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- Abstract：Modern science and technology has promoted the development of smart agriculture and related disciplines. Modern information technologies such as Internet of Things, mobile communications, cloud computing, big data and artificial intelligence have promoted plant protection informationization, improved the intellectualization level of plant protection, and accelerated the development of traditional plant protection to smart phytoprotection. Having the characteristics of intelligence, high precision, high efficiency, sustainability, and high safety, smart phytoprotection is an important development direction and embodiment of modern plant protection, and it is a multidisciplinary emerging discipline or research field. To promote the understanding and development of smart phytoprotection, viewpoints on it were put forward in this paper based on the development of agriculture, science and technology, and disciplines. The necessity and inevitability of the emergence of smart phytoprotection were analyzed. From some aspects including concept, theoretical framework, application places, and supported key technologies, smart phytoprotection is described in details. Further more, five main functions of smart phytoprotection, including intelligent monitoring, intelligent prediction and early warning, intelligent decision-making, intelligent traceability, intelligent management, and intelligent service, are presented in this study. The research progresses of smart phytoprotection and the application of related technologies are introduced. Finally, development proposals of smart phytoprotection are put forward from the aspects of paying attention to development potential of smart phytoprotection, construction of smart phytoprotection system, discipline construction, personnel cultivation, industry-university-research cooperation, technology research and development, construction of standardization, academic communications, technical training, and construction of rural infrastructure and demonstration gardens. All of these can provide some references for the benign development of smart phytoprotection.Keywords：smart phytoprotection;smart agriculture;plant protection;interdisciplinary;development proposal72|10|13<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To discover the key genes involved in the early infection and urediospores germination of Puccinia triticina, PacBio single molecule real-time and Illumina sequencing technology were used to sequence the transcriptome of spores and germ tubes from urediniospores germinated at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h. Candidate genes were screened by expression difference analysis and bioinformatics analysis of full-length transcripts, the expression patterns of candidate genes in the compatible and incompatible interaction between different virulent isolates and wheat were analyzed by qRT-PCR. The results showed that: 1)Four candidate genes with significant differences and functional correlation were identified by comprehensive analysis. Among them, PTTG_1050 is the encoding gene of SNARE protein, which may be involved in SNARE mediated vesicle transport; PTTG_4765 belongs to the PDR subfamily of ABC transporter gene family; PTTG_1823 belongs to PKc_Like supergene family; PTTG_1279 is a candidate secretory protein encoding gene. 2)The four candidate genes were strongly induced or inhibited in the early stage of infection, and the expression in the compatible interaction was higher than that in the incompatible interaction, indicating that they might play key roles in the early infection and expansion of Puccinia triticina, and be the important genes involved in the early infection.Keywords：Puccinia triticina;transcriptome sequencing;urediniospore germination;early interaction;qRT-PCR;pathogenic gene3|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to explore the effect of microbial inoculants on the participation of waste straws in in-situ composting in facilities, pepper straws were taken as the research object. The physical and chemical properties of composting were determined by conventional chemical analysis methods in the laboratory. The changes of bacterial community during the composting process was analyzed by 16 s rDNA high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that the exogenous microbial inoculants significantly increased soil temperature during composting, increased the electrical conductivity(EC)value, promoted the fixation of total nitrogen(TN), and effectively reduced the nitrogen loss in the middle of composting. The dominant bacterial species were various at different fermentation stages. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Deinococcus-Thermus were the dominant bacterias at the phylum level in the composting process of pepper straw topsoil. Klebsiella, bacillus, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas were the dominant bacteria at the genus level. The effects of microbial inoculants on bacterial community structure were mainly reflected in the heating and cooling periods of composting. The maximum temperature of compost treated with 300 kg/hm2 microbial inoculum was increased by 1. 95 ℃ compared with the control. EC increased by 1. 37 ms/cm and total nitrogen increased by 24. 1% compared with those before composting. The dominant bacteria Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were found in all groups. