China’s Strength in Agriculture
- The Paper
Detection and identification of tomato diseases and pests based on deep learning networks
Abstract：To assist in the prevention and control of tomato diseases and pests using computer or artificial intelligence technologies, taking tomato plant images with diseases and pests invasion problems as the research object, aiming at the characteristics of small and dense tomato diseases and pests targets, a YOLOX object detection network based on Swin Transformer is proposed to accurately locate the diseases and pests targets within the images. Additionally, a rotational-invariant Fisher discriminant CNN classification network based on classical Convolutional Neural Networks is constructed to enhance the accuracy of diseases and pests classification. The results demonstrated that: 1)Compared with the existing object detection and classification models, the YOLOX network based on Swin Transformer achieves 7. 9% and 9. 5% higher precision than Faster R-CNN and SSD on the tomato diseases and pests test set, respectively; The rotational-invariant Fisher discriminant CNN improves the recognition accuracy of the diseases and pests categories by 8. 7% and 5. 2% compared to AlexNet and VGGNet, respectively. 2)Compared with the existing Transformer-based object detection model DETR and the emerging image classification model Vision Transformer(ViT)on the tomato diseases and pests test set, the detection and classification methods proposed in this study also have advantages, which were an increase of 3. 9% in diseases and pests detection precision and 4. 3% higher in classification accuracy. In addition, the ablation trials also verified the effectiveness of the method improvement in this study. In conclusion, the performance of the proposed networks is superior to other networks in both detection and recognition of tomato diseases and pests. The methods strengthened the efficacy of diseases and pests control on tomato plants. It is of great significance in the fields of computer vision techniques applied to agriculture applications.Keywords：deep learning;diseases and pests identification;Swin Transformer;Fisher discrimination;tomato42|37|7
<HTML><L-PDF><Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22Specific expression of lnc46198 in Mulard duck embryo and its impacts on cell proliferation and apoptosis of duck emybryo fibroblasts
Abstract：The study was to analyze the expression of TCONS_00246198, also known as lnc46198, during embryonic development of Mulard duck and determine its impacts on the proliferation and apoptosis of duck embryonic fibroblasts. The RT-qPCR technique was employed to analyze the expression of lnc46198 in various tissues including different embryo age such as 10, 15, 20 and 25 d, as well as the brain, heart, liver, lung, muscle, gonad, and kidney of Mulard duck in this study. The lnc46198-pcDNA3. 1 overexpression line of duck embryo fibroblasts was constructed by whole gene synthesis. Flow cytometry and CCK8 assay were used to detect cell proliferation, while Annexin V-FITC flow and RT-PCR were used to detect apoptosis. The results showed that: 1)The lnc46198 was expressed that in all embryonic gonads, and its relative expression levels gradually increased with the age of the embryo, and the expression level of lnc46198 in the gonads of Mulard duck at 12. 5 d embryo age was found to be significantly higher than that in all other tissues(P<0. 01), suggesting potentially important role for lnc46198 in the gonadal development of Mulard duck. 2)Compared with blank group and pcDNA3. 1 group(control group), the cell viability of duck embryo fibroblasts in lnc46198 overexpression group(test group)was significantly decreased(P<0. 01), indicating that overexpression of lnc46198 inhibited the proliferation viability of duck embryo fibroblasts. 3)The overexpression group exhibited a significantly higher apoptosis rate(7. 30 times)of duck embryo fibroblasts compared with pcDNA3. 1 group(P<0. 01), which has been suggested that the overexpression of lnc46198 leads to an increase in apoptosis in duck embryo fibroblasts. In conclusion, the study found that lnc46198 was dynamically expressed in the gonads at various embryonic stages, with specific expression in the gonads of Mulard ducks at 12. 5 embryo age. Furthermore, the results showed that overexpression of lnc46198 inhibited the proliferation of duck embryo fibroblasts while promoting apoptosis. The study uncovered the distinct expression of lnc46198 and its impact on the proliferation and apoptosis of duck cells, offering valuable scientific insight into the mechanism underlying the difference in gonad development in Mulard duck.Keywords：Mulard duck;lnc46198;cell proliferation;apoptosis;specific expression19|21|0<HTML><L-PDF><Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22Research on the purification of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus by Concanavalin A
