Issue Ebookcover storyIssue Cover
List of IssuesDocument Types
- Abstract：A field experiment was conducted in order to analysis the impacts of low-temperature during grain filling stage on photosynthetic characteristics,dry matter translocation and yield of summer maize.The experiment was set up at Shangzhuang Experimental Station of China Agricultural University (Beijing) in 2013.Three sowing dates were arranged with randomized block design:June 15(CK),June 25,and July 5 with 3 replicates.Leaf area index,dry matter accumulation,net photosynthesis rate,SPAD values,Fv/Fm,and grain yield were measured.The results showed:Delayed sowing date (June 25 and July 5) caused low temperature stress to maize during grain filling stage and sowing on July 5 significantly limited maize growth;Photosynthesis,dry matter accumulation and translocation,crop growth rate of delayed sowing treatments were all significantly decreased compared with CK.Among yield components,total amount of grains were similar across treatments,while thousand-grain weight of delayed sowing treatments were significantly less than CK.Hence,grain yield reduced by 17% and 31% of maize sowed on June 25 and July 5 respectively compared to CK.Therefore,selection of proper sowing date of summer maize would reduce the risk of low-temperature during the late filling period of maize,and improve maize resistance to cold stress and yield production.Keywords：summer maize;grain filling stage;low-temperature;photosynthetic characteristics;dry matter production;yield3|8|10<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to develop new sugar and energy cane varieties,27 new lines and 2 control varieties were selected as plant materials.Mutilple traits,including tillering,shoot in ratoon,dead heart seedling and smut incidence,plant height,stalk diameter,millable stalks per hectare (MSH),Brix,contents of sucrose and fibre,tons per hectare in cane (TCH),sugar (TSH) and total fermentable sugar (TFSH),were investigated.And further analyzes of variance,genetic variation and genetic correlation were also conducted.The index selection for TSH and TFSH was conducted by multiple traits,which was compared to single strait selection.The results showed that there were significant or highly significant differences among the investigated traits except for the rate of dead heart seedling.Both genetic variation coefficient and broad-sense heritability were higher in MSH,TCH,TSH and TFSH and lower in plant height,stalk diameter,and brix.The correlations of MSH with TCH,TSH and TFSH were significant.Thirteen new lines were selected based on comprehensive selection by using index selection method.Among which,8 new lines showed that the averages of TSH and TFSH in both plant and ratoon cane were higher than those in 2 control varieties,The results indicated that higher rate of genetic gains can be obtained by index selection method,which can be applied for evaluation of sugar and energy cane varieties.Keywords：sugar cane;sugar and energy cane lines;genetic analysis;index selection1|7|4<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：We assessed the effects of soil physical factors of biological soil crusts (BSCs) on germinations of Triticum aestivum L.,Glycinemax merr L.,Brassica rapa var. glabra and Lactuca sativa seeds by using with redundancy analysis.Results showed that:1)On the surface of BSCs:thickness of BSCs had negative effects on germination rates of all the four species(P<0.05,n=5).Compression strength of BSCs reduced the germination rate of L.sativa (P<0.05,n=5).Thickness of BSCs had a positive effect on the mean of generation time (MGT) of G.merr L.;2) Under the surface of BSCs,porosity and fractal dimension of BSCs showed positive effects on germination rate of T.aestivum L. (P<0.05,n=5)and thickness of BSCs inhibited germination rate of G.merr L. and B.rapa var. glabra (P<0.05,n=5).Compression strength of BSCs had a negative correlation with germination rates of G.merr L. and L.sativa (P<0.05,n=5).Bulk density of BSCs inhibited seed germination speed of T.aestivum L.(P<0.05,n=5).And germination speed of G.merr L.,B.rapa var. glabra and L.sativa decreased with thickness of BSCs (P<0.05,n=5).Compression strength of BSCs restrained germination speed of G.merr L. and B.rapa var. glabra (P<0.05,n=5).Our results indicate that thickness of BSCs inhibits the germination rates of all the four species and drop the germination speed of G.merr L. on the surface of BSCs.Under the surface,seeds of T.aestivum L. can germinate through the porosity of BSCs due to their thin and straight cotyledon,while thickness and compressive strength of BSCs inhibit germination of G.merr L.,B.rapa var. glabra,and L.sativa for their big cotyledon.Keywords：vegetation;biological soil crusts;physical factors;seeds