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes changed most significantly in all groups. In conclusion, this study found that 300 kg/hm2 microbial inoculum was the optimum addition amount for pepper straw plough layer compost. The research results can provide a scientific basis for the composting technology of returning solanaceous fruit straws to the field.Keywords：facility pepper straw;microbial inoculant;plough layer compost;bacterial community6|13|6<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to investigate the effects of different soil salinization levels on the weed community diversity in maize field and maize yield, three sampling sites with different salinization levels(T1, low salinization level; T2, medium salinization level; T3, high salinization level)in western Songnen Plain were selected. The composition of weed community under different soil salinization levels during filling stage of maize was studied by using sample method, and the yield component factors during waxy maturity stage of maize were investigated. The results showed that: The total density, total coverage and total aboveground biomass of weed communities increased gradually with the aggravation of soil salinization. The highest total density was 41. 51 plant/m2, the total coverage was 35. 11% and the total aboveground biomass was 227. 07 g/m2 under high salinization level(T3). The similarity coefficient of weed community was higher when the number of common weed species increased under different salinization levels. The similarity coefficient between weed community under medium salinization level(T2)and high salinization level(T3)was the largest, which was 0. 82. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index, the Simpson diversity index and the Pielou evenness index of weed community were no significant positively correlated with soil salinization, and increased with the aggravation of soil salinization. However, there was no significant negative correlation between the Margalef richness index of weed community and soil salinization, and it decreased with the aggravation of soil salinization. In addition, compared with low salinization level(T1), the ear length, number of kernel per row and grain weight per ear were all decreased by 23%, 23% and 22%, under high salinization level(T3). The diversity index, evenness index and biomass of weed community had no significant negative correlation effect on the ear length, number of kernel per and grain weight per ear. However, there was no significant positive correlation between the richness index of weed community and ear length, the number of kernel per and grain weight per ear. In conclusion, within a certain range of soil EC value variation, with the aggravation of soil salinization, the species and diversity of vegetation community increased, the richness decreased, the aboveground biomass increased, and the yield and traits of maize decreased, but none of them were significant.Keywords：soil salinization;weeds in maize field;community diversity;maize yield6|8|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To explore the effects of nitrogen base dressing ratio on the yield and quality of winter wheat varieties with different gluten types under the condition of integrated micro-water spraying and fertilizer, the irrigation quota of 1 200 m3/hm2 and the total nitrogen application amount of 210 kg/hm2 were set with the strong gluten variety ‘Gaoyou 2018' and medium gluten variety ‘Jimai 22' as materials from 2018 to 2020. Nitrogen base dressing ratios were 3∶7(B1), 5∶5(B2)and 7∶3(B3)and at jointing stage, booting stage, anthesis stage and mid-filling stage, respectively. The yield, quality and nitrogen uptake and utilization characteristics of the two cultivars were determined. The results showed as follows: 1)Under the three basal ratio treatments, B1 significantly reduced the spike number of winter wheat, B3 significantly reduced the 1 000-grain weight, B2 significantly increased the 1 000-grain weight on the basis of stable spike number, so the yield was the highest; 2)B1 treatment significantly increased the wet gluten content, protein content and settling value of grains, prolonged the dough stability time, and improved the processing quality; 3)B2 treatment significantly increase the contribution rate of N uptake to grain N, and improve N harvest index and partial nitrogen productivity. In conclusion, under the integrated condition of micro-water spraying fertilizer in this experiment, the nitrogen application rate of 210 kg/hm2 and the ratio of base to top dressing of 5∶5 for N fertilizer is a relatively coordinated nitrogen management method for yield and quality, and the improvement of dry matter accumulation and nitrogen uptake after anthesis is an important way to synchronically improve grain yield and quality of strong wheat.Keywords：micro-sprinkling irrigation;ratio of base and topdressing;winter wheat;yield;quality3|10|6<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of soil physicochemical properties after organic materials were returned to the field on the changes of bacterial community. In this study, straw(ST)returning was taken as the main control and the chemical fertilizer(CF)treatment as the secondary control of maize in sandy soil at the maturity stage in North China Plain. Three organic material returning treatments were set up as follows: pig manure(PM), biogas residue(BR)and biochar(BC). The bacterial community structures of rhizosphere soil were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that: 1)The two abundance indexes of bacterial community, Chao 1 and ACE, at the maize maturity stage in rhizosphere soil were decreased in the following order: PM>BR>ST>BC>CF. However, the diversity(Shannon)of soil bacterial community in BR and BC treatments were significantly higher than that in PM treatment. 2)Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi were the dominant phylum among the soil bacterial community in BR, BC and control groups, and the cumulative abundance of the dominant phyla were between 71. 53% and 80. 31%. Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi were the dominant phylum in PM treatment, and the cumulative abundance of the dominant phyla was 85. 61%. 3)Soil available phosphorus was the main environment factor(P<0. 