Abstract：In order to develop a new efficient and low-cost method for antigen purification of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV), a purification method based on the lectin(Concanavalin A, Con A)was explored. By specifically binding Con A with PEDV virus particles, a Con A-PEDV complex was formed, and the virus was purified through low-speed centrifugation and competitive dissociation. The results showed that: 1)The suitable concentration of Con A was 80 μg/mL, the action time between Con A and PEDV was for 2 hours, the centrifugal condition was 4 000 r/min for 15 min; 2)The solution contained methyl-α-D-mannopyranoside and NaCl at the concentration of 200 mmol/L and 50 mmol/L respectively had higher dissociation efficiency compared with PBS buffer; 3)The recovery rate of the purification method was approximately 80%, and the total protein removal rate could reach 90%. In conclusion, it is feasible to purify PEDV by Con A, which can lay a foundation for the development of high-quality inactivated vaccine for PEDV.Keywords：Concanavalin A;porcine epidemic diarrhea virus;purification23|24|0<HTML><L-PDF><Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22Case analysis of global cotton industry power: Connotation, paradigm and countermeasures
Abstract：To explore how industrial power forms and affects global industrial chain governance, a “technology system norm” analysis framework was constructed based on structural power theory. Taking the cotton industry as an example, the experience of Western developed countries, which led by the United States in constructing and leading the operation of global cotton industrial chains, was analyzed. The results show that: 1)The industrial power has evolved into structural power to control the industrial chain; 2)Technological innovation is the driving force for the development of the cotton industry. Western developed countries, relying on their technological advantages and technological monopolies, have controlled the power to influence the global economy; 3)Institutional supply plays a regulatory role in the construction of industrial power. Western developed countries have influenced the global cotton trade system, causing developing countries to face an unfair trade environment and squeezing their opportunity for upgrading the industrial chain; 4)Norm identification determines the rationality of the existence of global industrial power. Western developed countries attempt to elevate their moral and ethical standards to “universal standards”, which become effective weapons to suppress and exclude developing country competitors. 5)The competition between developing and developed countries in terms of industrial power will be a long-term and gradual process. However, it is the necessary process to promote the development of the global cotton industry order towards a more fair and reasonable direction. Based on the above results, this study concludes by proposing to strengthen institutional supply that is conducive to technological innovation and open cooperation in the cotton industry, to achieve coordinated development between global responsibility and the interests and demands of developing countries themselves. It is necessary to enhance the competitiveness of cotton related enterprises, accelerate institutional, technological, and organizational innovation, and shape good corporate image, give full play to the role of industry associations in communication, coordination, service, and supervision, and improve the sustainable production standards and certification recognition system of “China Cotton”, improve the technological cotton planting level, market risk assessment, and market profitability of cotton producers, and improve the quality of cotton production and global market competitiveness.Keywords：global cotton industry chain;industrial power;case analysis;connotation;logic paradigm;countermeasures21|30|2<HTML><L-PDF><Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22A multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection and identification of six viruses in strawberry
Abstract：In order to rapidly identify strawberry virus disease species and prevent the spread of virus disease, a multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction system was established for the simultaneous detection and identification of strawberry vein banding virus(SVBV), strawberry mottle virus(SMoV), strawberry mild yellow edge virus(SMYEV), strawberry pallidosis-associated virus(SPaV), strawberry virus 1(StrV-1)and brassica yellows virus(BrYV). Six pairs of specific primers designed on the conserved genomic regions of these viruses. In this multiplex PCR reaction system, the dosage of 2×SanTaq PCR Master Mix was 10 μL, the dosage of upstream and downstream primer(10 μmol/L)was 4 μL, among which SVBV was 0. 25 μL, SMoV was 0. 50 μL, SMYEV was 0. 10 μL, SPaV was 0. 15 μL, StrV-1 was 0. 50 μL, BrYV was 0. 50 μL, template volume was 1 μL, ddH2O was 5 μL, and the total volume was 20 μL. The multiple PCR procedure was pre-denaturation at 94 ℃ for 5 min, denaturation at 94 ℃ for 30 s, annealing at 53 ℃ for 30 s, extension at 72 ℃ for 2 min, and final extension at 72 ℃ for 10 min, with a cycle number of 35, and the sensitivity of this system achieved 107 copies/μL. In conclusion, the proposed multiplex PCR can realize the efficient detection of six strawberry viruses at the same time, which provides technical support for the early prevention and treatment of strawberry virus diseases.Keywords：strawberry;multiplex PCR;SVBV;SMoV;SMYEV;SPaV;StrV-1;BrYV29|22|5<HTML><L-PDF><Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22Molecular mechanism of interaction between PsoRPM2 and PsoLFY in regulating the flowering of Xinjiang wild myrobalan plum()