germination3|8|4<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In view of present situation that the growth of strawberry in different stereo cultivation layers is not the same and to promote the application of DA-6 in stereo cultivation,'Benihoppe' strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa Duch.) in the double-H three-dimensional of protected cultivation was used to explore the light conditions of culture system and the effect of spraying DA-6 in winter on strawberry photosynthesis,plant growth,yield and quality of fruit.The results revealed that the light conditions of lower layer of double H-dimensional cultivation was poor and the light environment of southern,central and northern part of lower layer was quite different and DA-6 improved the net photosynthetic rate,promoted plant growth,increased strawberry production and improved fruit quality with the increase of DA-6 concentration.Compared with the control,the net photosynthetic rate of upper strawberry with 20 mg/L DA-6 treatment was increased by 13.0% and LAI improved 18.0% and significantly increased chlorophyll a,b content,fruit yield,fruit firmness and soluble solids;the net photosynthetic rate of lower layer strawberry with 30 mg/L DA-6 was increased by 53.0% and LAI improved 11.1%,resulting in significant increase of chlorophyll a,b content,fruit yield,fruit firmness and titratable acidity and decrease of soluble solids content;however,the growth of strawberry with 40 mg/L DA-6 treatment was inhibited.Our study demonstrated that moderate spraying DA-6 can promote photosynthesis of strawberry and its early maturity,increase the productivity of dual H-dimensional cultivation of strawberries under relatively poor light environment in lower layer in.Keywords：three-dimensional cultivation;diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate;strawberry;weak light;net photosynthetic rate;fruit yield;berry quality1|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：This study was undertaken to determine the effect of pH on the growth and mineral absorption of the non-rooting tissue culture plantlets of blueberry.The results showed that:The fresh and dry weight of blueberry tissue culture plantlets decreased with decreasing of pH levelwhen the pH was lower than the control treatment and decreasedwith increasing of pH level when the pH was higher than the control treatment;the number of branches and the height were significantly restricted,leaves became smaller and the color of leaves changed when the pH was 4.5 or 7.0;the number of branches was promoted but the leaves became smaller and the color became yellowish and lavender when the pH was 6.0 and 6.5;the absorption of Cu,Zn,P,K and Mn was restricted when the pH were 6.0,6.5 and 7.0;the absorption of Cu,P,K,Mg and Mn was also restricted when the pH was 4.5;the absorption of Na was promoted whether the pH was low(4.5 and 5.0)or high (6.0,6.5 and 7.0);and the absorption of Fe,Ca and B was promoted when the pH was 7.0.Keywords：blueberry;pH;tissue culture plantlets;elements4|9|6<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To explore whether there were graft-induced effects on genetic variation of agronomic traits,a series of reciprocal grafting treatments were set up among cucumber high-generation inbred lines having different agronomic traits.Comparative analyses on main agronomic traits were conducted between G1 of different grafting treatments.The results indicated that:Compared with self-rooted grafting treatment 2024/2024,G1 of grafting treatment 2024/3297 had significant reductions in female-flower number,female-flower node and F gene expression.Changes were detected between grafting treatments and self-rooted treatments when making comparative analyses of fruit length.However,there was no significant difference of fruit diameter and fruit color observed.Our results suggested that graft-induced effects could lead to changes of some agronomic traits of cucumber.Keywords：cucumber;graft-induced effects;agronomic traits2|8|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To study the effect of brackish water irrigation on root growth of processing tomato,experiment of alternate irrigation between brackish water and fresh water was carried on a two-year (2013-2014) field in Hetao irrigation district.Results showed that:1) The amount of dry matter was mainly concentrated in 0-20 cm soil layer.The treatment of brackish water throughout the flowering stage inhibited the root growth,while the root length density decreased by 25%-30% and the root surface area decreased by 20%.Throughout the fruiting stage,the treatment of brackish water irrigation promoted the root development with the root length density increasing by 22%-24% and the root surface area increasing by 20%-30%.However,the total length of root,root length density and root surface