05)affecting the changes of bacterial community structures. Soil available phosphorus was significantly positively correlated with the relative abundance of Clostridium and Terrisporobacter(belong to Firmicutes). The content of soil available phosphorus in PM treatment was significantly higher than that in other treatments. The contents of soil pH and organic matter were significantly increased in BC treatment, and the content of soil moisture was non-significantly increased in BR treatment. The relative abundance of bacteria genus, which was closely related to Actinobacteriota, were significantly increased in BC and BR treatments. In addition, PM treatment significantly increased the abundance of soil bacterial community but led to significant decline on the diversity of bacterial community, while the trends found in BC treatment were the opposite. The abundance and diversity of soil bacterial community were significantly increased in BR treatment. In conclusion, the rational application of biogas residue amendment is the first choice to improve the sandy and barren type farmland in North China Plain.Keywords：organic materials;long-term fertilization;maize rhizosphere soil;soil bacterial community;high-throughput sequencing5|9|7<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to explore the characteristics of water supply and demand and water ecological adaptability of typical grain crops in Shanxi Province, based on the daily meteorological data of 28 national meteorological stations in Shanxi Province from 1980 to 2018, Penman-Monteith formula was used to calculate the water supply and demand of three grain crops: maize, millet and potato. On this basis, the characteristics of crop water deficit and water ecological adaptability were analyzed quantitatively. The results showed that: 1)The water demand of the three crops had a good coupling degree with the natural precipitation, but the natural precipitation still could not meet the needs of crop growth and development, especially for potato, the irrigation water demand was as high as 248. 96 mm, which was higher than that of maize and millet in most parts of the province; 2)The water deficit index of potato was the highest in southern and southeast Shanxi, which were 0. 85 and 0. 78, respectively. In other areas, the water deficit index of maize was the highest, 0. 76, and that of millet was the lowest, 0. 75; 3)The overall performance of crop water ecological adaptability index was millet(1. 22)> maize(1. 07)> potato(0. 77). The irrigation water demand and water deficit index of millet were the smallest and the water ecological adaptability was the highest. From the perspective of sustainable utilization of water resources, Shanxi Province should appropriately reduce the planting range of maize, appropriately increase the sowing area of millet, and control the planting scale of potato in areas with serious water shortage.Keywords：grain crops;water supply and demand;water deficit index;water ecological adaptability4|9|3<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to explore the effects of plastic film mulching and fertilizer type on the yield and quality of rice, rice cultivars ‘Jinongda 738' and ‘Jijing 525' were used as experimental materials, and two types of fertilizers, organic fertilizer(F0)and chemical fertilizer(F1), were set under two cultivation modes of plastic film mulching(M)and open field(NM). Field experiment was conducted in Jiutai District, Changchun City, Jilin Province in 2020 to determine the rice yield. The results showed that: 1)Compared with open field treatment, the yield of the two varieties increased by 1. 39%-7. 40% under organic fertilizer and 2. 98%-3. 30% under chemical fertilizer. Compared with organic fertilizer treatment, the yield of chemical fertilizer treatment increased by 23. 19%-26. 44% in open field and 21. 62%-25. 13% in plastic film mulching field. 2)The application of plastic film mulching and chemical fertilizer increased the dry matter accumulation from jointing stage to maturity stage. The harvest index of plastic film mulching treatment increased by 2. 45%-8. 17% compared with that of open field treatment. The harvest index of organic fertilizer treatment increased by 3. 06%-6. 66% compared with that of chemical fertilizer treatment. 3)Compared with the open field treatment, the rate of brown rice, the rate of milled rice and the content of protein in plastic film mulching treatment increased by 1. 07%-2. 84%, 1. 11%-1. 74% and 9. 34%-20. 81% respectively, which improved the processing quality and nutritional quality of rice. Compared with the open field treatment, the hot paste viscosity and reduction value of plastic film mulching treatment decreased by 0. 20%-5. 62% and 2. 27%-12. 54% respectively, and the RVA spectrum characteristic value was improved. Compared with chemical fertilizer treatment, the protein content, taste value, peak viscosity and disintegration value of organic fertilizer treatment increased by 9. 34%-26. 38%, 1. 27%-4. 70%, 1. 73%-14. 74% and 1. 96%-32. 02% respectively, which improved the nutritional quality, taste quality and RVA spectrum characteristic value. Compared with chemical fertilizer treatment, the chalkiness rate and chalkiness of organic fertilizer treatment decreased by 5. 85%-58. 94% and 7. 04%-71. 65% respectively, which improved the appearance quality. To sum up, plastic film mulching(M)combined with chemical fertilizer(F1)displayed the best yield increasing effect, which was 2. 98%-30. 62% higher than other treatments, and the brown rice rate and milled rice rate are the highest. Compared with other treatments, plastic film mulching(M)combined with organic fertilizer(F0)had the best improvement effect on food quality, appearance quality, nutritional quality and RVA spectrum characteristic value.Keywords：plastic film mulching;fertilizer;cold rice;yield;rice quality2|10|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Field experiment to explore the effects of irrigation quota and potassium rate on growth, yield and water and fertilizer use efficiency of potato under drip irrigation and plastic film mulching was conducted. Three irrigation quotas, W1(5 mm), W2(10 mm)and W3(5 mm before tuber bulking, 20 mm after tuber bulking), and four potassium(K2O)rates, K1(180 kg/hm2), K2(260 kg/hm2), K3(340 kg/hm2)and K4(420 kg/hm2)were designed to further improve the use efficiency of water and potassium for drip-irrigated potato under plastic film mulching in Rizhao, Shandong from March to June in 2021. The results suggested that: Potato ET increased with the increase of the irrigation quota, and it was significantly increased by 23. 