibration subsoiling monomer was designed using hydraulic vibration technology. The subsoiling monomer was mainly composed of mechanical part and hydraulic vibration system. Based on the combination of theoretical design and test, the key components of the subsoiling monomer were selected and the parameters were analyzed. The modal analysis of the subsoiling monomer frame was carried out by using the SolidWorks simulation module to study its natural frequency and mode shape. The results of modal analysis showed that there was no resonance between the frame and the external excitation frequency. Field experiments were carried out to verify the working performance and drag reduction effect of subsoiling monomer. The results of field test showed that all the performance indexes of subsoiling monomer met the requirements of national standards, and the average reduction of traction resistance of subsoiling monomer was 31. 18% compared with that of the conventional subsoiling operation.Keywords：hydraulic forcing type;vibration subsoiling;subsoiling monomer;traction resistance1|10|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The problem that the maize supply has exceeded demand since 2015, leads to serious development problems in the industry. Based on the panel data of 20 major maize producing regions during the year 2008-2017, this study evaluates the comparative advantages of corn planting in various regions, and then examines their determining factors. The results indicate that: 1)Hebei Province, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and Heilongjiang Province have comprehensive comparative advantages of maize planting, and their advantages in production cost and industrial profit are particularly prominent; 2)The comparative advantages of maize planning among regions are positively determined by agricultural diesel use, cultivated land irrigation area, and rural education investment, and negatively determined by agricultural chemical fertilizer usage, per capita consumption level of residents, and proportion of agricultural GDP. This study provides valuable insights on how to promote the development of maize industry. It is suggested to adjust the regional maize planting layout based on the comparative advantages, scientifically optimize the production inputs, and improve the matching of planting, production, and intensive processing in order to enhance the entire maize industrial system.Keywords：maize production;comparative advantage;aggregated advantage index;grey system evaluation1|7|4<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：From the perspective of health differences, using research data from the utilization of hospitalization services for the elderly in rural areas of Fujian Province and by taking indicators of ADLS, IADLS and MMSE, the health status of the elderly in rural was assessed. On the basis of this, the health status of rural elderly is divided into three levels by cluster analysis method. A two-part model was used to analyze the effect and difference of new rural cooperative medical scheme compensation mechanism on the utilization of hospitalization services for rural elderly with different health levels. The results showed that: There were no health differences between the township inpatient medical institutions of compensation for the elderly in rural, but the higher level hospital compensation and ceiling line displayed greater impact on the elderly with poor health. In addition, the increase of compensation ratio and ceiling line of township hospitals had a significant impact on the hospitalization expenditure of the elderly, and the tilt of reimbursement of township inpatient medical institutions had a significant impact on the medical expenditure of all elderly, regardless of health level.Keywords：health insurance;elderly in rural;utilization of hospitalization services;health differences1|8|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To provide support to improving the management policy of rural residential land utilization and make full use of rural idle residential land and idle residence, researches on revitalization and utilization of rural residential land were summarized, and several future key research point and direction were put forward in this study. Literature synthesis, summarization and induction methods were employed in this study. The results showed that: 1)Present researches were mainly focused on the current status of rural residential land utilization, influence factors, model, route and practical form of revitalization and utilization of rural residential land. The main research methods included questionnaire survey, statistical and econometric model, typical case study method and other related research methods. 2)Meanwhile, based on the existed research, the future research fields on revitalization and utilization of rural residential land were as follows: The quantitative measurement and problem diagnosis of rural residential land utilization; The basic theoretical problems research on revitalization and utilization of rural residential land; The model refinement research on revitalization and utilization of rural residential land in typical regions; The overall system design research on revitalization and utilization of rural residential land.Keywords：rural residential land;revitalization;utilization;research progress;prospect1|10|10<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to explore a reasonable way to scientifically predict the demand for regional traffic land and guide the delimitation of the scale of traffic land in the compilation of territorial spatial planning, a grey-BP neural network model is proposed to identify the main socio-economic factors. Taking the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River as study case, the typical cities are selected based on the stage characteristics of urban agglomeration development while forecasting their future demand scales for traffic land are forecasted. Three scenarios were set up to forecast the demand of traffic land. The results show that: 1)The level of urbanization, degree of industrial structure and endowment of labor resources are the main social and economic factors affecting the demand of traffic land in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. 2)By comparing the results of different methods of traffic land demand prediction through system simulation experiments, it is found that the prediction method based on grey-BP neural network model has higher accuracy and less error, and this prediction method has certain applicability to the prediction of regional traffic land scale. The forecasted demand for traffic land in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in 2020 and 2030 are 312 200 and 490 700 hectares, respectively. 