area was not affected by the treatment of brackish water throughout the whole growth stage;2) Main influence was reflected on roots with the diameter of less than 2 mm;3) There was no significant effect on processing tomato's root spatial distribution under brackish water irrigation.Keywords：brackish water;drip irrigation;processing tomato;root growth4|8|9<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to obtain more effective antagonistic bacteria against Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zinss.) Scholtan,113 bacterial strains isolated from ginseng rhizosphere soil were screened by flat confrontation culture method.Thirteen strains showed strong antifungal activity against C.destructans.Antibacterial spectrum tests were performed with bacteria fermentation broth,which was autoclaved and filtrated,by using mycelium growth rate method.A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of antagonistic bacteria on C.destructans and plant growth.Strain SZ-2 showed the strongest activity against C.destructans and the inhibition rate of SZ-2 was up to 88.80%.SZ-2 also displayed broad spectrum of antagonistic activity towards selected pathogenic fungi of ginseng.Pot experiment also showed that the control efficacy of SZ-2 fermentation broth to C.destructans reached 68.50% (P<0.05).The average plant height,plant fresh weight,plant dry weight,root length,root fresh weight and root dry mass of SZ-2 treated plants were significant higher than that of CK.The plant dry weight,root dry mass and root length were increased by 79.39%,131.51% and 86.9% respectively,which were significantly higher than that in water control (P<0.05).According to morphology,physiological and biochemical characteristics,and 16S rDNA and gyrB sequencing analysis,SZ-2 was identified as Bacillus methylotrophicus (GenBank accession number KC511107).1|9|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：By using distilled water and methanol extracts,69 Chinese traditional medicinal herbs from the Qinghai-Tibet region were screened to find stable compounds,which could control root parasitic weeds by inducing the germination of Orobanche and Phelipanche seeds.The results showed that:1) Of all the test materials,16 herbs could induce P.aegyptiaca seeds germination(≥20%),21 herbs were able to induce germination of O.cumana seeds(≥20%);2) Artemisia annua,Meconopsis racemosa,Kadsura interior,Dracocephalum ruyschiana,Nardostachys chinensis and Lamiophlomis rotata could induce both O. cumana and P.aegyptiaca seeds to germinate (>20%),indicating that these herbs contained germination stimulatent(s) for Orobanche and Phelipanche seeds to germinate.We suggested that herbs inducing high rates of Orobanche and Phelipanche seeds germination could be used as trap crops or donors to reduce the soil seed bank of Orobanche and Phelipanche.Keywords：Orobanche cumana;Phelipanche aegyptiaca;Chinese medicinal herbs;extract;seed germination3|8|3<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to systematically understand the research status of yak Y chromosome,explore the limitations of previous studies and provide perspectives for future research,research progress on the molecular genetics of yak Y chromosome was reviewed based on molecular markers and associated genes with Y chromosome over last 15 years.Researchers have tested 13 cattle Y-STRs and found four markers (i.e.INRA124,INRA189,UMN2404 and BYM-1) are yak Y-chromosome specific.Six yak Y-SNPs (i.e.USP9Y (223C >T),UTY19(158A >C and 169C >T),AMELY2(261C >T),OFD1Y9(165A >G) and SRY4(104G >A)) were identified.SRY,ZFY,TSPY and HSFY genes have been cloned,and the studies of sequence comparison,polymorphysium,phylogenetic analysis and gene expression pattern have been conducted.In the future,it is necessary to develop more yak Y-chromosome specific markers,aiming to study more yak breeds or populations worldwide.It would help us to obtain the full view of paternal genetic diversity,origin,classification and domestication history of yak and to promote the studies of the genome,transcriptome and proteome of the yak Y chromosomes using the new methods,technology and new advances in primates,mice and especially the cattle Y chromosomes studies.Keywords：Yak;Y chromosome;molecular marker;gene5|7|4<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To investigate the diversity of the male musk deer hindgut bacterial community,healthy musk deer (n=6;2-3 years of age) were fed using the diet consisting of 20% concentrate and 80% roughage ad libitum.Then we sampled flesh feces and extracted total DNA.The universal bacterial primers were used to amplify the V4-V5 region of 16S rRNA genes.We identified and characterized the overall fecal bacteria composition by all musk deer using the 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing on the Illumina Miseq sequencing platform.Results showed that the sequencing data exhibited that the overall number of OTUs and valid reads using the Miseq sequencing of 16S rRNA gene reached 5133 OTUs (similarity ≥97%) and 85091 reads,respectively.In total,23 phyla were detected in the samples.Among them,the Firmicutes (51.1%±19.9%),Bacteroidetes (35.6%±15.5%),*Unassigned (2.2%±1.0%) and Proteobacteria(5.2%±5.6%)were the dominant phyla which consisted 94.1% of the overall bacteria community.At the genus level,240 genera could be found in all samples or part of samples.Among genera,the 18 shared genera were present in all fecal samples,and the *Bacteroidales (16.5%±10.2%)、*Ruminococcaceae (14.7%±13.8%)、*Clostridiales (13.7%±3.9%)are the predominant shared genera.The OTU rarefaction curves didn't reach the saturation plateau in the samples reflecting there were not enough coverage estimations.Furthermore,UPGMA analysis of the samples showed that the similarity of B and E、C and F bacteria communities were the highest.Therefore,our research revealed that hindgut bacteria communities from healthy musk deer fed using the basal diet were classified 23 phyla.Among them,Firmicutes,Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were regarded as the dominant hindgut bacteria phyla.Further genus-level analysis showed that 240 genera were discovered across all stool samples,18 genera of which were common bacteria communities.The similarity of hindgut bacteria distribution among different musk deer was relatively high,which was also similar with the dominant hindgut bacteria communities from the other herbivores.Keywords：musk deer;structure of bacteria community;OTU rarefaction curve;shared bacteria community1|8|7<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to quantify the impact of cold-dew wind on double-cropping late rice in Jiangxi Province,an impact assessment model and grading standards of cold-dew wind to late rice were studied based on 1981-2013 daily average and minimum temperature data from 81 stations,and 1991-2012 disaster investigation data of late rice from 14 agricultural meteorological observation stations.The model was verified through sowing by stage experiment data in agrometeorological experiment station of Jiangxi Province during 2010-2013.The results showed that the decreasing extent of temperature,averge temperature of the process,extreme minimum temperature,and low temperature duration had the same important role in the chilling injury of rice.Four factors appeared at the same time or part of four factors appeared could cause different degree of chilling injury.Considering the above four factors,the assessment model and grading standards of cold-dew wind to late rate were established by using principal component analysis method,and were tested through sowing rice by stage.The testing results proved the assessment and the actual grade were 80% identical,and the accurate rate of model used to assessment two obviously cold dew wind weather process in 2006 and 2011 reached 87.5% accuracy.The model established in this paper could be used to quantify the impact of cold-dew wind on late rice of each county (city).When the index of cold-dew wind was more than 0.70(severe damage cold-dew wind) the yield reduction rate of late rice was more than 15%;When the index was between 0.50-0.70(moderate damage cold-dew wind) the yield reduction rate of late rice was between 10%-15%;When the index was between 0.30-0.50(slight damage cold-dew wind) the yield reduction rate of late rice was between 5%-10%.Keywords：rice;cold-dew wind;assessment model and grading assessment;principal component analysis;Jiangxi Province1|8|4<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：For further study on the spatial expansion process and characteristics of urbanization,with the interpreted land use maps from TM imagery in 1992,1999,2009 of Shunyi District of Beijing,this paper analyzed the spatial dynamic changes of land use and expansion of construction land,which used the method of dynamic degree model,land use change spatial analysis model,spatial change rate model put forward in this paper,and grid analysis model with 900 m×900 m.The results showed that:1) During this period the urban construction land and woodland increased by 15.34% and 11.37% respectively,but the farmland decreased dramatically by 24.26%.The other land has relatively higher dynamic degree as well as water area and woodland were 5.82%,4.16% and 2.78%,and the converted part from farmland in all land types was most prominent.The woodland index value of spatial analysis model was 20.52% during the period of 1992-2009,where the amount of converted part and newly-increased part are the largest.Relative to the whole study area,the spatial change rate of farmland and urban construction land were 