66% and 16. 05% in W3 treatment compared to those of W1 and W2 treatments. Under the same irrigation quota, increasing potassium application tended to increase ET(except in W3K2 combination). During the whole growth period, the potassium accumulation of potato showed an “S” shape. Irrigation quota less than 10 mm before tuber bulking stage and increase of potassium fertilizer application both led to more potato potassium accumulation. With the same potassium application in K4 treatment, the potato under W3 treatment accumulated the most potassium and the potassium utilization efficiency increased by 17. 74% and 19. 48% compared to those of W1 and W2 treatments. However, the potassium absorption efficiency showed no significant difference under K4 treatment among the three irrigation levels, all close to 40%. Under the same irrigation quota, potato yield and water use efficiency were the highest under K3 treatment. The average yield and water use efficiency of K3 treatment were 32 983. 2 kg/hm2 and 110. 3 kg/(hm2·mm), respectively, which were 9. 53%, 5. 88%, 13. 16% and 5. 91%, 3. 15% and 15. 90% higher than those of K1, K2 and K4 treatments, respectively. Under the same potassium rate, potato yield and PEPK reached the maximum under W3 treatment(except W1K1 treatment). The average tuber yield and PEPK under W3 treatment were 32 294. 0 kg/hm2 and 118. 1 kg/kg, respectively, which were 5. 84%, 4. 02% and 8. 58% and 8. 70% higher than those of W1 and W2 treatments, respectively. In conclusion, comprehensively considering potato yield and water and fertilizer use efficiency, the suitable irrigation quota for potato is 5 mm before tuber bulking, 20 mm after tuber bulking and the optimal potassium rate is 340 kg/hm2.Keywords：irrigation quota;potassium rate;potato;yield;water and fertilizer use efficiency6|9|4<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to verify the feasibility of rotating multi-proportion sample division(MPSD)method and investigate its effects on crop seeds, millet, mung bean seeds, soybean and corn seeds were prepared as mixed samples for separation. The representativeness and separation ratio error(SRE)of sub-samples of 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 ratios obtained from the rotating MPSD method were investigated at different rotating speeds and different sampling times. The results showed that: The rotating speed of 0 to 30. 0 r/min and sampling time of 60 to 120 s had no significant effects on the sum of sample separation error(SSSE)of the sub-samples, respectively. The SSSE of the sub-samples from the MPSD method was not higher than that from the quartering method control. However, the SRE of the sub-samples from the rotating treatment(rotating speed was greater than or equal to 7. 5 r/min)for single, double or four fan-shaped boxes was not higher than quartering method control, except the non-rotation(0 r/min)1/8 four fan-shaped boxes and 1/16 single box samples and 30 r/min 1/16 single box samples, where the SRE was significantly higher than that of the control. Therefore, the MPSD method is feasible for sample separation in pre-treatment with the rotating speed greater than or equal to 7. 5 r/min and sub-sample obtained from double or four fan-shaped boxes.Keywords：sample separation;sample separation error;separation ratio error;rotating fan-shaped box sampler1|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to have an overall understanding of the research in China's pet industry, this study took the data of 367 core journal papers and foreign library journal papers collected from the CNKI database from 2011 to 2020 as the data source. Combined with the software such as Excel and VOSviewer, a statistical analysis on the number of research papers published in pet related fields, research institutions, research journals, research topics and keywords in China was performed based on bibliometrics. The results showed an increasing trend on the number of published papers in this field, and high-quality papers fluctuate periodically. Chinese research institutions mainly including South China Agricultural University, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, and Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences had the largest number of papers in this field. The research directions in this field included the research of investigation, diagnosis and treatment of pet dogs and cats, the research of investigation and prevention of zoonosis, the research on the characteristics of pet nutritional needs, the research of pet industry(including pet food, pet medical treatment, pet beauty, etc. )and professionals training. From the perspective of research preference, research object(from dogs to cats)and research depth(pet medical treatment focuses have developed from the research of common infectious diseases of pets to the research of clinical symptoms and treatment schemes of more subdivided typical diseases). Especially the research on pet drug resistance gene and modern apprenticeship has become a new favorite in this field. In conclusion, the research in pet related fields in China should improve the research quality, enrich the research in economics and sociology and the research in new fields of the industry, and explore new models of professional construction and talent training, so as to improve the competitiveness of enterprises, optimize the talent transmission mechanism, and help the pet