Abstract：In order to clarify the regulatory effect of Xinjiang wild myrobalan plum cloned gene PsoRPM2 on the early flowering of plants, the function of early flowering caused by PsoRPM2 gene was analyzed by morphological, transgenic and yeast two-hybrid experiments. The result revealed that: The percentage of myrobalan plum seedlings with extremely early, early, middle, late and very late flowering characters were 11%, 24%, 44%, 18% and 3%, respectively. The differentiation of floral bud in the early flowering type was significantly faster than that in the late flowering type. The expressions of PsoLFY and PsoFT genes in flower buds of early-flowering plants were significantly higher than that in late-flowering plants, while PsoFLC was higher in late-flowering plants. Early flowering was also found in the transgenic tobacco lines with PsoRPM2, and NtLFY gene expression was significantly increased. In Xinjiang wild myrobalan plum, the expression of psoRPM2 gene was higher than that in late-flowering plants, and the expression of PsoLFY was also higher in floral buds of early-flowering plants at the same period. Yeast two-hybrid assay showed that PsoRPM2 and PsoLFY interacted with each other. In summary the interaction between PsoRPM2 and PsoLFY may increase the expression of PsoLFY and PsoFT in flower buds, thereby accelerating floral bud differentiation process and leading the early flowering of plants.Keywords：新疆野生樱桃李;早花;转;PsoRPM;2;基因;PsoLFY;酵母双杂13|23|1<HTML><L-PDF><Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22Research lineage and hot spot analysis of soil salinization in China
Abstract：In order to comprehensively understand the evolutionary lineage, current situation and frontier hotspots of saline land research in China, this study analyzes 22 606 papers published in China in the past 30 years in terms of the number of publications and keywords by using China Knowledge Network as the data source and the visualization software CiteSpce with the bibliometric method. The results showed that: 1)Soil saline research has experienced three periods, which are stable development, rapid growth, and relative saturation, in the past 30 years with an overall upward trend. 2)The research themes revolve around five topics as follows: The effects of salt stress on plant physiological and ecological characteristics, basic theoretical research on saline lands and improvement and restoration measures, soil water and salt transport mechanism and efficient utilization of water resources, monitoring and management of soil salinization, and development and utilization of saline plants. 3)The evolutionary lineage has gone through three stages including improvement and management of saline lands and the impact of salt stress on the physiological and ecological characteristics of plants, the impact on ecological environment and monitoring of salinization, and ecological restoration. To sum up, the research hotspots are currently focused on the exploration and utilization of new methods, materials and technologies based on the premise of ecological restoration. Future research on salinity should strengthen cooperation among institutions and personnel, and enhance research on the application of emerging research hotspots such as gene technology, plant inter-root promoting bacteria, and machine learning algorithms in salinity.Keywords：saline land;bibliometrics;CiteSpace;research lineage and hotspots26|29|11<HTML><L-PDF><Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22Impacts of market situation and information channels on farmers' production period adjustment behavior: A case study of optimal elimination day-old from layer farmers
Abstract：In order to explore the impact of market situation and information channels on farmers' production period adjustment behavior, taking the laying hens industry as an example, this study employs Cobb-Douglas production function to estimate the optimal elimination day-old and uses the Probit model to explore the factors that influence the optimal elimination day-old decisions. The results showed that: 1)The optimal elimination day-old of this sample was 461. 99 day-old. 2)The optimal elimination day-old interval was determined by ±20 days of its optimal elimination day-old, 14. 37% farmers were able to make the optimal elimination day-old decisions, while 24. 76% farmers made the early elimination decisions, and 60. 87% farmers made delayed elimination decisions. The delayed elimination decisions were the most common among all farmers. 3)By analyzing the determining factors of optimal elimination day-old, market situation, such as feed prices, prices of eliminated chicken, African swine fever epidemic and farmers' market forecasts, could increase the probabilities of early or delayed elimination. From the perspective of information channels, information from relatives and friends is more useful in making the best elimination age decisions, while information from government channels increases the probabilities of early or late elimination. However, information channels from internet and leading companies do not show significant effects on elimination day-old decisions. In addition, farmers' cyclical decisions can be influenced by related livestock industries(e. g. the pig industry). Therefore, government and laying hen industry should provide more training to scientifically instruct the farmers' decision making of breeding cycle of laying hens and enhance farmers' scientific awareness of the optimal elimination day-old. Moreover, the price release mechanisms of important agricultural production materials and agricultural products need to be improved from upstream and downstream chains. From the viewpoint of industry linkages among various industries, strengthening the monitoring and early warning of price linkages between livestock and poultry industries in the context of unexpected events are also of great importance.Keywords：marginal equilibrium principle;optimal elimination day-old;determining factors;market situation16|20|0<HTML><L-PDF><Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22Effects of long-term fertilization and soil moisture on straw decomposition and microbial straw-carbon use efficiency