1.98% and 1.21% respectively;2) The grid analysis indicated that the land use change driven by the urbanization is obvious during1999-2009,which showed an outbreak of spatial expansion of urban construction land in the southwest region;3) There was an intense situation of space propulsion that urban construction land expanded from the southwest to the central region,and the Shunyi district urban spatial expansion exhibited "pancake" characteristic obviously;And 4) on the basis of the grid analysis model,we can easily identify the "hot spots" of land use change,and effectively learn the spatial distribution of areas with dramatic land use change,but the grid analysis model still need to be improved.These results can provide the reference for the optimization of land use spatial configuration in the process of future urbanization.Keywords：land use change;dynamic degree;spatial calculating analysis model;grid analysis;Shunyi District2|8|6<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Aiming at the problem of difficulty in large-scale promotion of dry-land rice,a rice membrane laying machine was developed.Based on dry-land rice agronomic requirements,using slide knife type opener,the index of the machine are:1) Line level distance from 110 mm to 130 mm in trenching 45 mm wide,deep groove of 20 mm and drip irrigation belt laid within the groove;2) Mulch laid on the surface through follow-up profiling device;3) By changing the wing teaspoons of vessel volume to adjust the mechanical scoop seeding quantity of wing;4) Spiral guide plate take soil covering the line.Taking "Akita small town" as sowing object and using 3 factors 4 levels orthogonal experiment design method,we investigated the speed of planter,the opening size of holding tank and seed level effect on the performance of seeding performance.Test results showed that:The primary and secondary factors affecting the index of qualified and replay were the speed of planter,the opening size of holding tank and seed level.The primary and secondary factors affecting leak seeding index were:the opening size of holding tank and the speed of planter and seed level.When the speed of planter was 1.0 m/s,the opening size of holding tank was 14 mm,the seed level was 140 mm,the qualified (6-8 grain/hole) index was 86.5%,the miss-seeding(less than 6 grain/hole) index was 10.2%,and the reseeding (greater than 8 grain/hole) index was 3.3%,the requirement of dry land agricultural planting rice was fully satisfied.Keywords：rice;planter;metering device;orthogonal test2|12|6<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Taking the land use of 10 km along Beijing section of Jingcheng expressway as the study area,the change and conversion of land use types in GIS based on the land use map of 1995,2004 and 2009 were investigated,the reason of the change of each land use types was explored and the ecosystem services value based on land use change in was also analyzed.The result showed that:Firstly,the conversion of land use types was frequent from 1995 to 2007,the construction of expressway had a dramatic influence to the land use types along expressway,and the adjustment of agricultural structure changed obviously;secondly,the ecosystem services value was stable from 1995 to 2009 and increased slightly.In 1995,the total value was 20.77×108 Yuan,and decreased to 20.96×108 Yuan in 2004 and 20.78×108 Yuan in 2009.The reduction of cultivated land and the increase of construction land were the main reasons for the loss of the ecosystem services value.However due to the increase of garden plot,the total ecosystem services value remained stable from 1995 to 2009;thirdly,the most important ecological land use types along expressway was forest,the reduction of cultivated land was the most important reason for the loss of the total ecosystem services value,lastly,the influence distance of expressway on ecosystem service value was about 8 km.Keywords：expressway;land use;ecosystem service value;change;Beijing section of Jingcheng expressway8|10|8<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Labor migration is divided into local migration and long-distance migration based on its differences in labor migration and degrees of differentiation on the crop mechanization.To investigate the effects of different labor migration modes on rice and cotton technical efficiency and the discrepancies among these effects,DEA-Tobit method was used to analyze the survey data from farmers in Jianghan Plain.The results show that local and long-distance migration can cause different labor loss effects,which affects the varieties of crops planted.Therefore,discrepancies exist between the impacts of different labor migration modes and the impacts on different crops.Both local migration and long-distance migration have a significant positive