industry develop healthy and stably.Keywords：bibliometrics;pet industry;pet economy;development trend;VOSviewer4|9|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：The aim of this study was to analyze the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome induced by Bovine viral diarrhea virus(BVDV)infection in mice and its influence on virus replication. Forty female SPF BALB/c mice aged 4-6 weeks were randomly divided into eight groups, including seven groups inoculated with BVDV and one control group with five mice in each group. After intraperitoneal infection of mice with CP BVDV of 105 TCID50, the intestine, spleen and blood were collected at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 168 and 240 h, respectively. The expressions of NLRP3, IL-1β and Caspase-1 were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot. The viral loads in duodenum and blood at different time points were detected by qRT-PCR, and the pathological changes of duodenum and spleen were examined at 168 h after infection. The results showed that: 1)The mRNA expressions of NLRP3, IL-1β and Caspase-1 in the early stage(6, 12 and 24 h)of BVDV infection increased gradually and there was no significant change at 48 h. Simultaneously, the protein expression level was significantly higher than those in the control group at 24 h of infection(P<0. 05); 2)In the late stage of BVDV infection(96, 168 and 240 h), the expression of NLRP3, IL-1β and Caspase-1 mRNA showed a downward trend, and the transcription and protein levels decreased most significantly at 168 h(P<0. 05); 3)The viral loads in duodenum, spleen and blood of infected mice reached the peak at 168 h; There were a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration in the duodenum, ymphocyte degeneration and necrosis were observed in the spleen, which proved that the BVDV infection model was established. In conclusion, NLRP3 inflammasome in the early stage of BVDV infection was activated. However, with the increase of virus load, it may inhibit its activity.Keywords：BVDV;BALB/c mice;NLRP3 inflammatory;virus load8|9|2<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of matrine in mice, 32 Kunming mice were divided into blank control group, PCV2 group, matrine treatment group(40 mg/kg)and positive control group(ribavirin 40 mg/kg), respectively. Except for the normal control group, mice in the other groups were intraperitoneally injected with 0. 5 mL PCV2. Starting on the 5th day after PCV2 inoculation, the corresponding drugs were injected intraperitoneally once a day for five days. On the 11th day after challenge, the histopathological changes of mouse lungs were observed, and PCV2 Cap gene, the pro-inflammatory cytokines(IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α)in the lung tissues of each group were detected by qPCR. Western blot was used to detect inflammatory cytokines, key proteins related to TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome. The results showed that: 1)Matrine significantly inhibited pulmonary widening induced by PCV2 infection. 2)Matrine significantly reduced the expression of PCV2 Cap gene(P<0. 05)and the inflammatory factors including IL-1β(P<0. 05), IL-6(P<0. 000 1), IL-8(P<0. 000 1)and TNF-α(P<0. 000 1)mRNA and protein(P<0. 000 1). 3)Matrine inhibited the protein expression levels of TLR4(P<0. 000 1), MyD88(P<0. 000 1), p-IκBα(P<0. 000 1), NF-κB p65(P<0. 01), NLRP3(P<0. 000 1), ASC(P<0. 000 1)and Caspase-1(P<0. 000 1), while increased IκBα expression(P<0. 001). In conclusion, matrine can inhibit the activation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome to relieve pneumonia induced by PCV2 in mice, which provide data support for further revealing the antiviral and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of matrine, and lay a foundation for matrine as a new veterinary medicine development.Keywords：matrine;PCV2;TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB;NLRP3 inflammasome3|25|3<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To explore the importance of type I collagen α1 chain expressed by COL1A1 gene in the organization of organism structure and bone development, four antler top layered tissues, e. g. dermis tissue, mesenchyme tissue, precartilage tissue and cartilage tissue, in the three processes of sika deer antler growth, e. g. small saddle(earlier stage), two poles(middle stage), and three bifurcation(later stage), were used as experimental materials. The bisulfite sequencing(BSP technology)was used to study the DNA methylation patterns of the COL1A1 gene promoter region and analyze the differences in DNA methylation among different antler top tissues from the perspective of time and space. The results showed that: 1)The methylation rates of COL1A1 gene in the dermis tissues of the earlier stage, middle stage and later stage were(9. 73±0. 92)%, (7. 60±0. 69)% and(3. 73±0. 23)%; the methylation rates in the mesenchyme tissues were(3. 20±0. 40)%, (1. 33±0. 23)% and(1. 60±0. 69)%; the methylation rates in the precartilage tissues were(4. 67±0. 83)%, (2. 53±0. 46)% and(2. 67±0. 23)%; the methylation rates in the cartilage tissues were(5. 60±0. 40)%, (2. 80±0. 40)% and(2. 27±0. 61)%, respectively. 2)There were 25 CG sites in the promoter region of the COL1A1 gene, and different degrees of methylation occurred at these 17 CG sites. 