Abstract：To investigate the effects of fertilization regimes and moisture changes on the degradation characteristics of maize straw and the microbial straw-carbon use efficiency in north China Plain. In this study, surface soil treated with organic fertilizer(9 t/hm2 cow manure)and chemical fertilizer(N P K fertilizer)with equivalent nutrient content was collected from long-term experimental field. The 13C labeled maize straw was separately added to the soil under the two fertilization regimes, and soil was subjected to constant humidity(60% water holding capacity, WHC)and drought stress(30% WHC)conditions for 56 d. The dynamics of CO2 emissions derived from straw and background soil, and microbial biomass carbon(MBC)were determined, and microbial straw-carbon use efficiency and metabolic quotient were analyzed. The results showed that: After the addition of straw, soil total CO2-C flux initially decreased and then stabilized, while total MBC initially increased and then decreased with incubation time. Compared to constant humidity, drought stress significantly reduced the cumulative CO2-C emissions derived from straw and background soil(except on day 1 and day 3 of incubation), while significantly increased microbial straw-carbon use efficiency. Drought stress significantly decreased soil total MBC during the early incubation period(day 1 to 7), and there was no significant difference between the drought stress and constant humidity treatments during the later incubation period(day 14 to 56). Under constant humidity conditions, the cumulative CO2-C emissions derived from straw(except on day 1 of incubation)and background soil(except on day 1 and day 3 of incubation), as well as the microbial metabolic quotient were significantly higher in soil with organic fertilizer treatment compared to soil with chemical fertilizer treatment. However, the microbial straw-carbon use efficiency was significantly lower in soil with organic fertilizer treatment compared to soil with chemical fertilizer treatment on day 3 of incubation. Under drought conditions, there were no significant differences in the cumulative CO2-C emissions derived from straw(except on day 56 of incubation)and background soil, microbial metabolic quotient and straw-carbon use efficiency between the two fertilization regimes. In conclusion, under constant humidity conditions, the application of chemical fertilizer significantly reduced cummulative the mineralization of straw and native soil organic carbon, and significantly increased microbial straw-carbon utilization efficiency on day 3 of incubation, thereby was beneficial to the sequestration of straw carbon in soil. Both chemical and organic fertilizers were beneficial to the sequestration of straw carbon under drought conditions.Keywords：fertilization;drought;CO;2;emissions;microbial biomass carbon22|26|4<HTML><L-PDF><Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22Analysis of quantitative climate driving factors on cotton growth period change in Alar reclamation of southern Xinjiang
Abstract：In order to explore the influence of climate change on the change of cotton growth period in Alar reclamation area of southern Xinjiang, the cotton growth period data and surface meteorological data in the same period in Alar reclamation area of southern Xinjiang from 1990 to 2020 were selected. The change law of cotton growth period and its quantitative climate driving factors were analyzed by using least square method, Mann-Kendall nonparametric mutation test, correlation analysis and dominant analysis method. The results show that: The average lengths of sowing-emergence stage, emergence-squaring stage, squaring-flowering stage, flowering-blossoming stage, boll opening-stop growth stage and whole growth period of cotton in Alar reclamation of southern Xinjiang from 1990 to 2020 were 15, 35, 31, 77, 35 and 190 d. The lengths of sowing-emergence stage, emergence-squaring stage and whole growth period showed a very significant extension trend, and the length of squaring-flowering stage showed a very significant shortening trend. The increase of accumulated temperature in Alar reclamation of southern Xinjiang from 1990 to 2020 was the main climatic driving factor for the extension of cotton sowing-emergence stage, emergence-squaring stage, boll opening-stop growth stage and whole growth period, and their contribution rates were 53. 07%, 34. 03%, 67. 33% and 25. 54%. The decrease of accumulated temperature was the main climatic driving factor for the shortening of the length of squaring-flowering stage and flowering-blowing stage, and their contribution rates were 53. 22% and 27. 29%. The shortening of cotton squaring period was mainly controlled by the decrease of accumulated temperature in Alar reclamation area of southern Xinjiang in 1990-2011 and 2012-2020, and their contribution rates were 48. 15% and 55. 35%. In summary, the dynamic change of accumulated temperature at each growth stage in the Alar reclamation of southern Xinjiang from 1990 to 2020 was the main climate driving factor leading to the extension or shortening of cotton growth period.Keywords：cotton;growth period;climate change;quantitative drive19|29|0<HTML><L-PDF><Meta-XML>Updated：2023-12-22