effect on the technical efficiency of rice,of which long-distance migration has a more significant effect.However,long-distance migration results in a significant negative effect on the technical efficiency of cotton,while the positive influence of local migration was not significant.It is also found that the technical efficiency can be improved by enlarging farmers' operation land scale,raising the mechanization level and enhancing agricultural skill training.Keywords：labor migration;local migration;long-distance migration;mechanization;technical efficiency;DEA-Tobit0|7|6<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The development of breeding scale and intensive and extensive farm management caused gathering of large amount of waste and greenhouse gas emissions.This study took scale pig raising farmers as the research object and a three-stage dynamic game model was established.This model considered the effects of carbon tax,low-carbon farming subsidies coefficient,low carbon level of products,and consumer willingness to pay for low-carbon products on farmers scale pig raising farmers' low carbon breeding behavior.The numerical analysis results showed that the government's carbon tax policy had a positive effect on scale pig farmers' carbon emissions behavior.Different carbon tax rates not only had a significant influence on scale pig farmers' carbon reductions,but also had less effect on the pork product prices.The government's low carbon subsidies promoted the evolution of the scale pig farmer's low-carbon farming behavior and the consumer's low carbon preferences could effectively guide the low carbon breeding behavior of scale pig raising farmers.These results provided insights into the decision-making of the scale of farming farmers' low-carbon breeding behavior and the design of government's carbon tax subsidy policy.Keywords：scale pig raising farmers;carbon tax;government subsidies;low carbon breeding behavior1|8|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To investigate the factors of fluctuation on China-Australia livestock products trade from 1996 to 2012,empirical research was conducted by using constant market share model.It was based on the livestock products trade characteristics from the aspects of trade trends,trade complementarity and trade intensity.The results showed that:the China-Australia livestock products trade has grown rapidly,and the trade complementarities are strong;the increasing demand of livestock products in Australia and the enhancement of competitiveness on China's livestock products promoted the growth of China's livestock products exports to Australia,which contribute 68.99% and 48.56% to the export growth respectively;the key factor for the growth of Australia livestock products export to China is the enlarging of import scale in China which contributes 128.22% to the export growth,while the falling Australia competitiveness causes the decline in export;before and after China joined WTO,the factors influencing the growth of China-Australia livestock products trade have differences.Keywords：China;Australia;livestock products trade;factors of fluctuation;constant market share model0|7|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Pesticide training is a good way to improve farmers' perception of pesticides,and reduce the negative effects of pesticides.272 rice farmers in Guangdong have been taken as example,used the method of multiple regression to studied on farmers' willingness of pesticide training,training ways and implementation main body.Research result shows that:Firstly,the Chinese farmers are overall lack of training,but they have higher agricultural training needs,specially the pesticide knowledge training.Secondly,farmers have high level of willingness to participate in pesticide knowledge training."Professor farmland field guide" is farmers' favorite way of training,agro-technical station and agricultural bureau are the most desired training implementation main body.Thirdly,farmers' willingness are mainly affected by whether hire employees,level of education,pesticides harmfulness cognition,self-protection awareness and age.Therefore,we suggest that:Firstly,local government or agro-technical station should be responsible for organizing the pesticide knowledge training,and they should take "professor farmland field guide" as the main way,thus stimulating training supply;Secondly,government should pay more attention to farmers who are young or whose family have no hired labor,and improve their cognition of pesticides harmfulness and consciousness of protecting themselves by publicity and education,thus stimulating training demand.Keywords：pesticide knowledge training;willingness of participate;training ways;implementation main body0|7|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