3)The DNA methylation difference analysis of COL1A1 gene promotor region showed that the methylation rate of antler skin was the highest and that of mesenchymal tissue was the lowest in the same period; In the same tissue, it was significantly higher in the middle than in the earlier stage; In the comparison of CG loci, there was a great difference between the earlier and middle CG loci In conclusion, COL1A1 gene can promote the growth of pilose antler in the rapid growth period, as well as in mesenchymal tissue, anterior cartilage tissue and cartilage tissue. This study explored the epigenetic difference of time and space in different tissues of sika deer antler at the level of DNA methylation, which provided a scientific reference for the study of the rapid growth and ossification mechanism of the antler as well as the research of mammalian tissue regeneration and organ repair.Keywords：Sika deer(;Cervus nippon;);Antler;COL;A;1;gene;DNA methylation;BSP technology1|8|4<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Traditional mechanical manure removal systems such as traction type and hydraulic stepping type in pig houses often have problems of low stability and poor durability. Therefore, this study designed a crank connecting rod transmission based on the step-by-step mechanical manure removal system in pig houses. The main parameters of the crank mechanism were determined and verified by kinematics simulation using ADAMS. For the connecting rod of the transmission mechanism, the deformation amount of 5 materials(1# U-shaped channel steel, 2# U-shaped channel steel, 5# channel steel, 6. 3# channel steel, 8# channel steel)under 2 connection methods(pinning and welding)was tested. In the performance test of the manure removal system, the operating resistance, energy consumption, and manure removal efficiency of system using crank connecting rod at 3 types of motor speeds(4. 84 r/min, 2. 96 r/min and 1. 40 r/min, respectively)or fixed-speed hydraulic transmission were tested and compared. The results showed that: 1)The main parameters of the crank connecting rod transmission mechanism were slider stroke S 600 mm, stroke speed ratio coefficient K 1. 25, pole angle θ 20°, crank length L1 272 mm, connecting rod length L2 778 mm, and eccentricity e 303 mm. The kinematics simulation verified the rationality of the crank-link mechanism design. 2)When 6. 3# channel steel was selected and welded connection was adopted, the deformation of the transmission rod was smaller. 3)When the motor speed of the crank connecting rod transmission mechanism was 1. 40 r/min, the operation resistance of the manure removal system was the smallest, the energy consumption was the lowest, and the manure removal time was moderate. Under this condition, the functional requirements of the system can be satisfied, and the overall performance of the system is better than that of hydraulic transmission and crank transmission with motor speeds of 4. 84 and 2. 96 r/min.Keywords：pig house;manure removal system;transmission mechanism;crank connecting rod3|9|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Aiming at the problems of complex test conditions, cumbersome process and poor repeatability of the electro-hydraulic hitch control system for hilly and mountainous tractors, an indoor loading profiling test bench is designed. The test bench consists of one slope profiling module with adjustable installation position, one assisting equipment, one simulation loading module, and one measurement and control system. It can simulate hills and mountains under the action of the electro-hydraulic servo control system. The operating slope and tillage resistance of the tractor are used to test the performance of the tractor's hydraulic hitch control system. Taking the TS-404H tractor as the test object and the slope contour line as the operation route, the test system is used to carry out the slope adaptive adjustment test of the electro-hydraulic hitch system of the hilly and mountainous tractor. Test verifications of slope profiling module and simulation loading module are also carried out. The results show that: within the range of 0°-15° of the predetermined slope target, the maximum error of the simulated slope of the test-bed profiling module is 4. 2%, the average error is 3. 8%, the adjustment time is 1. 2 s, and the overshoot is 9%; When the simulated soil resistance is 6. 5 kN, the response time of the loading module is 1. 2 s, the maximum error is 4%, and the average error is 2%, which can meet the requirements of small and medium-sized hills. The profiling test-bed designed in this study can meet the performance requirements for test equipment for mountain tractor electro-hydraulic hitch control system.3|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：Treatment chamber is the key equipment of the pulsed electric field system. To develop the structure and performance of the treatment chamber, a type of treatment chamber under moderate intensity pulsed electric fields(MIPEF)was designed and optimized. COMSOL Multiphysics software was used to analyze the electric field, flow field, and temperature field of the treatment chamber before and after optimization. The practical effects were evaluated by measuring material outlet temperature and sterilization effect. Based on the optimized treatment chamber, the effects between MIPEF treatment and pasteurization treatment on the quality of blueberry juice were compared. The results showed that in the right-angled type of interdigital parallel treatment chamber obtained by this study, except for the sharp electric fields at the corners of the electrodes, the electric intensity distribution was uniform in other areas with the theoretical value of 2 kV/cm. The corner-filleted type of interdigital parallel chamber after optimized showed a more uniform electric intensity distribution that the peak electric intensity was declined from 22. 7 kV/cm to 2. 64 kV/cm with the sharp electric fields eliminated around the corners, and the material temperature at the exit was reduced by 4. 