3)Under different scenarios, the results of traffic land demand forecasting in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River are obviously different. The baseline scenario can be used as the bottom line for delineating the scale of traffic land, the general scenario can be used as the benchmark, and the ultimate scenario can be used as the red line. The reasonable scale of traffic land in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River should be based on the benchmark, which is between the bottom line and the red line.Keywords：grey system-BP neural network model;multi-scenario;traffic land use;prediction0|9|6<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：A revised CMS model was used to analyze the causes of China-US textile trade volatility in this study. The result showed that the competitiveness effect has always been the most important factor for China's textile growth to the United States, followed by the growth effect, and the structure effect had the least impact on exports. The competitiveness effect was also the most important factor in the growth of US textile trade with China, followed by the growth effect. From the point of view of classified products, the competitive effect had contributed the most to China's textile raw materials and textile and apparel products exported to the United States. The growth effect was the core factor for the growth of US textile raw materials and textile apparel exports to China. In conclusion, Chinese textiles had significant competitive advantages in the US market and was the most important factor for China's textile exports to the United States. The growth of China's demand for US textiles and apparel was the core factor in promoting US textile exports to China.Keywords：textile;trade scale;market structure;product structure;modified CMS model0|7|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Raw meat food supply chain was taken as the research object in this study. The system boundary of the carbon emission of the fresh meat food supply chain was defined based on the life cycle theory, and a system dynamics model was established by combining the system dynamics method, then the carbon emission of the meat food supply chain was discussed. The results showed that: 1)The carbon emission produced by 1 t of fresh meat during its life cycle were 166. 97 kg, among which, carbon emission in the production, transportation, storage, and sales accounted for 28. 68%, 52. 37%, 8. 90%, and 10. 04% of the total supply chain respectively, and the transportation sector contributed the highest to carbon emission in the whole supply chain. 2)The dynamic optimization study discovered that by changing long-distance transportation mode, recycling of waste in production links and optimizing the efficiency of production equipment and reducing equipment power in the sales chain, the best carbon emission optimization effects were achieved, which were respectively reduced by 41. 10%, 4. 70%, 1. 61% and 1. 25% in 2018. 3)At present, optimizing the transportation energy structure and developing renewable clean energy have became the general trend, and the simulation results showed that burning biodiesel during transportation reduced carbon emission in the supply chain by 13. 10%, and the effect of emission reduction was more significant. 4)Reducing the energy consumption of refrigeration system in the process of fresh meat pre-cooling, improving equipment space utilization in the refrigeration and sales process could reduce the annual carbon emission of the supply chain by 2 100 and 1 600 t, respectively. In conclusion, although the implementation effects were not very obvious, it was easier to operate and these were effective ways to reduce carbon emission in the supply chain.Keywords：fresh meat;supply chain;carbon emissions;dynamic optimization;system dynamics2|8|5<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Based on the micro-research data of 980 rural households in Hubei, Hunan and Anhui Province, the impact of social capital on farmers' adoption of rice-shrimp co-culture technology decision-making behavior was empirically analyzed by using Heckman sample selection model from the aspects of adoption behavior and adoption degree. The results showed that social capital had a significant positive impact on farmers' technology adoption and adoption: 1)Social participation had a significant positive impact on farmers' technology adoption behavior and adoption level, but the effect of social network on farmers' technology adoption behavior and adoption degree was not significant; 2)The effects of social trust to farmer technology adoption behavior and adoption degree were different. The technical information of trusting neighbors' communication was significantly positively affecting the adoption and adoption of farmers' technology. The technical information of mass media such as Internet TV is only positively affecting the adoption of technology Behavior; 3)From the view point of different business scales, it is found that for large-scale households, the technical information involved in technology promotion activities and trusting agricultural technology promotion units had a significant positive impact on their technology adoption behavior. For small- scale households, the technical information of mass media participation in village collective election activities, trusting neighbors and Internet TV had a significant positive impact on their technology adoption behavior. In the future technology promotion process, more attention should be paid to the impact of social capital on farmers' technology adoption decisions.Keywords：social capital;farmers;ecological agriculture technology;decision-making behavior1|8|14<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Taking Zhejiang Aquaculture Sci-Tech Park as an example, the stochastic frontier analysis(SFA)and ordinary least squares(OLS)are used in this study to investigate the impact of Sci-Tech input on the output performance of different aquaculture organizations in the core area of the aquaculture Sci-Tech park and the impact of Sci-Tech input in the core area on the output performance of the entire park. The results show that: 1)From the perspective of the aquaculture organizations in core area, the output elasticity of core areas in aquaculture park is 0. 785 7 and shows the characteristics of decreasing returns to scale. 2)From the perspective of different aquaculture organizations, the scale returns of farms are increasing, and the scale returns coefficient is 1. 020 7. The scale returns of cooperatives and companies are decreasing, and the scale returns coefficient is 0. 870 8 and 0. 459 5, respectively; 3)The Sci-Tech function of the core body plays better role in promoting the output performance of aquaculture Sci-Tech park. Among those core bodies, cooperative plays the best role in Sci-Tech driving, followed by farm, while company does the poorest.Keywords：aquaculture;Sci-Tech park;sci-tech input;output performance;driving effect0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Based on 206 rural environmental management policies promulgated during 1978-2018, content analysis and policy documents quantification were conducted from six dimensions including promulgation time, policy-making agencies, policy forms, policy objects, policy instruments and policy efficacy. The results show that: Chinese government has formulated an increasing number of rural environmental management policies since reform and opening up. The rural environmental management policies in China have experienced four evolution stages: Beginning stage(1978-1989), initial formation stage(1990-2004), rapid development stage(2005-2013)and comprehensive advancement stage(after 2014). Many agencies have participated in policy-making and their administrative ranks were very high. However, the coordination and overall planning among different policy-making agencies was not enough. Most of policies were issued in the form of notices and opinions which lacked authority and standardization. The object of policies was mainly on the original ecological environment protection, less attention was paid to rural residential environmental management. The command-control policies were the government's most preferred policy instrument, while the instruments of economic-incentive, information-publicity and voluntary-participation were insufficient. The policy efficacy was mainly driven by enacted policy number. Insufficient policy feedback, weak policy measures and less quantifiable policy goals were the main reasons for low policy efficacy.Keywords：rural environmental management;policy documents quantification;policy evolution6|7|3<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