3 ℃ with the temperature and velocity distributions improved. Significant sterilization effects were obtained by the MIPEF processing systems built with the interdigital parallel treatment chambers, and more than 3 lg(CFU/mL)reduction of E. coli was observed when the electric intensity was more than 2 kV/cm both in the right-angled and the corner-filleted type of interdigital parallel treatment chambers. However, a better effect was observed that a smaller increment of material temperature was acquired in the corner-filleted type of interdigital parallel chamber, which was consistent with the simulation results. Compared to heat treatment, MIPEF treatment better kept the pH, color, anthocyanin, and antioxidant capability of blueberry juice. Therefore, the interdigital parallel treatment chambers display a good performance on sterilization, and it has a lower temperature rise and efficient preservation of the quality of fresh blueberry juice after optimization.Keywords：parallel treatment chamber;sterilization;interdigital structure;moderate intensity pulsed electric field;COMSOL Multiphysics1|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：To investigate the relationship between economic development and sustainability of resources and environment in Inner Mongolia, this study decomposes the ecological welfare performance(EWP)into 2 driving effects of economic growth and eco-efficiency of economic growth based on the panel data of 12 league cities in Inner Mongolia from 1998 to 2019. The elasticity coefficient decoupling index and data envelopment analysis was used to analyze and measure the welfare effect and eco-efficiency of economic growth in each league and city, respectively. The results showed that: The level of human development in all Inner Mongolia leagues and cities increased substantially and showed a spatially increasing trend from east to west, and the EWP generally showed a decreasing trend over time; The growth of human welfare and economic growth in all Inner Mongolia leagues and cities were relatively decoupled in general. The total factor productivity(TFP)and green total factor productivity(GTFP)increased to different degrees, but the latter was lower than the former. In addition, when analyzing the TFP and GTFP sub-indices, it was found that the technical progress index displayed the highest contribution to economic growth among the sub-indices, indicating that the primary driver of economic growth in Inner Mongolia was technical progress. This study could provide references for the policy formulation of high-quality green development in Inner Mongolia.Keywords：eco-welfare performance;ecological footprint;human development index;driving force analysis;Inner Mongolia2|8|5<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：As one of the important economic development zones in northwest China, Hexi Corridor is characterized by variable terrain and fragile ecological environment. Under the influence of rapid climate change and human activities, the variation of vegetation water and carbon fluxes in this region is complex. In order to explore the ecological changes of vegetation in Hexi Corridor during 2000-2020, this study used reference evapotranspiration(ET0)and net primary productivity(NPP)to represent vegetation water and carbon fluxes, respectively. The temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of ET0 and NPP under climate and land use changes from 2000 to 2020 and their main driving factors and interactions were discussed. Under the background of warm and humid climate and accelerated land use change, both ET0 and NPP showed significant upward trend from 2000 to 2020. The average relative humidity and sunshine duration were the main driving factors of the changes of ET0 and NPP, respectively. The spatial trend of the mean value of ET0 was “high in the west and low in the east”, and the mean value of NPP was “high in the south and low in the north”. The results showed that climate change has intensified vegetation evapotranspiration in the Hexi Corridor. The desertification land area has decreased and vegetation productivity has increased significantly in the past 21 years because of human activities. Human activities have significantly interfered with water and carbon fluxes in the region, so the ecological environment has continued improving.Keywords：Hexi Corridor;water and carbon fluxs;climate;land use;ecology6|10|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to reveal the regularity of the decision of farmers' green production technology behavior and its effect, based on a survey of 607 farmers from six major grain-producing counties in the Poyang Lake Plain, the endogenous switching regression(ESR)model was adopted. Factors affecting farmers' adoption behavior of soil testing and formula fertilization technology and the economic and ecological effects of their adoption behavior were analyzed. The results show that: The adoption of soil testing and formula fertilization technology by farmers is mainly affected by the positive impacts of the family's income, cultivated area and information acquisition channels, and the negative impacts of the fragmentation of cultivated land and the distance from home to agricultural technology institutions. The adoption of soil testing and formula fertilization technology will help farmers to increase rice yield and reduce chemical fertilizer application. Under counterfactual scenarios, if farmers who have actually adopted the technology did not adopt it, their rice output per unit will reduce by 6. 38%, the amount of chemical fertilizers will increase by 2. 14%. If farmers who have not actually adopted this technology adopt it, their rice output per unit will increase by 1. 83% and the amount of chemical fertilizers will reduce by 1. 00%. Based on this, it is suggested to reduce the fragmentation of cultivated land, realize moderate scale operation, and strengthen the publicity and promotion of technology. It is necessary to build a technology training system, show the benefits of technology, and give full play to the demonstration effect of technology.Keywords：green production technology;adoption behavior;behavior effects;the endogenous switching regression model;soil testing and formula fertilization technology1|11|11<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to discuss the influence of the attribute characteristics and behavioral capacity differences of land inflow object on the decision of organic fertilizer adoption, this study focuses on the theoretical mechanism of the differences in organic fertilizer technology adoption behavior caused by the concentration of land to large-scale and small-scale households. From the perspective of farmland inflow object, the field survey data of 939 farmers in Hubei Province in 2020 are combined and a Probit model is used to conduct empirical test. The results showed that: The land transfer to large-scale households had a significant positive impact on the adoption of organic fertilizer, while the land transfer to small households had no significant impact on the adoption of organic fertilizer. Further analysis of the mechanism variables showed that: Due to the stronger negotiation ability before factor transaction, the land transfer of large-scale households had higher contiguity, which enhanced their positive perception of land value, and then encouraged them to produce long-term investment behaviors including adopting organic fertilizer technology; Due to their stronger contractual governance ability in factor transaction, the formal contract commonly adopted by large-scale households significantly enhanced their positive perception of land stability and stimulated their long-term investment behavior in land. ; Due to the stronger comprehensive production capacity after factor trading, the higher self-efficacy of large-scale households reduced the perceived risk of adopting organic fertilizer technology, thus stimulated the adoption behavior. Based on this, this study puts forward corresponding strategies and suggestions from the perspective of land property rights implementation and peasant household empowerment.Keywords：organic fertilizer;land transfer;operation scale;behavioral capacity;technology adoption3|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to explore the impact of self-employment experience on farmers' participation in agricultural products e-commerce, based on the survey data of 812 fruit farmers, in four counties of three provinces CMP method is used to empirically analyze the impact of self-employment experience on farmers' e-commerce participation behavior. Robustness and heterogeneity tests are then conducted. The results show that: The agricultural products e-commerce still has a lot of room for development. The participation rate of farmers' in e-commerce is 49. 01%, of which 51. 51% of e-commerce farmers have less than 1/3 participation. Taking into account the endogeneity, the experience of self-employment has a positive effect on the decision-making and participation of farmers in e-commerce. The experience of self-employment has a significant positive impact on the decision-making and participation of male farmers and large-scale farmers in e-commerce, and it has a positive impact on the decision-making of e-commerce participation of new generation farmers and farmers with low agricultural income. Accordingly, the new generation of high-quality youth with rich experience in self-employment should be encouraged to participate in and develop e-commerce. In addition, considering the differences in the sensitivity of different farmers to the experience of self-employment, farmers are encouraged to participate in e-commerce in a targeted manner.Keywords：Self-employment experience;E-commerce participation;Degree of participation;farmer2|9|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to improve the wage level of migrant workers and balance the wage gap, this research based on the Chinese township city population flow survey data on 2017, the least squares and quantile regression is used to estimate the impact of social capital on migrant wages and use generalized tendency score matching for robustness test. On this basis, Sharply value decomposition method is then used to explore the degree of social capital contribution to the wage gap. The research results show that: The social capital can significantly improve the wage level of migrant workers, especially for the high-wage migrant workers. From the perspective of regional differences, compared with the eastern regions, the promotion effect of the social capital in the central and eastern regions are more significant. While the social capital raises the wages of migrant workers, also increases the wage gap between migrant workers and further increased the internal wage inequality among migrant workers. Therefore, it is necessary to attract migrant workers to join industry associations and other related organizations to improve the social capital level of migrant workers; to strengthen the technical training, improve the human capital level and enhance the irreplaceability of their work. It is also necessary to establish an employment information exchange and sharing platform to improve the smooth degree of employment information dissemination.Keywords：social capital;migrant workers' wages;wage gap;GPS;sharply value breakdown3|8|1<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
- Abstract：In order to study the development law of China's agricultural export to Africa, based on UNCOMTRADE statistical data, the spatial analysis method and gravity model were used to study the evolution of its spatial pattern and its influencing factors. The results show that: Africa has become a stable area for China's agricultural export trade; China's agricultural export trade diversification index and equilibrium index to the whole of Africa and its five sub-regions are showing a steady growth trend; China's agricultural export to Africa show a relatively weak positive spatial relationship. Benin, Togo and Ghana in West Africa have become the main high-high agglomeration areas; the higher the total GDP, the farther the distance from the Chinese capital, African countries with greater differences in per capita arable land are more attractive to China's agricultural export.Keywords：agricultural export trade;spatial pattern;influencing factors;Africa2|8|0<HTML><L-PDF> <Meta-XML>Updated：2024-02-27
